Hasil untuk "Philosophy. Psychology. Religion"

Emma Franchino, Luciana Ciringione, Luisa Canal et al.

Dealing with mathematics can induce significant anxiety, strongly affecting psychology students' academic performance and career prospects. This phenomenon is known as maths anxiety and several scales can measure it. Most scales were created in English and abbreviated versions were translated and validated among Italian populations (e.g. Abbreviated Maths Anxiety Scale). This study translated the 3-factor MAS-UK scale in Italian to produce a new tool, MAS-IT, validated specifically in a sample of Italian undergraduates enrolled in psychology or related BSc programmes. A sample of 324 Italian undergraduates completed the MAS-IT. The data were analysed using confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), testing the original MAS-UK 3-factor model. CFA results revealed that the original MAS-UK 3-factor model did not fit the Italian data. A subsequent Exploratory Graph Analysis (EGA) identified 4 distinct components/factors of maths anxiety detected by MAS-IT. The items relative to "Passive Observation maths anxiety" factor remained stable across the analyses, whereas "Evaluation maths anxiety" and "Everyday/Social maths anxiety" items showed a reduced or poor item stability. Quantitative findings indicated potential cultural or contextual differences in the expression of maths anxiety in today's psychology undergraduates, underlining the need for more appropriate tools to be used among psychology students.

Orysya Bila

Рецензія на After Science and Religion: Fresh Perspectives from Philosophy and Theology (ред. Peter Harrison, John Milbank, Cambridge University Press, 2022).

Jaime Ramos Arenas

El escrito transita desde la obra de Marx hasta el pensamiento de Wittgenstein y Vygotsky, con el objetivo de establecer las prácticas como fundamento del pensamiento teórico. Para ello, se examina brevemente la crítica de Marx a Feuerbach, a fin de esclarecer la relación entre materialismo e historia en su obra. Sin embargo, el foco principal radica en analizar hasta qué punto Marx logra reformular la conexión entre pensamiento y acción. El ensayo concluye con una visión panorámica del legado de Wittgenstein y Vygotsky, quienes explican cómo la mente se construye a partir de las prácticas sociales y cómo es posible replantear las nociones de acción y regla sin incurrir en un subjetivismo innecesario.

Jiyue Jiang, Liheng Chen, Sheng Wang et al.

Existing dialogue data augmentation (DA) techniques predominantly focus on augmenting utterance-level dialogues, which makes it difficult to take dialogue contextual information into account. The advent of large language models (LLMs) has simplified the implementation of multi-turn dialogues. Due to absence of professional understanding and knowledge, it remains challenging to deliver satisfactory performance in low-resource domain, like psychological dialogue dialogue. DA involves creating new training or prompting data based on the existing data, which help the model better understand and generate psychology-related responses. In this paper, we aim to address the issue of multi-turn dialogue data augmentation for boosted performance in the psychology domain. We propose a knowledge-driven progressive thought prompting method to guide LLM to generate multi-turn psychology-related dialogue. This method integrates a progressive thought generator, a psychology knowledge generator, and a multi-turn dialogue generator. The thought generated by the progressive thought generator serves as a prompt to prevent the generated dialogue from having significant semantic deviations, while the psychology knowledge generator produces psychological knowledge to serve as the dialogue history for the LLM, guiding the dialogue generator to create multi-turn psychological dialogue. To ensure the precision of multi-turn psychological dialogue generation by LLM, a meticulous professional evaluation is required. Extensive experiments conducted on three datasets related to psychological dialogue verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Xiaoxuan Shen, Zhihai Hu, Qirong Chen et al.

Memory behavior modeling is a core issue in cognitive psychology and education. Classical psychological theories typically use memory equations to describe memory behavior, which exhibits insufficient accuracy and controversy, while data-driven memory modeling methods often require large amounts of training data and lack interpretability. Knowledge-informed neural network models have shown excellent performance in fields like physics, but there have been few attempts in the domain of behavior modeling. This paper proposed a psychology theory informed neural networks for memory behavior modeling named PsyINN, where it constructs a framework that combines neural network with differentiating sparse regression, achieving joint optimization. Specifically, to address the controversies and ambiguity of descriptors in memory equations, a descriptor evolution method based on differentiating operators is proposed to achieve precise characterization of descriptors and the evolution of memory theoretical equations. Additionally, a buffering mechanism for the sparse regression and a multi-module alternating iterative optimization method are proposed, effectively mitigating gradient instability and local optima issues. On four large-scale real-world memory behavior datasets, the proposed method surpasses the state-of-the-art methods in prediction accuracy. Ablation study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed refinements, and application experiments showcase its potential in inspiring psychological research.

Yoga Adi Pratama, Muhammad Abdul Aris

This study aims to analyze the effects of capital intensity, audit quality, thin capitalization, and gender diversity on tax aggressiveness in state-owned enterprises (SOEs) listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2020 to 2023. This research adopts a quantitative approach with an associative method, and the sample is selected using purposive sampling based on criteria such as SOEs listed on IDX, financial reports expressed in Indonesian Rupiah, and excluding the banking sector. The dependent variable is tax aggressiveness, measured using the Effective Tax Rate (ETR), while the independent variables are capital intensity, audit quality, thin capitalization, and gender diversity. Data analysis is performed using multiple linear regression and classical assumption tests to ensure the validity of the regression model. The findings indicate that capital intensity, audit quality, thin capitalization, and gender diversity significantly affect tax aggressiveness. This research has limitations, such as the restriction to SOEs and a three-year observation period. Future research is suggested to expand the scope by using the IDX-IC classification and extending the study period, as well as considering additional variables such as firm size and ownership structure.

Ying Shi, I-Jun Chen, Mengping Yang et al.

An individual’s social adaptation is affected by their early maladaptive schemas. Previous studies have shown that early maladaptive schemas may be intergenerationally transmitted in families. It is important to explore the intergenerational effect of early maladaptive schemas on adolescents’ social adaptation, as they are in a critical period of growth and development. In this study, a cross-sectional design and questionnaire survey were used to collect data to explore the intergenerational influence of early maladaptive schemas in families and their relationship with adolescents’ social adaptation. The participants were 201 adolescents aged 12 to 16 years and their primary caregivers (father or mother), of whom 125 (62.2%) were boys and 76 (37.8%) were girls. There were 70 fathers (34.8%) and 131 mothers (65.2%). Chinese adolescents and their primary caregivers were surveyed using paired questionnaires, and the Young Schema Questionnaire (short form) and Adolescent Social Adaptation Scale were completed. The results show that adolescents’ early maladaptive schema plays an intermediary role between parents’ early maladaptive schema and adolescents’ social adaptation. Parental mistrust/abuse and insufficient self-control schemas affected adolescents’ social adaptation through the mediating effect of their corresponding schemas. Our results reveal the negative impact path of parents’ early maladaptive schemas on adolescents’ social adaptation and provide a new direction for the clinical practice of adolescent family therapy.

Shan Gao

Very rich scholarly works have been produced to perform a comparative study between Emerson and Zhuang Zi. Many scholars in their comparative research have tried to find how Emerson and the transcendentalists such as Thoreau borrow ideas from Daoism. In this article, I will take a different approach. I aim to find how Emerson and Zhuang Zi’s pursuit of spirituality in nature shapes different types of sense of place. The concept of spirituality is related to the pursuit of meaning in life and self-transcendence. This concept has gradually gained attention from the branches of religion, philosophy, geography, and psychology since, currently, due to the fast urbanization process, more people are separated from their land and move into cities. I will make a comparison between Emerson and Zhuang Zi from the concepts of spirituality, nature, and place. This perspective will shed light on the question of the conservation of various places due to their value and meaning, although I will not discuss conservation issues in this paper. In this article, I will first give a brief introduction to the meaning of spirituality by focusing on the three dimensions of this concept, which include meaning, self-transcendence, and spiritual practices. Then, I will discuss how the concept of nature in Emerson and Zhuang Zi’s works is related to these three dimensions. Finally, I will examine why Emerson and Zhuang Zi treat wilderness and agricultural land, respectively, as a place.

Adi Sopian, Haura Karlina, Achmad Saefurridjal et al.

Indonesia has a diversity of cultures, hospitality, and people who have good ethics. Moral problems often occur and are commonplace, such as corruption, collusion, nepotism, promiscuity and drug abuse, sexual harassment, theft, and murder. The Indonesian nation experienced moral degradation. Moral education refers to the concept of Moral Behavior. Ethical behavior is grouped into three parts: Moral Attitudes, Moral Feelings, and Moral Thoughts. Moral education is very dependent on how to educate parents, association, and the community environment. Moral issues are not enough just to do an analysis of moral education, such as the perspective of religion, philosophy, psychology, and sociology. But also provide solutions so that moral improvement can occur. One of the solutions for improving morale is, of course, by providing education for moral improvement, such as establishing a school with the aim of improving morale. This is what drives the establishment of schools based on moral education, which use the perspectives of religion, philosophy, psychology and sociology. One of the proposals is moral-based education with the help of information technology. Information technology is capable of performing tasks such as controlling the behavior of students, teachers, and being able to control content that is not in line with the educational curriculum. The results of monitoring students can be reported online at any time. This research aims to provide moral improvement solutions by establishing a moral-based school, with the help of Enterprise Architecture as a Framework. This Enterprise Architecture output is an Information Technology Blueprint for system development in schools. The approach used is the Framework from The Open Group Architecture Framework.

Nandang Koswara, W. Aryani, L. Yulianti et al.

This study aims to examine the future educational leadership model based on the perspectives of religion, philosophy, psychology, and sociology, as well as their implications in educational institutions. The locus of this research is the Prince SMPN 1 Purwakarta Jawa Barat. This study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis method. Interviews were conducted directly with informants, consisting of the school principal,  the vice principal, and educational staffs in the educational institution. The results of observations and documentation were obtained from various studies of documents, manuscripts, and archives related to the implementation of educational leadership at SMPN 1 Purwakarta Jawa Barat. The results of the study indicate that the educational leadership model for the future in SMPN 1 Purwakarta after direct interviews with all parties involved in educational institutions can be explained in the discussion of this study

Anna A. Ivanova

Language models have become an essential part of the burgeoning field of AI Psychology. I discuss 14 methodological considerations that can help design more robust, generalizable studies evaluating the cognitive abilities of language-based AI systems, as well as to accurately interpret the results of these studies.

Zhiheng Lyu, Zhijing Jin, Justus Mattern et al.

NLP datasets are richer than just input-output pairs; rather, they carry causal relations between the input and output variables. In this work, we take sentiment classification as an example and look into the causal relations between the review (X) and sentiment (Y). As psychology studies show that language can affect emotion, different psychological processes are evoked when a person first makes a rating and then self-rationalizes their feeling in a review (where the sentiment causes the review, i.e., Y -> X), versus first describes their experience, and weighs the pros and cons to give a final rating (where the review causes the sentiment, i.e., X -> Y ). Furthermore, it is also a completely different psychological process if an annotator infers the original rating of the user by theory of mind (ToM) (where the review causes the rating, i.e., X -ToM-> Y ). In this paper, we verbalize these three causal mechanisms of human psychological processes of sentiment classification into three different causal prompts, and study (1) how differently they perform, and (2) what nature of sentiment classification data leads to agreement or diversity in the model responses elicited by the prompts. We suggest future work raise awareness of different causal structures in NLP tasks. Our code and data are at https://github.com/cogito233/psych-causal-prompt

Silvina Pezzeta

En este trabajo revisaré uno de los argumentos habituales para refutar que los animales pueden ser considerados sujetos de derecho. El argumento en cuestión sostiene que los animales no pueden ser sujetos de derecho porque son incapaces de contraer obligaciones. La forma canónica de responder a este cuestionamiento es apelar a los argumentos de la “superposición de especies” –hay humanos sin dicha capacidad que igual son sujetos de derecho– y al de la “relevancia moral” –una característica que no tiene relación con la necesidad de tener la protección que otorgan los derechos–. A nivel jurídico, ambos argumentos se traducen en que esta incapacidad de hecho no es obstáculo para ser sujeto de derecho –en el caso humano–. Aunque todo esto es obvio, el argumento de las obligaciones persiste en fallos y doctrina. En este trabajo tomaré en serio el argumento de las obligaciones y propondré que la forma de refutarlo es revisar la teoría política que lo apoya. Dicha teoría será evaluada a la luz de la propuesta de Donaldson y Kymlicka sobre la ciudadanía para los demás animales. En su propuesta teórica, los autores sostienen que los animales sí pueden cumplir con algunas obligaciones y de hecho ya lo hacen en las sociedades interespecies actuales.

Elissaios Pappyrakis, Osiris Jorge Parcero

Despite rapidly-expanding academic and policy interest in the links between natural resource wealth and development failures (commonly referred to as the resource curse) little attention has been devoted to the psychology behind the phenomenon. Rent-seeking and excessive reliance on mineral revenues can be attributed largely to social psychology. Mineral booms (whether due to the discovery of mineral reserves or to the drastic rise in commodity prices) start as positive income shocks that can subsequently evolve into influential and expectation-changing public and media narratives; these lead consecutively to unrealistic demands that favor immediate consumption of accrued mineral revenues and to the postponement of productive investment. To our knowledge, this paper is the first empirical analysis that tests hypotheses regarding the psychological underpinnings of resource mismanagement in mineral-rich states. Our study relies on an extensive personal survey (of 1977 respondents) carried out in Almaty, Kazakhstan, between May and August 2018. We find empirical support for a positive link between exposure to news and inflated expectations regarding mineral availability, as well as evidence that the latter can generate preferences for excessive consumption, and hence, rent-seeking.

Griffin Chure

The ubiquity of computation in modern scientific research inflicts new challenges for reproducibility. While most journals now require code and data be made available, the standards for organization, annotation, and validation remain lax, making the data and code often difficult to decipher or practically use. I believe that this is due to the documentation, collation, and validation of code and data only being done in retrospect. In this essay, I reflect on my experience contending with these challenges and present a philosophy for prioritizing reproducibility in modern biological research where balancing computational analysis and wet-lab experiments is commonplace. Modern tools used in scientific workflows (such as GitHub repositories) lend themselves well to this philosophy where reproducibility begins at project inception, not completion. To that end, I present and provide a programming-language agnostic template architecture that can be immediately copied and made bespoke to your next paper, whether your lab work is wet, dry, or somewhere in between.

Serife Tekin, Carmen Fies, Chris Packham

Capitalizing on the enthusiasm about space science in the general public, our goal as an interdisciplinary group of scholars is to design and teach a new team-taught interdisciplinary course, "Philosophy and Science of Space Exploration (PoSE)" at the University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA) where we currently teach. We believe that this course will not only help overcome disciplinary silos to advance our understanding of space and critically examine its ethical ramifications, but also will better educate the public on how science works and help overcome the science skepticism that has unfortunately become more prominent in recent years. In what follows, we first juxtapose two seemingly contradictory trends: increased interest in space science on the one hand and increased skepticism about and distrust in science on the other. We then turn to how our anticipated Philosophy and Science of Space Exploration (PoSE) course will develop tools that could dismantle distrust in science while also enhancing the scientific and philosophical understandings of space science. We explain the content and the questions we will examine in POSE and conclude with how we will measure our success and progress.

Marcel Binz, Eric Schulz

We study GPT-3, a recent large language model, using tools from cognitive psychology. More specifically, we assess GPT-3's decision-making, information search, deliberation, and causal reasoning abilities on a battery of canonical experiments from the literature. We find that much of GPT-3's behavior is impressive: it solves vignette-based tasks similarly or better than human subjects, is able to make decent decisions from descriptions, outperforms humans in a multi-armed bandit task, and shows signatures of model-based reinforcement learning. Yet we also find that small perturbations to vignette-based tasks can lead GPT-3 vastly astray, that it shows no signatures of directed exploration, and that it fails miserably in a causal reasoning task. These results enrich our understanding of current large language models and pave the way for future investigations using tools from cognitive psychology to study increasingly capable and opaque artificial agents.

William Seymour

The home is often the most private space in people's lives, and not one in which they expect to be surveilled. However, today's market for smart home devices has quickly evolved to include products that monitor, automate, and present themselves as human. After documenting some of the more unusual emergent problems with contemporary devices, this body of work seeks to develop a design philosophy for intelligent agents in the smart home that can act as an alternative to the ways that these devices are currently built. This is then applied to the design of privacy empowering technologies, representing the first steps from the devices of the present towards a more respectful future.

Mihaela Curmei, Andreas Haupt, Dylan Hadfield-Menell et al.

Designing recommendation systems that serve content aligned with time varying preferences requires proper accounting of the feedback effects of recommendations on human behavior and psychological condition. We argue that modeling the influence of recommendations on people's preferences must be grounded in psychologically plausible models. We contribute a methodology for developing grounded dynamic preference models. We demonstrate this method with models that capture three classic effects from the psychology literature: Mere-Exposure, Operant Conditioning, and Hedonic Adaptation. We conduct simulation-based studies to show that the psychological models manifest distinct behaviors that can inform system design. Our study has two direct implications for dynamic user modeling in recommendation systems. First, the methodology we outline is broadly applicable for psychologically grounding dynamic preference models. It allows us to critique recent contributions based on their limited discussion of psychological foundation and their implausible predictions. Second, we discuss implications of dynamic preference models for recommendation systems evaluation and design. In an example, we show that engagement and diversity metrics may be unable to capture desirable recommendation system performance.

João Príncipe

Durante a Primeira República Portuguesa, António Sérgio escreveu ensaios nos quais propôs um racionalismo aberto, uma pedagogia trabalhista e uma interpretação da história de Portugal, onde as circunstâncias materiais, as práticas, os interesses económicos condicionavam as atitudes mentais dos agentes históricos. Sérgio inspirou-se na filosofia do trabalho de Proudhon, interessandose pelas discussões francesas sobre a origem prática/técnica da inteligência humana e do papel da técnica no desenvolvimento científico, discussões que envolveram Bergson, Durkheim e Louis Weber. Foi a partir dessa perspectiva pragmatista que realçou o papel das navegações portuguesas e da atitude de experimentalismo, de humanismo científico, que atribuía a algumas figuras da elite portuguesa do século XVI, bem como o interesse de Galileu pelas técnicas, que favoreceu o seu desenvolvimento da nova física, conduzindo à Revolução Científica.