Hasil untuk "Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects"

Marios Papamichalis, Nikolaos Nakis, Nicholas A. Christakis

We examine static and dynamic social network structure in 176 villages within the Copan Department of Honduras across two data waves (2016, 2019), using detailed data on multiplex networks for 20,232 individuals enrolled in a longitudinal survey. These networks capture friendship, health advice, financial help, and adversarial relationships, allowing us to show how cooperation and conflict jointly shape social structure. Using node-level network measures derived from near-census sociocentric village networks, we leverage mixed-effects zero-inflated negative binomial models to assess the influence of individual attributes, such as gender, marital status, education, religion, and indigenous status, and of village characteristics, on the dynamics of social networks over time. We complement these node-level models with dyadic assortativity (odds-ratio-based homophily) and community-level measures to describe how sorting by key attributes differs across network types and between waves. Our results demonstrate significant assortativity based on gender and religion, particularly within health and financial networks. Across networks, gender and religion exhibit the most consistent assortative mixing. Additionally, community-level assortativity metrics indicate that educational and financial factors increasingly influence social ties over time. Our findings provide insights into how personal attributes and community dynamics interact to shape network formation and socio-economic relationships in rural settings over time.

Junaid Qadir, Muhammad Mumtaz

As AI tutors enter classrooms at unprecedented speed, their deployment increasingly outpaces our grasp of the psychological and social consequences of such technology. Yet decades of research in automation psychology, human factors, and human-computer interaction provide crucial insights that remain underutilized in educational AI design. This work synthesizes four research traditions -- automation psychology, human factors engineering, HCI, and philosophy of technology -- to establish a comprehensive framework for understanding how learners psychologically relate to anthropomorphic AI tutors. We identify three persistent challenges intensified by Generative AI's conversational fluency. First, learners exhibit dual trust calibration failures -- automation bias (uncritical acceptance) and algorithm aversion (excessive rejection after errors) -- with an expertise paradox where novices overrely while experts underrely. Second, while anthropomorphic design enhances engagement, it can distract from learning and foster harmful emotional attachment. Third, automation ironies persist: systems meant to aid cognition introduce designer errors, degrade skills through disuse, and create monitoring burdens humans perform poorly. We ground this theoretical synthesis through comparative analysis of over 104,984 YouTube comments across AI-generated philosophical debates and human-created engineering tutorials, revealing domain-dependent trust patterns and strong anthropomorphic projection despite minimal cues. For engineering education, our synthesis mandates differentiated approaches: AI tutoring for technical foundations where automation bias is manageable through proper scaffolding, but human facilitation for design, ethics, and professional judgment where tacit knowledge transmission proves irreplaceable.

Johan van Benthem

This paper is a historical tour of occurrences of the Craig interpolation theorem and the Beth definability theorem in philosophy since the 1950s. We identify the notion of dependence as one major red thread behind these, and include some new technical results, in particular, on logical system translations and generalized definability

Dr. Muhammad Ashfaq

The intersection of prophetic paradigms and modern education presents a unique opportunity to integrate ethical foundations with the rapid advances of science and technology. In contemporary times, education systems worldwide emphasize innovation, research, and digital literacy but often neglect moral and spiritual dimensions, resulting in fragmented human development. The prophetic model of pedagogy, as derived from the Qur’an and Sunnah, offers a holistic approach that prioritizes intellectual, ethical and spiritual growth simultaneously. The Qur’an outlines the Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ mission as teaching knowledge, wisdom and purification, thus providing a framework where knowledge and ethics are inseparable. Prophetic pedagogy employed diverse teaching methods; dialogue, questioning, demonstration and compassion, that resonate with learner-centered pedagogies today. By embedding ethical principles such as justice (ʿadl), trust (amānah) and sincerity (niyyah) within scientific and technological learning, education can cultivate morally responsible innovators rather than technocrats without conscience. The integration of prophetic paradigms in digital education further ensures that technological advancements are grounded in ethical reflection, humanized interactions and purposeful intentions. This approach not only addresses the ethical vacuum in modern curricula but also reorients education toward holistic learning, enabling learners to balance intellectual pursuit with moral responsibility. By merging prophetic pedagogy with modern educational practices, societies can nurture individuals who are spiritually enriched, ethically guided and scientifically competent, capable of contributing to the progress of humanity with responsibility and integrity.

Han Jiang, Pengda Wang, Xiaoyuan Yi et al.

Social sciences have accumulated a rich body of theories and methodologies for investigating the human mind and behaviors, while offering valuable insights into the design and understanding of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems. Focusing on psychology as a prominent case, this study explores the interdisciplinary synergy between AI and the field by analyzing 1,006 LLM-related papers published in premier AI venues between 2023 and 2025, along with the 2,544 psychology publications they cite. Through our analysis, we identify key patterns of interdisciplinary integration, locate the psychology domains most frequently referenced, and highlight areas that remain underexplored. We further examine how psychology theories/frameworks are operationalized and interpreted, identify common types of misapplication, and offer guidance for more effective incorporation. Our work provides a comprehensive map of interdisciplinary engagement between AI and psychology, thereby facilitating deeper collaboration and advancing AI systems.

Zhicheng Lin

Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly being adopted across psychology, serving as research tools, experimental subjects, human simulators, and computational models of cognition. However, the application of human measurement tools to these systems can produce contradictory results, raising concerns that many findings are measurement phantoms--statistical artifacts rather than genuine psychological phenomena. In this Perspective, we argue that building a robust science of AI psychology requires integrating two of our field's foundational pillars: the principles of reliable measurement and the standards for sound causal inference. We present a dual-validity framework to guide this integration, which clarifies how the evidence needed to support a claim scales with its scientific ambition. Using an LLM to classify text may require only basic accuracy checks, whereas claiming it can simulate anxiety demands a far more rigorous validation process. Current practice systematically fails to meet these requirements, often treating statistical pattern matching as evidence of psychological phenomena. The same model output--endorsing "I am anxious"--requires different validation strategies depending on whether researchers claim to measure, characterize, simulate, or model psychological constructs. Moving forward requires developing computational analogues of psychological constructs and establishing clear, scalable standards of evidence rather than the uncritical application of human measurement tools.

مهدی عباس‌زاده, رمضان علی‌تبار, زهره زارعی

برخی فلاسفه غربی معتقدند حقایقی در نفس انسان وجود دارد که گویی انسان آن را از جهان دیگری با خود به همراه آورده و پیش از تولد دنیوی واجد آنها بوده یا به نحو دیگری در سرشت انسان نهاده شده‌اند. طبعاً این حقایق، از جهت هستی‌شناختی، از تجربه نشئت نگرفته‌اند. معرفت به چنین حقایقی «معرفت فطری» نام دارد. اما عمده فلاسفه اسلامی، ضمن پذیرش اصل «فطرت» در انسان، فطری بودن معرفت را رد کرده‌اند. در قرآن نیز، صریح برخی آیات دال بر عدم فعلیت معرفت فطری است، لیکن ظاهر آیات دیگر به نحوه‌ای از فعلیت معرفت فطری اشارت دارد. مدعای نوشتار حاضر این است که تعارض‌نمای فوق را به دو شیوه می‌توان برطرف کرد: (1) اخذ ظاهر آیات دسته نخست و تأویل آیات دسته دوم به نفع آیات دسته نخست (شیوه تفسیری)؛ (2) تفکیک علم حصولی و علم حضوری، به این معنا که آیات دسته نخست در مقام تبیین علم حصولی است و آیات دسته دوم در مقام تبیین علم حضوری (شیوه فلسفی). نتیجه این که از منظر تفسیری، معرفت فطری در بدو خلقت به نحو بالفعل حاصل نیست، و در منظر فلسفی، معرفت فطری صرفاً ناظر به علم حصولی (که عمده علوم بشری را در بر می‌گیرد) به نحو بالفعل حاصل نیست، ولی ناظر به علم حضوری به نحو بالفعل حاصل است.

Jukka Ruohonen, Mubashrah Saddiqa

Insider threats refer to threats originating from people inside organizations. Although such threats are a classical research topic, the systematization of existing knowledge is still limited particularly with respect to non-technical research approaches. To this end, this paper presents a systematic literature review on the psychology of insider threats. According to the review results, the literature has operated with multiple distinct theories but there is still a lack of robust theorization with respect to psychology. The literature has also considered characteristics of a person, his or her personal situation, and other more or less objective facts about the person. These are seen to correlate with psychological concepts such as personality traits and psychological states of a person. In addition, the review discusses gaps and limitations in the existing research, thus opening the door for further psychology research.

Murray Shanahan, Beth Singler

Contemporary conversational AI systems based on large language models (LLMs) can engage users on a wide variety of topics, including philosophy, spirituality, and religion. Suitably prompted, LLMs can be coaxed into discussing such existentially significant matters as their own putative consciousness and the role of artificial intelligence in the fate of the Cosmos. Here we examine two lengthy conversations of this type. We trace likely sources, both ancient and modern, for the extensive repertoire of images, myths, metaphors, and conceptual esoterica that the language model draws on during these conversations, and foreground the contemporary communities and cultural movements that deploy related motifs, especially in their online activity. Finally, we consider the larger societal impacts of such engagements with LLMs.

Dariusz Antoni Kasprzak

Patrystyczna refleksja nad kluczowymi tekstami pachomian dotyczącymi zagadnienia pracy cenobickiej i jej skutków pozwala na wyciągniecie następujących wniosków: w zamyśle ideowym Pachomiusza praca miała być czynnością ascetyczną, dokonującą się w ciszy i w zupełnym podporządkowaniu się przełożonym. Podstawowym zajęciem pachomian była praca rolnicza na polach. Natomiast plecionkarstwo wydaje się być bardziej ascetycznym uzupełnieniem tej pierwszej. Pozostałe prace pachomian miały charakter służebny wobec rolnictwa i plecionkarstwa. Chrystologiczną motywację do podjęcia pracy rekonstruujemy na podstawie listów Pachomiusza i Księgi Horsiesiego. Kryzysy wspólnot pachomiańskich z końca lat 40 i 60 IV wieku zweryfikowały pierwotne założenia Reguły. Kazuistyczny i urzędniczo normatywny zarząd zakonu za pierwszej kadencji Horsiesiego zabijał zarówno ideowość mnichów, jak i ich ludzką czy zakonną odpowiedzialność. Wywołał sprzeciw („Nie chcemy mieć nic wspólnego z Horsiesim ani z zasadami, które ustala”) i bunt braci. Za rządów Teodora, kolejnego z διακριτικός wspólnoty doszło do uspokojenia w zakonie. Paradoksalnie systematyczna praca przyniosła wymierne efekty materialne, co zaczęło zagrażać duchowemu celowi zakonu. Ten drugi kryzys zarządu zakonu zażegnano poprzez zawierzenie Bożej Opatrzności napięcia pomiędzy zakonną obserwacją a systematyczną pracą i bogaceniem się instytucji. Wydaje się, że było to skuteczne rozwiązanie, bo pachomianie przetrwali w Egipcie aż do najazdu arabskiego w IX wieku.

Denghao Li, Yuqiao Zeng, Jianzong Wang et al.

Buddhism is an influential religion with a long-standing history and profound philosophy. Nowadays, more and more people worldwide aspire to learn the essence of Buddhism, attaching importance to Buddhism dissemination. However, Buddhist scriptures written in classical Chinese are obscure to most people and machine translation applications. For instance, general Chinese-English neural machine translation (NMT) fails in this domain. In this paper, we proposed a novel approach to building a practical NMT model for Buddhist scriptures. The performance of our translation pipeline acquired highly promising results in ablation experiments under three criteria.

Athanase Papadopoulos

I discuss Ren{é} Thom's approach to philosophy based on his mathematical background. At the same time, I will highlight his connection with Aristotle, his criticism of the modern view of science as a predictive process, his ideas on mathematical education, his position with respect to the French school of mathematics that was dominent in his time and his relationship with the philosophical community. I will also touch upon the connections between Thom's ideas and those of Leibniz, Riemann, Freud and others. The last version of this paper will appear as a chapter in the book Handbook of the History and Philosophy of Mathematical Practice (ed. Bharath Sriraman), Springer.

Marcel Binz, Eric Schulz

We study GPT-3, a recent large language model, using tools from cognitive psychology. More specifically, we assess GPT-3's decision-making, information search, deliberation, and causal reasoning abilities on a battery of canonical experiments from the literature. We find that much of GPT-3's behavior is impressive: it solves vignette-based tasks similarly or better than human subjects, is able to make decent decisions from descriptions, outperforms humans in a multi-armed bandit task, and shows signatures of model-based reinforcement learning. Yet we also find that small perturbations to vignette-based tasks can lead GPT-3 vastly astray, that it shows no signatures of directed exploration, and that it fails miserably in a causal reasoning task. These results enrich our understanding of current large language models and pave the way for future investigations using tools from cognitive psychology to study increasingly capable and opaque artificial agents.

Yuqiang Xie, Yue Hu, Yunpeng Li et al.

Controllable story generation is a challenging task in the field of NLP, which has attracted increasing research interest in recent years. However, most existing works generate a whole story conditioned on the appointed keywords or emotions, ignoring the psychological changes of the protagonist. Inspired by psychology theories, we introduce global psychological state chains, which include the needs and emotions of the protagonists, to help a story generation system create more controllable and well-planned stories. In this paper, we propose a Psychology-guIded Controllable Story Generation System (PICS) to generate stories that adhere to the given leading context and desired psychological state chains for the protagonist. Specifically, psychological state trackers are employed to memorize the protagonist's local psychological states to capture their inner temporal relationships. In addition, psychological state planners are adopted to gain the protagonist's global psychological states for story planning. Eventually, a psychology controller is designed to integrate the local and global psychological states into the story context representation for composing psychology-guided stories. Automatic and manual evaluations demonstrate that PICS outperforms baselines, and each part of PICS shows effectiveness for writing stories with more consistent psychological changes.

فریده امینی, طاهره نعمتی, علی حسن نیا

حدیث اسلامی خاصّه روایات سیره پیامبر (ص)، همواره مورد توجه خاورشناسان بود است و در چند دهه­ی اخیر نیز توجه به این قبیل پژوهش‌ها،گسترش یافته است. مقاله­ی «سیره اهل کساء: منابع قدیمی شیعی راجع به سیره­ حضرت محمد(ص)» نوشته ماهر جرار با نگاهی متفاوت و از دریچه­ی منابع اولیه­ی شیعه، در پی بررسی منابع قدیمی در خصوص سیره پیامبر(ص) برآمده است. دلیل پرداختن وی به موضوع مذکور، از آن جهت است که هیچ ­یک از پژوهش‌های انجام شده توسط خاورشناسان، در خصوص سیره­ پیامبر(ص) از آغاز قرن بیستم به بعد، به طور ویژه منابع سیره و مغازی شیعی را مورد بررسی و دقت نظر قرار ندادند. پژوهش پیش رو با رویکرد تحلیل انتقادی برخی آسیب­های روشی، مبنایی و غایی مقاله جرار را استخراج کرده است، از جمله آسیب­های روشی، جایگزینی روش بازیابی منابع با روش بازسازی منابع، عدم ارائه­ ملاک در گزینش افراد، تتبع ناقص در منابع پژوهش؛ آسیب­های مبنایی اتهام عدم اهتمام شیعیان در سیره­­نگاری، محدود نمودن منابع متقدّم شیعی در باب سیره، تحوّل و تطوّر متون روایی در جریان انتقال حدیث و در نهایت از نگاه سوگرانه جرار به منابع شیعی می‌توان به عنوان آسیب غایی یاد کرد. وجه قوت اثر جرار پرداختن گشودن بابی برای سایر پژوهشگران در این حوزه مطالعات شیعه است.

Paloma Martín Martín, Carmen Meneses-Falcón

Este trabajo tiene la finalidad de reflexionar sobre los hombres que pagan servicios sexuales en un momento que se reclama su criminalización desde sectores feministas. La reflexión parte de los estudios previos realizados tanto nacionales como internacionales. Se pone de relieve las características, motivaciones, perfiles y demandas de estos hombres. Se señalan los riesgos que la relación de compraventa puede generar especialmente para las mujeres. Se revisan los modelos de intervención llevados a cabo con estos hombres y se proponen intervenciones socioeducativas y sanitarias por ser más efectivas tanto en la disminución de riesgo como en la reducción de la demanda.

Nicholas Watters, Joshua Tenenbaum, Mehrdad Jazayeri

In recent years, trends towards studying simulated games have gained momentum in the fields of artificial intelligence, cognitive science, psychology, and neuroscience. The intersections of these fields have also grown recently, as researchers increasing study such games using both artificial agents and human or animal subjects. However, implementing games can be a time-consuming endeavor and may require a researcher to grapple with complex codebases that are not easily customized. Furthermore, interdisciplinary researchers studying some combination of artificial intelligence, human psychology, and animal neurophysiology face additional challenges, because existing platforms are designed for only one of these domains. Here we introduce Modular Object-Oriented Games, a Python task framework that is lightweight, flexible, customizable, and designed for use by machine learning, psychology, and neurophysiology researchers.

Poushali Sengupta, Subhankar Mishra

Privacy and Fairness both are very important nowadays. For most of the cases in the online service providing system, users have to share their personal information with the organizations. In return, the clients not only demand a high privacy guarantee to their sensitive data but also expected to be treated fairly irrespective of their age, gender, religion, race, skin color, or other sensitive protected attributes. Our work introduces a novel architecture that is balanced among the privacy-utility-fairness trade-off. The proposed mechanism applies Group Tagging Method and Fairly Iterative Shuffling (FIS) that amplifies privacy through random shuffling and prevents linkage attack. The algorithm introduces a fair classification problem by Relation Impact based on Equalized Minimal FPR-FNR among the protected tagged group. For the count report generation, the aggregator uses TF-IDF to add noise for providing longitudinal Differential Privacy guarantee. Lastly, the mechanism boosts the utility through risk minimization function and obtain the optimal privacy-utility budget of the system. In our work, we have done a case study on gender equality in the admission system and helps to obtain a satisfying result which implies that the proposed architecture achieves the group fairness and optimal privacy-utility trade-off for both the numerical and decision making Queries.

F. Espinoza, Department of Physics, Astronomy et al.

The current public sense of anxiety in dealing with disinformation as manifested by so-called fake news is acutely displayed by the reaction to recent events prompted by a belief in conspiracies among certain groups. A model to deal with disinformation is proposed; it is based on a demonstration of the analogous behavior of disinformation to that of wave phenomena. Two criteria form the basis to combat the deleterious effects of disinformation: the use of a refractive medium based on skepticism as the default mode, and polarization as a filter mechanism to analyze its merits based on evidence. Critical thinking is enhanced since the first one tackles the pernicious effect of the confirmation bias, and the second the tendency towards attribution, both of which undermine our efforts to think and act rationally. The benefits of such a strategy include an epistemic reformulation of disinformation as an independently existing phenomenon, that removes its negative connotations when perceived as being possessed by groups or individuals.

Johannes Himmelreich

The ongoing debate on the ethics of self-driving cars typically focuses on two approaches to answering ethical questions: moral philosophy and social science. I argue that these two approaches are both lacking. We should neither deduce answers from individual moral theories nor should we expect social science to give us complete answers. To supplement these approaches, we should turn to political philosophy. The issues we face are collective decisions that we make together rather than individual decisions we make in light of what we each have reason to value. Political philosophy adds three basic concerns to our conceptual toolkit: reasonable pluralism, human agency, and legitimacy. These three concerns have so far been largely overlooked in the debate on the ethics of self-driving cars.