Hasil untuk "Philosophy (General)"

M. Blaug

Lisa N Aguilar, Virginia L. F. Allen, Harshinie C. Amarat et al.

J. Humphrey, M. Epstein

F. Löffler, J. Faber, E. Bentivegna et al.

We describe the Einstein Toolkit, a community-driven, freely accessible computational infrastructure intended for use in numerical relativity, relativistic astrophysics, and other applications. The toolkit, developed by a collaboration involving researchers from multiple institutions around the world, combines a core set of components needed to simulate astrophysical objects such as black holes, compact objects, and collapsing stars, as well as a full suite of analysis tools. The Einstein Toolkit is currently based on the Cactus framework for high-performance computing and the Carpet adaptive mesh refinement driver. It implements spacetime evolution via the BSSN evolution system and general relativistic hydrodynamics in a finite-volume discretization. The toolkit is under continuous development and contains many new code components that have been publicly released for the first time and are described in this paper. We discuss the motivation behind the release of the toolkit, the philosophy underlying its development, and the goals of the project. A summary of the implemented numerical techniques is included, as are results of numerical test covering a variety of sample astrophysical problems.

Orni Meerbaum-Salant, M. Armoni, M. Ben-Ari

M. Diftler, J. Mehling, M. Abdallah et al.

Chris Evans, John Mellor-Clark, Frank Margison, Michael

Yiyu Yao

Abstract This paper introduces a model of three-way conflict analysis by reformulating and extending the original model by Pawlak. The proposed model is based on the philosophy, methodology, and mechanism of thinking and processing in threes of a theory of three-way decision. We examine a trisection of agents and a trisection of pairs of agents, as well as their relationships. We adopt a hexagon to represent geometrically a trisection, which gives an intuitive and effective tool for studying three-way decision. According to the two trisections, we suggest three levels of conflict consisting of strong conflict, weak conflict, and non-conflict. The results are described geometrically by a triangle of conflict. The new model of three-way conflict analysis (a) clarifies important conceptual and semantics interpretations of conflict, (b) removes some inconsistencies in the Pawlak model, and (c) gives a more general conception of conflict analysis with three levels of conflict by using many-valued ratings.

J. Pollock

Cocić Nikola Z.

This study examines the relationship between self-efficacy , perceived organizational support, and job satisfaction, with pay satisfaction as a mediator. The sample is convenient and consists of 269 respondents (139 male and 136 female), aged 19 to 43 (M= 25.8, Sd= 4.3), working in an organizational or industrial environment. Out of the 269 respondents, 223 indicated their monthly income was average, 45 reported it as above average, and 1 stated it was below average. The instruments used for data collection were Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE), Perceived Organizational Support Scale, and respondents' pay satisfaction was assessed using a single question. A statistically significant correlation was found between all the variables included in the study (p < 0.01). Pay satisfaction had a mediating influence on the relationship between self-efficacy and job satisfaction, while perceived organizational support was a direct, statistically significant predictor of job satisfaction. The model proved to be sustainable. The study results are discussed in relation to relevant theoretical assumptions and their practical applications. The limitations of the study, such as sample adequacy, online administration, and the work environments, are stated. Recommendations are made for further research, including the exploration of additional variables to enhance the current model.

Konstantin S. Kondratenko

The article introduces a new concept designed to describe the social and sociotechnical processes that were triggered by digital transformation and, in their turn, resulted in Industry 5.0. The author described and modelled egocentric, communicative, convergent, and cause-and-effect rational-semantic networks, in which rationality relies on the semantic model of the system and forms some rational concern for its values and meanings to be implemented in behavior. The theoretical side of the research could be represented as a pyramid of conceptual levels that concentrate from philosophy and general science to particular research with statistical, network, and other methods. The author introduced the term of rational-semantic system to study the network contexts of behavior, including that of social network users. The term was also applied to the phenomena and effects of network interaction, e.g. the legitimacy of network power and its effect on user behavior patterns. The methodological character of this research allows for a broader study of social and political networks. The network context revealed some congruence issues, i.e., compatibility of rational-semantic systems. The author believes that eventually all systems can be combined into a single whole.

Adrianna Grabizna

At each introduction of a new edition of psychiatric classifications, a vivid debate resurfaces and concerns their very validity: should classifications be based on etiology or should they be descriptive, based on observation, and not on some or other theories of etiopathogenesis? I shift the attention to the philosophical aspect of the debate. Psychiatric classifications employ (and have always employed) taxonomic methodology but in fact are not (and never were) based on biological mechanisms leading to mental disorders. Therefore I tried to catch the moment where certain observable features, recognized as symptoms, begins to be perceived as an ontologically independent entities and we start to think that nosological units must have a specific cause (e.g. a neuropathogenesis), which is simply reflected in the diagnostic picture. I tried to catch the moment, when by naming, classifying and diagnosing, we, in a sense, create objects. Then I show how from there we can slide into objectification: we can stop to see a person and start to an illness.

Luca Ciotti

It has been proposed that the flat rotation curves observed at large radii in disk galaxies can be interpreted as an effect of General Relativity (GR) instead of the presence of dark matter (DM) halos in Newtonian gravity. In Ciotti (2022) the problem is rigorously explored in the special setting of the weak-field, low-velocity gravitomagnetic limit of GR. The rotation curves are obtained for purely baryonic disk models with realistic density profiles, and compared with the predictions of Newtonian gravity for the same disks, in absence of DM. The rotation curves are indistinguishable, with percentual GR corrections at all radii of the order of $\approx 10^{-6}$ or less, so that DM halos are required in gravitomagnetism as in Newtonian gravity. From a more general point of view, a list of the most urgent problems that must be addressed by any proposed GR-based alternative to the existence of DM, is given.

João Mattar

The main objectives of this theoretical paper are to compare some constructivist-related learning theories and explore how they can be adequately used in educational technology and distance education. After a brief introduction, constructivism is defined as a general philosophy of education encompassing several different learning theories. The article then presents and discusses the following theories: situated cognition, activity theory, experiential learning, anchored instruction, and authentic learning. Connectivism or distributed learning is also presented as a new and important theory, including its pedagogical view and practice in massive open online courses (MOOCs). These theories are then organized in a coherent way, classified under the constructivist umbrella, pointing their common and distinctive features. Connectivism is positioned as a new philosophy of education for the digital age, making Vygotsky’s concept of zone of proximal development (ZPD) more flexible and stretching it to include learning that lies outside the learner, in social networks and technological tools. The text finally proposes further work on how these theories can be properly combined and used as frameworks for constructivist projects and activities in the fields of educational technology and distance education. The article is based on the search and review of peer-reviewed articles on constructivism, connectivism, the other aforementioned theories, and education technology and distance education.

R. Veenhoven

H. Nikkhajoei, R. Lasseter

Xingzhi Shi, Zhichao Tian, Wenqiang Chen et al.

Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic

Modern computational natural philosophy conceptualizes the universe in terms of information and computation, establishing a framework for the study of cognition and intelligence. Despite some critiques, this computational perspective has significantly influenced our understanding of the natural world, leading to the development of AI systems like ChatGPT based on deep neural networks. Advancements in this domain have been facilitated by interdisciplinary research, integrating knowledge from multiple fields to simulate complex systems. Large Language Models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, represent this approach's capabilities, utilizing reinforcement learning with human feedback (RLHF). Current research initiatives aim to integrate neural networks with symbolic computing, introducing a new generation of hybrid computational models.

General Ozochiawaeze

Direct imaging methods recover the presence, position, and shape of the unknown obstacles in time-harmonic inverse scattering without a priori knowledge of either the physical properties or the number of disconnected components of the scatterer, i.e., on the boundary condition. However, most of these methods require multi-static data and only obtain partial information about the obstacle. These qualitative methods are based on constructing indicator functions defined on the domain of interest, which help determine whether a spatial point or point source lies inside or outside the scatterer. This paper explains the main themes of each of these methods, with emphasis on highlighting the advantages and limitations of each scheme. Additionally, we will classify each method and describe how some of these methods are closely related to each other.

S. Høffding, K. Martiny