Hasil untuk "Paints, pigments, varnishes, etc."

Cheng He

In early modern Britain, tincture possessed several meanings related to colour and pigment. They can be found in various art forms, including dyeing, limning, varnishing, gilding, coloured prints, glass-making, etc. Tincture as both a material and a colour-related concept was also used in medicine, chymistry, alchemy, and literature and became increasingly popular since the mid-seventeenth century. This essay highlights the understanding and use of colour through tincture’s versatile applications across disciplines. It centres around three material properties that characterize the making and experience of tincture: tincture’s feature of penetrating surface (both material and the human body); the purity of tincture through extraction, which signified material essence and liveness; multisensory experience of tincture through colour, scent, and taste. These aspects suggest the ‘sense of volume’ of colour, with tincture expressing its flexible, experiential, and elusive qualities.

Ludmila Cotelea-Condrea

Silk painting is a fine art form characterized by the clarity and transparency of colors. The pearlescent effect of natural silk adds value to the created artwork. With the development of fashion art and the crafting of fine clothing, the need arose to create accessories that define the entire outfit. The most expressive accents are textile flowers. Since the Middle Ages, people have invented various ways to transform fabric into unique textile flowers, designed to decorate the costumes of the nobility, attire for special occasions such as weddings, cultural events, floral arrangements, artistic objects etc. Flowers made from natural silk stand out for their delicacy, reflect a sense of luxury, and are in great demand. Fabrics such as organza, taffeta, or satin are used to imitate the look and texture of real petals. To obtain high-quality, durable works that meet all technical and aesthetic requirements, it is necessary to follow a precise working sequence and all the stages of production. To give the fabric the necessary density and to prevent the edges from falling apart during the cutting process, it undergoes a gelatinization process. A solution is prepared from gelatin and warm water in the following proportion: one teaspoon of dry gelatin per 200 ml of warm water. After the gelatin is completely dissolved, the silk is immersed in this liquid. Once dry, the fabric resembles paper in both appearance and texture. The gelatin "bonds" the textile fibers, gives the fabric a glossy finish, and does not create obstacles in the painting process. The working templates are created after real flowers or designed individually, depending on their purpose. The fabric is then cut along the contours of these templates. Additionally, decorative accessories and other auxiliary materials are prepared. During the painting stage, water-based paints are used, known for their fluidity and watercolor effect. The batik technique is applied, along with freehand painting on natural silk. For this process, all the cut details are moistened before applying the pigment in a sequential manner - from light to dark tones. On the wet surface, colors blend easily, creating unique effects and chromatic gradients. After drying, all petals are shaped using special iron tools, heated either electrically or on a gas stove. This process gives form to the flowers and various floral compositions. In conclusion, it should be mentioned that decoration has always played an important role in fashion design, the textile flowers being among the most desired elements. By carefully following all technological stages of silk gelatinization and freehand batik painting, unique flowers and compositions can be created, that are true works of art.

A. Dyuryagina, A. Lutsenko

The rapid progress of water-dispersion paints from the water-diluted group is due to a number of their advantages over other paint and varnishes from the category of environmentally friendly. The formulations of paintwork materials are dominated by aqueous dispersions of acrylic copolymers, acrylic styrole copolymers, homo- and copolymers of vinyl acetate. One of the main methods of targeted regulation of the properties of polymer composite materials and coatings is the use of surfactants (surfactants). As a result of adsorption phenomena, their physical interaction with the surface of dispersed particles and substrate, associations with film-forming molecules can significantly change the deformation-strength, insulating, adhesive, coloristic and other properties of paint coatings. The purpose of the work is a reasonable choice of polymer surfactants for obtaining water-dispersion acrylic coatings with a given set of properties. This determines the relevance of research. Objects. Film former - acrylic polymer, inorganic pigment - rutile-shaped titanium dioxide, modifying additives - polyestersiloxane copolymer (PES) and sodium polyacrylate (PAN), aqueous solvent. Conclusion. Analysis of the state and current trends in paint and varnish materials indicates the prospects of using water-dispersion acrylic compositions. The study of the physical and chemical regularities of processes involving surfactants, developed both in the volume of film-forming and at the interphase boundaries of its interface with pigment and air, is an important prerequisite for the formation of scientifically based approaches, when obtaining effective protective and decorative properties of coatings of water-dispersion compositions.

K. Khamidulina

When developing safety regulations for chemicals, the international society is constantly searching for safer analogues of highly hazardous chemicals to use as alternatives in various products. Within the Scientific Research Work under the State Pro-gram ‘Provision of Chemical and Biological Safety in 2021–2024’, The Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances of the Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of Rospotrebnadzor has developed a concept on replacement of highly hazardous chemicals in various products (food products, synthetic detergents and household chemicals, pesticides, paints and varnishes, basic chemicals) with their safer analogues. Still, we should highlight that regulation of highly hazardous chemicals in articles has not been developed sufficiently in the RF. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to provide scientific substantiation for criteria and rules for assigning chemicals in articles as prohibited and (or) restricted. Materials this study is based on are represented by the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, EEC and the EU (in particular, Decrees, Resolutions, Technical Regulations, Directives, Regulations, etc. in the field of safe management of substances of concern), as well as domestic and international databases, scientific articles and monographs containing information on the toxic properties of chemicals. In order to develop effective measures to minimize the risk of exposure to chemicals in articles and their safe management at all stages of a life cycle, the study provides substantiation of criteria and rules for assigning chemicals in articles as prohibited and (or) restricted and proposes a mechanism for the creation of a National list of chemicals of concern in articles. When created, this List will allow monitoring of their circulation on the territory of the Russian Federation, proper waste disposal, and stimulating research work to find alternatives.

T. Komarov, V. S. Puzyreva, A. V. Chabanenko

Problem Statement (Relevance). Most often, the production of paints and varnishes consists of the main stages: from receipt to warehouses to packaging in boxes. And quality control is carried out at the entrance and at the exit. However, in the production of paints and varnishes, it is necessary to introduce intermediate control at the stage of grinding pigment raw materials into finely ground powder, since the main qualities of the finished paintwork product depend on the size range of particles of the finely ground powder. GOST 2093-82 recommends the use of sieve analysis, which is a sieving mechanism with a sieve from the largest mesh sizes to the smallest. However, this method is inferior to more modern ones in terms of analysis speed by more than 10 minutes, in terms of particle measurement range by 10-30%, and in terms of information content of the analysis. Objectives. Improving the quality of paints and varnishes through the introduction of intermediate control by laser diffraction. Methods Applied. In the presented work, methods such as mathematical modeling, the method of idealization and formalization of the research processes of paints and varnishes were applied. Originality. In the course of the work, new mechanisms were developed for assessing and controlling the quality of the particles of the coloring pigment powder, as well as new ways to improve the efficiency of the production of paints and varnishes. In the course of the study, an analysis of the technological process was carried out. Result. The result of the work was the developed model for improving the quality control system for the particles of the coloring pigment powder. Practical Relevance. The developed model will increase the effectiveness of current processes for the production of paints and varnishes through the introduction of intermediate control, which will increase the profit of the organization and reduce quality costs.

A. S. Panasyugin, I. L. Kulinich, N. P. Masherova et al.

This paper presents an analysis of the use of organic solvents in paint systems used in high quality treatment of car bodies in the period from 1998 to 2020. Nowadays it is possible to solve the problem of high efficiency corrosion protection and decorative and water-repellent properties of the protective layer with the help of painting systems. Paint systems include primers, putties, varnishes, paints, polishes, etc., usually from a single manufacturer.

Svitlana Halaichak, M. Golovchuk, Bohdan Datsko et al.

An important direction of new technologies of corrosion protection of metals is the use of inhibitory pigments in the composition of paints and varnishes, which are tolerant to the environment, have high efficiency and can replace chromates. Promising anti-corrosion pigments for paints and varnishes are ion-exchange substances, in particular modified zeolites, which will provide optimal selective resistance to aggressive environmental influences. In this work the dispersion and morphology of complex pigments based on synthetic zeolite and monophosphates of calcium, zinc and manganese are investigated. It was found that the modification of zeolites by metal monophosphates by mechanochemical method in a ball mill for 60 min at a speed of 200 rpm leads to decrease in fraction to 2.0 μm by ~44%… 64% and an increase from 2.0 to 10.0 μm by ~60%. The fraction up to 2.0 μm is represented by particles of irregular globular shape > 10.0 μm - agglomerates. Thermogravimetric studies have shown that all synthesized complex pigments are characterized by thermal stability. Thermolysis is characterized by 4 stages, which correspond to the removal of physically adsorbed water, chemically sorbed water, dehydroxylation of the surface by cleavage of OH groups, and phase transitions. Modification with metal monophosphates increases the thermal stability of pigments in the sequence Na-A: Ca(H2PO4)2 - Na-A: Zn(H2PO4)2 - Na-A: Mn(H2PO4)2. Thermolysis of samples in the temperature range from 15 to 700 °С is took place during four stages, most intensively at temperatures up to 400 °С. During mechanochemical dispersion of zeolites with calcium, zinc and manganese monophosphates, the amount of physically adsorbed water increases by ~18… ~41%, and chemically sorbed water decreases by ~19… ~41%. The specific surface area of zeolite Na-A: Ca(H2PO4)2 increases by ~8%, and Na-A: Zn(H2PO4)2 and Na-A: Mn(H2PO4)2 decreases by ~50% and ~22%, respectively. This may be due to the radii of the metal cations and the fraction content up to 2.0 μm when grinding zeolites. Based on the obtained results, the synthesized zeolites can be recommended for further studies of their inhibitory properties as pigments in the composition of paints and varnishes.

Rachid El Brychy, Mohamed Rguiti, Nadia Rhazzane et al.

Today, organic wastes (paints, pigments, etc.) are considered to be a major concern for the pollution of aqueous environments. Therefore, it is essential to find new methods to solve this problem. This research was conducted to study the use of electrochemical processes to remove organic pollutants (e.g., crystal violet (CV)) from aqueous solutions. The galvanostatic electrolysis of CV by the use of Ti/Pt/SnO2 anode, were conducted in an electrochemical cell with 100 mL of solution using Na2SO4 and NaCl as supporting electrolyte, the effect of the important electrochemical parameters: current density (20–60 mA cm−2), CV concentration (10–50 mg L−1), sodium chloride concentration (0.01–0.1 g L−1) and initial pH (2 to 10) on the efficiency of the electrochemical process was evaluated and optimized. The electrochemical treatment process of CV was monitored by the UV-visible spectrometry and the chemical oxygen demand (COD). After only 120 min, in a 0.01 mol L−1 NaCl solution with a current density of 50 mA cm−2 and a pH value of 7 containing 10 mg L−1 CV, the CV removal efficiency can reach 100%, the COD removal efficiency is up to 80%. The process can therefore be considered as a suitable process for removing CV from coloured wastewater in the textile industries.

V. Samynaathan, S. R. Iyer, K. Kesavan et al.

M. Soroush, M. Grady

Abstract The paint and coating industry can benefit significantly from smart manufacturing. A modern paint/coating (P/C) product is a complex mixture of polymer resins, pigment dispersions, organic and aqueous solvents, plasticizers and coalescing aides, and other additives. Many consumer attributes are required to describe its quality. The dependence of the attributes on the properties and amounts of the polymer resins, the pigment dispersions, solvents and other additives, and P/C preparation conditions is complex, not always well understood, and currently impossible to describe using first-principles (FP) models. Currently, P/C manufacturers customize their products mostly through laborious experimental trial and error and have limited ability to predict which polymer resins and dispersants lead to a specific customized P/C product. This chapter discusses how combined FP multiscale modeling and machine learning can be used to achieve in silico P/C product design, real-time P/C product quality prediction, real-time P/C product defect detection and diagnosis, etc.

R. Medvedev, A. Skrylev

In order to provide the Russian paint and varnish industry with cheap domestic raw materials, research has been carried out to develop a phosphor pigment that meets the following requirements: 1) the production cost per unit of its volume should not exceed the cost of a similar volume of traditional dyes; 2) the pigment should be made exclusively from domestic raw materials. Sulfides were chosen as the most optimal raw materials, because of a fairly simple technology and the possibility of using production waste as a raw material, namely phosphogypsum. The essence and theory of the method for obtaining a phosphor pigment from phosphogypsum, as well as the technological features of its production.

Ramakrishnan Ramaseshan, S. Sundarrajan, R. Jose et al.