Hasil untuk "Modern"

A. Ford, Hugues Miel, A. Ring et al.

Michael C. Koetting, J. T. Peters, Stephanie D. Steichen et al.

S. Reed, M. Orr, C. Fox

William Blissett

Amanda N Baraldi, Craig K. Enders

C. Kiefer

L. Grafakos

M. Wilde

S. Wiggins

M. Knowles

H. Martin

A. Singhal

L. Snyder, J. J. Kirkland, J. Dolan

K. Benoit, M. Laver

P. Falkowski, M. Katz, A. Knoll et al.

The community structure and ecological function of contemporary marine ecosystems are critically dependent on eukaryotic phytoplankton. Although numerically inferior to cyanobacteria, these organisms are responsible for the majority of the flux of organic matter to higher trophic levels and the ocean interior. Photosynthetic eukaryotes evolved more than 1.5 billion years ago in the Proterozoic oceans. However, it was not until the Mesozoic Era (251 to 65 million years ago) that the three principal phytoplankton clades that would come to dominate the modern seas rose to ecological prominence. In contrast to their pioneering predecessors, the dinoflagellates, coccolithophores, and diatoms all contain plastids derived from an ancestral red alga by secondary symbiosis. Here we examine the geological, geochemical, and biological processes that contributed to the rise of these three, distantly related, phytoplankton groups.

R. Singer

Max Ingman, H. Kaessmann, S. Pääbo et al.

Petter Holme

The power of any kind of network approach lies in the ability to simplify a complex system so that one can better understand its function as a whole. Sometimes it is beneficial, however, to include more information than in a simple graph of only nodes and links. Adding information about times of interactions can make predictions and mechanistic understanding more accurate. The drawback, however, is that there are not so many methods available, partly because temporal networks is a relatively young field, partly because it is more difficult to develop such methods compared to for static networks. In this colloquium, we review the methods to analyze and model temporal networks and processes taking place on them, focusing mainly on the last three years. This includes the spreading of infectious disease, opinions, rumors, in social networks; information packets in computer networks; various types of signaling in biology, and more. We also discuss future directions.

D. Schweizer

C. Ziegler, A. Wolf, Wei Liu et al.