Hasil untuk "Medieval history"

João Victor de Souza Silva

Babak Ghazi, Rajmund Przybylak, Piotr Oliński et al.

Study region: Poland, with the regions of Baltic Coast and Pomerania, Masuria-Podlasie, Greater Poland, Masovia, Silesia, and Lesser Poland located in the basins of the Baltic Coast rivers, the Vistula River and the Oder River. Study focus: This study focused on completing the documentation of historical floods in Poland before the 19th century and providing a valuable source for historical hydrology studies in Europe. To this end, a comprehensive database of all floods for the 17th–18th centuries was used, that was based on documentary evidence from 293 sources and 978 weather notes describing all flood occurrences. New hydrological insights for the region: The finding of this study revealed the occurrences of 678 floods, including 37 new cases that have been discovered and documented only in this research. Spatial analysis of the results revealed that most of the floods occurred in the Vistula River basin. The number of floods by season was greatest for summer (JJA) (47 %) and smallest for autumn (7 %). Investigation of the origin of floods indicated that rain was the main factor contributing to occurrences of floods in Poland (38 %). The estimation of the intensity of floods showed that most of the floods were “smaller, regional floods” (257 cases) based on the Brázdil et al. (2006b) classification and “extraordinary” (501 cases) in the Barriendos & Coeur (2004) classification.

O. V. Aurov

The article considers the problem how combat experience influenced professional activity in the sphere of medieval studies, based on the case of A. R. Korsunsky (1914–1980). The study draws on documents from the Central Archives of the Ministry of Defense (Moscow) and from the Archive of the Medieval Studies Department of the Faculty of History, Moscow State University. The influence of Korsunsky’s combat experience is studied in the context of some clear parallels with the combat biographies of Ernst Kantorowicz and Marc Bloch. Some important tendencies of their scholarly activity can be explained only by this factor. Korsunsky became a volunteer in July, 1941, at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. He participated in the battles of Kursk (1943), of Dnieper River (1943) and the Korsun-Shevchenkovsky offensive (1944). At the same time, his scholarly views were greatly influenced by his experience as a propaganda officer and as an officer of the Political Department of the 1st Guards Army Staff (since 1944). The main result of this experience (both combat and that as staff officer) was to strengthen and consolidate his Marxist vision of historical processes, in spite of his critical attitude towards some aspects of Soviet life. While Korsunsky maintained close links with foreign colleagues and saw his work as part of world scholarship, he, like many other former veterans, remained true to Marxist views to the end of his life.

Ragnhild Marthine Bø

Bernhard Muigg, Bernhard Muigg, Willy Tegel et al.

The scientific field of forest history studies the development of woodlands and their interrelationship with past human societies. During the last decades, the subject has experienced a constant decrease of importance, reflected in the loss of representation in most universities. After 200 years of existence, an insufficient theoretical basis and the prevalence of bibliographical and institutional studies on post-medieval periods have isolated the field and hindered interdisciplinary exchange. Here we present possible new perspectives, proposing wider methodological, chronological, thematic, and geographical areas of focus. This paper summarizes the development of the field over time and recommends content enhancement, providing a specific example of application from Roman France. Furthermore, we introduce a topical definition of forest history. Following the lead of other fields of the humanities and environmental sciences focussing on the past, forest history has to adapt to using other available archives in addition to historical written sources. In particular, historical and archeological timber as well as pollen are essential sources for the study of past forests. Research into forest history can substantially add to our understanding of relevant issues like societal responses to climate change and resource scarcity in the past and contribute to future scenarios of sustainability.

Arnold Esch

Este artículo se basa en los registros de súplicas de los archivos de la Penitenciaría Apostólica –durante mucho tiempo estrictamente cerrados e inaccesibles a la investigación- en los que personas de toda la cristiandad se dirigían al Papa para pedir absolución o dispensa en casos de violaciones del derecho canónico, cuestiones reservadas a Roma. Muchas súplicas, que tenían que empezar relatando detalladamente el caso personal, contienen alusiones a acontecimientos históricos. Alguien que hubiera participado en una pelea como clérigo –algo prohibido, por supuesto– podría describir por ejemplo episodios de la conquista turca de Constantinopla en 1453, el asedio de Rodas en 1480 o la batalla de Pavía en 1525. Alguien que hubiera desafiado el embargo papal, que prohibía proporcionar a los musulmanes materiales para la guerra, describiría las mercancías y las circunstancias del comercio mediterráneo. Desde la perspectiva inferior de la experiencia personal, este artículo se centra en los lugares y acontecimientos de la expansión portuguesa del siglo XV: las Azores, las islas de Cabo Verde, las islas de Guinea, etc; el destierro a islas despobladas y recién descubiertas; la condena de religiosos culpables de luchar por Ceuta contra los musulmanes (todos ellos utilizan al Papa como órgano de apelación, esta es la única razón por la que sabemos de ellos); maridos desaparecidos en el mar; el papel de la Orden de Cristo, y muchos otros casos. Además, a partir de una fuente que también ha sido ignorada durante mucho tiempo, los registros aduaneros romanos, se pueden encontrar referencias a las primeras llegadas a Roma de esclavos, animales y mercancías procedentes del sur del Sáhara, es decir, de empresas portuguesas que se dirigían a la costa occidental africana antes de llegar al Cabo.

Armando Luís de Carvalho Homem

Paolo Ostinelli

and towns conquered eight districts in the alpine valleys along the St. Gotthardroute, which had been part of the Milanese duchy since its rise in the 14th century. The establishment of a new regime in this region was the result of a complex negotiation process, because the linguistic, legai, and political cultures of the new rulers and their subjects were fundamentally different. The paper focuses on a public notary of the Leventina valley named Pietro Pedruzzi, by observing his activity as a charter writer as well as a public official and as an intermediary between the conquerors and the local community members. he createci severa! new forms of documents combining elements of the notarial «instrumenta» and the sealed charters, which were functional both to the administration of the territories and to the representation of the new rulers' power. Keywords: Public notaries, local governance, diplomatics, languages and cultures, Duchy of Milan, Swiss Confederation, Alpine valleys Notariato, apparati amministrativi, diplomatica, lingua e cultura, ducato di Milano, Confederazione svizzera, valli alpine

R. Hartmann, J. Lennon, Daniel P. Reynolds et al.

ABSTRACT It may be categorically unpleasant to visit cemeteries, crash sites, and death camps, but tourists queue up to see such places. Scholars have been attempting to explain this fascination with the macabre and morbid since the mid-1990s. Early analyses of dark tourism highlighted the modern and postmodern motivations underlying this novel form of travel. As a result, much of the subsequent work on this phenomenon has concentrated on contemporary visits to modern sites such as Auschwitz or Chernobyl. Yet, it is undeniable that ancient trips to the Roman Colosseum and medieval pilgrimages to locations of martyrdom had dark undertones, as many have noted. This round table discussion draws together five scholars to consider how a variety of forces have fuelled dark tourism in the past.

Nashielli Manzanilla Mancilla

Lucila Lobato Osorio, Entre el amor y la proeza. La amiga en las historias caballerescas del siglo XVI, México: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- Iztapalapa, 2016, 329 pp.

Alexandre Vico

Resum: Aquest treball pretén emfatitzar l’errònia identitat que ha arribat fins als nostres dies de Lucrècia Borja i l’equivocada atribució que se n’ha fet d’alguns retrats. Com ara, la pintura de Flora (c.1520), pintada per Bartolomeo Veneto, que ha passat a la història com una indissoluble identificació de Lucrècia. Els estudis actuals han demostrat que representa un model ideal influït pel context literari probablement relacionat amb Pietro Bembo. Durant el Renaixement, els retrats representen molt més que una identitat concreta i mimètica. Són suports de prestigi i transmissió ideològica, de virtuts morals, memòria, etc. En l’àmbit artístic venecià de principis del segle XVI sorgeixen múltiples retrats femenins de difícil identificació que la crítica freqüentment ha relacionat amb cortesanes, amants, dones. Moltes, però, representen ideals poètics a través dels quals la pintura demostra la seva capacitat de rivalitzar amb la poesia quant a demostració de l’ideal estètic de la bellesa. Aquest breu treball pretén examinar les successives interpretacions historiogràfiques que erròniament han identificat la pintura de Flora amb Lucrecia Borja a causa del valor eròtic pejorativament relacionat amb ella, però també vol posar èmfasi en les altres propostes que han permès que l’obra sigui interpretada amb l’exegesi més adequada.   Paraules clau: Lucrècia Borja, Pol Coronado, Retrat, Bartolomeo Veneto, Flora Abstract: This study intended to emphasize the identity has been wrong that has reached our days of Lucrezia Borgia and the wrong attribution has been made of some pictures. One of the most paradigmatic paintings is Flora (c.1520), painted by artist Bartolomeo Veneto. This work has gone down in history as one indissoluble portrait of Lucrezia, but recent studies have shown represents an ideal model influenced by the literary context probably related to Pietro Bembo. During the Renaissance, portraits represent much more than a specific and mimetic identity. They are supports of prestige and ideological transmission, of moral virtues, memory, etc. In the Venetian art scene of the early sixteenth century, multiple female portraits often difficult to identify that criticism have related courtesans, mistresses, wives. Many of these paintings also represent poetic ideals through which painting demonstrate its ability to compete with poetry in terms of demonstrating the aesthetic ideal of beauty. This short paper aims to examine the successive historiographical interpretations erroneously identified the painting of Flora with Lucrezia Borgia due to the erotic value related to her pejoratively, but also wants to highlight other proposals that have allowed the work to be performed with the most appropriate exegesis. Keywords: Lucrezia Borgia, Pol Coronado, Portrait, Bartolomeo Veneto, Flora

Myriam Wissa

Review of: Sergius of Reshaina, Introduction to Aristotle and his Categories, Addressed to Philotheos, Syriac Text, Introduction, Translation, and Commentary by Sami Aydin, (Aristoteles Semitico–Latinus, 24), Leiden – Boston: Brill, 2016, XI + 328 pp., 9789004324954 (hbk), 9789004325142 (e-book)

Elsa Guyot

María Luisa Fischer

En este trabajo se analizan los procedimientos narrativos que verosimilizan la versión de la historia que define Bernal Díaz del Castillo. Se analiza la función que en el total del relato cumplen los capítulos de largos listados que lo cierran y, especialmente, el capítulo CCVI, dedicado a los retratos indistinguibles de los capitanes españoles de la Nueva España. Se muestra cómo la memoria privilegiada del cronista está funcionando bajo el predicamento de una retórica -en este caso, la del retrato del héroe, de origen medieval- que disputa su lugar frente a la pretendida reconstrucción de la experiencia por la vía única de la memoria. This work analyse the narrative procedures which Bernal Díaz del Castillo uses to make his version of history appear to be probable. The function of the long lists at the end of the story and, especially of Chapter CCVI, containing the indistinguishable portraits of New Spain's Spanish capitains is explained. How the chronicler's privileged memory functions as a rhetorical category -in this case, that of the portrait of a medieval hero- who argues his case for the pretended reconstruction of an experience based only on memory is shown.

Elena Maria ŞORBAN

The music education in medieval Transylvania is directly documented from the 14th century onwards. The most interesting musical codices concerning education are the Gradual from Şumuleu Ciuc (regional provenience, from about 1600, still in use 1680; signature A.V.5.), with mentions about the performance to the pupils, and the Gradual Öreg, a protestant source, printed 1636 in Alba Iulia, which contains didactical melodies with Latin texts, to learn the psalm tones.

Pilar Jiménez

Danie Strauss

Our awareness of a diversity of things as well as a multiplicity of relationships took shape in the history of philosophy and the various academic disciplines, embodied in a constant struggle between allegedly independent substances or encompassing relations. Viewing entities as independent (self-sufficient) substances dominated Greek and Medieval philosophy. Since the Renaissance, a definite shift towards the primacy of relations has taken place. Kant claims that our knowledge about matter is limited to knowledge about relationships. Entities are not independent substances, because through the universal modal aspects in which they function they are related, as embodied in the wave-particle duality.

Juan Carlos Iglesias-Zoido

Al analizar el libro de E. Adler, este trabajo ofrece una serie de claves metodológicas sobre el estudio de los discursos de enemigos en la historiografía grecorromana.

W. Kneale, A. Armstrong

Élise Faure-Boucharlat