Daniel Rodriguez-Cardenas, Xiaochang Li, Marcos Macedo
et al.
Large language models for code are advancing fast, yet our ability to evaluate them lags behind. Current benchmarks focus on narrow tasks and single metrics, which hide critical gaps in robustness, interpretability, fairness, efficiency, and real-world usability. They also suffer from inconsistent data engineering practices, limited software engineering context, and widespread contamination issues. To understand these problems and chart a path forward, we combined an in-depth survey of existing benchmarks with insights gathered from a dedicated community workshop. We identified three core barriers to reliable evaluation: the absence of software-engineering-rich datasets, overreliance on ML-centric metrics, and the lack of standardized, reproducible data pipelines. Building on these findings, we introduce BEHELM, a holistic benchmarking infrastructure that unifies software-scenario specification with multi-metric evaluation. BEHELM provides a structured way to assess models across tasks, languages, input and output granularities, and key quality dimensions. Our goal is to reduce the overhead currently required to construct benchmarks while enabling a fair, realistic, and future-proof assessment of LLMs in software engineering.
Vision Transformers, ViTs, have emerged as a powerful alternative to convolutional neural networks, CNNs, in a variety of image-based tasks. While CNNs have previously been evaluated for their ability to perform graphical perception tasks, which are essential for interpreting visualizations, the perceptual capabilities of ViTs remain largely unexplored. In this work, we investigate the performance of ViTs in elementary visual judgment tasks inspired by the foundational studies of Cleveland and McGill, which quantified the accuracy of human perception across different visual encodings. Inspired by their study, we benchmark ViTs against CNNs and human participants in a series of controlled graphical perception tasks. Our results reveal that, although ViTs demonstrate strong performance in general vision tasks, their alignment with human-like graphical perception in the visualization domain is limited. This study highlights key perceptual gaps and points to important considerations for the application of ViTs in visualization systems and graphical perceptual modeling.
The generational shift toward digital environments has significantly impacted how students in mechanical engineering education interpret technical representations. This study investigates the challenges students from Generation Z face when working with traditional 2D technical drawings, revealing a growing comprehension gap. A novel textbook with 3D interactive models was introduced, with students accessing these models via QR codes embedded in the textbook. The 3D models, viewable on mobile devices, allow for rotation, zooming, and cross-sectional analyses, providing an immersive learning experience. The study involved students, from each undergraduate academic year, who were tasked with solving comprehension exercises using both 2D and 3D methods. Results indicated that students demonstrated significantly higher accuracy and confidence when using 3D models, with the most pronounced improvements observed among first-year students. Furthermore, time efficiency and engagement levels were substantially better when 3D tools were employed. These findings underscore the need for a paradigm shift in engineering education, moving toward integrating 3D technologies alongside traditional methods. By aligning teaching strategies with students’ cognitive preferences, educators can bridge the comprehension gap, enhance learning outcomes, and better prepare graduates for modern engineering practices. The study advocates widespread adoption of 3D tools, emphasizing their role in creating an engaging and effective educational environment.
Africa Design Day (ADD), the flagship initiative of the Pan Afrikan Design Institute (PADI), has evolved from a modest exhibition into a continent-wide movement redefining design’s role in Afrikan society. This paper explores ADD’s transformation into a platform for cultural preservation, economic empowerment, and educational reform. Drawing on decolonial theory, indigenous knowledge systems, and participatory design, it analyzes ADD’s impact across artisan visibility, youth employment, curriculum innovation, and policy advocacy. Through case studies from Ghana, Kenya, Uganda, and Botswana, the paper argues that ADD exemplifies a new paradigm of Afrikan design, rooted in community, driven by cultural sovereignty, and oriented toward collective futures.
The study of behavioral and social dimensions of software engineering (SE) tasks characterizes behavioral software engineering (BSE);however, the increasing significance of human-AI collaboration (HAIC) brings new directions in BSE by presenting new challenges and opportunities. This PhD research focuses on decision-making (DM) for SE tasks and collaboration within human-AI teams, aiming to promote responsible software engineering through a cognitive partnership between humans and AI. The goal of the research is to identify the challenges and nuances in HAIC from a cognitive perspective, design and optimize collaboration/partnership (human-AI team) that enhance collective intelligence and promote better, responsible DM in SE through human-centered approaches. The research addresses HAIC and its impact on individual, team, and organizational level aspects of BSE.
Giordano Andreola, Susanna Caroppo, Giuseppe Di Battista
et al.
Several algorithms for the construction of orthogonal drawings of graphs, including those based on the Topology-Shape-Metrics (TSM) paradigm, tend to prioritize the minimization of crossings. This emphasis has two notable side effects: some edges are drawn with unnecessarily long sequences of segments and bends, and the overall drawing area may become excessively large. As a result, the produced drawings often lack geometric uniformity. Moreover, orthogonal crossings are known to have a limited impact on readability, suggesting that crossing minimization may not always be the optimal goal. In this paper, we introduce a methodology that 'subverts' the traditional TSM pipeline by focusing on minimizing bends. Given a graph $G$, we ideally seek to construct a rectilinear drawing of $G$, that is, an orthogonal drawing with no bends. When not possible, we incrementally subdivide the edges of $G$ by introducing dummy vertices that will (possibly) correspond to bends in the final drawing. This process continues until a rectilinear drawing of a subdivision of the graph is found, after which the final coordinates are computed. We tackle the (NP-complete) rectilinear drawability problem by encoding it as a SAT formula and solving it with state-of-the-art SAT solvers. If the SAT formula is unsatisfiable, we use the solver's proof to determine which edge to subdivide. Our implementation, DOMUS, which is fairly simple, is evaluated through extensive experiments on small- to medium-sized graphs. The results show that it consistently outperforms OGDF's TSM-based approach across most standard graph drawing metrics.
The design of effective programming languages, libraries, frameworks, tools, and platforms for data engineering strongly depends on their ease and correctness of use. Anyone who ignores that it is humans who use these tools risks building tools that are useless, or worse, harmful. To ensure our data engineering tools are based on solid foundations, we performed a systematic review of common programming mistakes in data engineering. We focus on programming beginners (students) by analyzing both the limited literature specific to data engineering mistakes and general programming mistakes in languages commonly used in data engineering (Python, SQL, Java). Through analysis of 21 publications spanning from 2003 to 2024, we synthesized these complementary sources into a comprehensive classification that captures both general programming challenges and domain-specific data engineering mistakes. This classification provides an empirical foundation for future tool development and educational strategies. We believe our systematic categorization will help researchers, practitioners, and educators better understand and address the challenges faced by novice data engineers.
The production of traditional crafts in Egyptian architecture, especially Islamic architecture, has been historically significant, reflecting cultural uniqueness. However, political, economic, and industrial factors have led to a decline in craft production, diminishing their cultural distinctiveness (Abdul Hamid, 2001). Traditional crafts currently face stagnation, lacking modernization in design, functional integration, and technological advancements. Artisans struggle to compete with imported products. This research aims to preserve and revitalize traditional crafts by integrating them with the creative industries. It explores modern Egyptian experiences, traces the craft’s development, and identifies key points for creating creative products. The study evaluates Egyptian models that introduce new products, assessing their suitability and overall development, including impacts on craftsmen, products, and the production process. The application of creative industry principles is also examined. Findings inform proposals and recommendations to preserve traditional crafts in Egypt and explore their local and global development potential.
This paper presents an empirical perspective on intersectional design in practice. The research is related to caring for the environment and for all citizens, including vulnerable groups, working towards sustainability for all people at systemic level. Starting from the need for defining new educational ways to teach sustainability to all citizens from an intersectional design model we took into consideration the importance of data gathering by the school community towards devising inclusive processes and by applying methods from participatory discussions to prototype experiments. The same intersectional approach will be used to design the technology for sustainability education that should trigger green and digital transitions and the maximum societal reach by mean sustainability through design.
Siti Shukhaila Shaharuddin, Ahmad Azaini Abdul Manaf
This project was implemented to help low-income and underprivileged women grow their small businesses. This project aims to identify and analyse the problems faced by underprivileged women, focusing on food packaging. The participants were from Kampung Pinggan Jaya, Kuching Sarawak in Malaysia, who run small and medium food businesses. The food categories were based on dry and frozen foods, which were mainly homemade. The participants were housewives aged between 30 and 45 years with low monthly household incomes ranging from US $45 (MYR 200) to US $168 (MYR 750). Thus, the project's main objective is to improve product packaging to establish itself in the local market. Empathy mapping was the technique of choice as it demonstrates collaborative visualisation. Consequently, an entrepreneurship workshop was organised to identify potential products and participants interested in the project. Some problems and constraints during project implementation were due to financial concerns, attitudes, and illiteracy.
Abstract. Results of workpiece thickness variations due to sheet metal stamping job, that is: tube bending, pressing, stretching, drawing-out, ironing are presented in the paper. The necessity in such work is fuelled by the contemporary increasing requirements for parts strength resulted from sheet metal stamping. Much attention is paid to tube bending, for it is bending that changes not only form of the section of the tube billet, but also leads to a thickness loss in a tensile layer together with an increase in thickness of a compression zone. The methods of reducing tube thickness variation are proposed. Results of changes in workpiece thickness under drawing-out are given. It is shown that increasing the punch radius can reduce the thickness variation by 10 %. In most studies on sheet stamping, the thickness of the primary blank and rolled iron is not taken into account, while the primary part thickness can vary by 20 % when ordering metal of single precision. A thick-sheeted drawing-out in the AutoForm program is simulated in order to determine the possibility of the program in predicting changes in the shape of the sheet and thickness due to the action of bending. It is shown that AutoForm models the shape of the part well enough after stamping. According to the specification, AutoForm and the experiment showed similar results in thickness and also revealed areas with minimal thickness. For the selected stamping parameters, the minimum thickness is observed at the point of transition of the cylindrical surface to the punch radius and at the point of transition of the punch radius to the bottom plate. Since most metals subjected to sheet stamping have anisotropy properties, it has been shown by experiments and has its theoretical proof that thickness can vary significantly along the perimeter. It has been proven that the thickness variation along the perimeter of the part may exceed 35 %
Engineering computer graphics play a vital role in modern engineering education, enabling students to visualize and communicate complex design concepts effectively. This article explores the benefits of highlighting engineering computer graphics lessons to students using the AutoCAD program. AutoCAD, a widely used computer-aided design (CAD) software, offers a comprehensive set of tools and functionalities that facilitate the creation, modification, and analysis of engineering drawings. By incorporating AutoCAD into the curriculum, educators can enhance student engagement, promote critical thinking, and develop practical skills necessary for successful careers in engineering. This article highlights the pedagogical advantages of using AutoCAD in engineering computer graphics education and provides practical recommendations for its effective integration into the classroom
To accurately understand engineering drawings, it is essential to establish the correspondence between images and their description tables within the drawings. Existing document understanding methods predominantly focus on text as the main modality, which is not suitable for documents containing substantial image information. In the field of visual relation detection, the structure of the task inherently limits its capacity to assess relationships among all entity pairs in the drawings. To address this issue, we propose a vision-based relation detection model, named ViRED, to identify the associations between tables and circuits in electrical engineering drawings. Our model mainly consists of three parts: a vision encoder, an object encoder, and a relation decoder. We implement ViRED using PyTorch to evaluate its performance. To validate the efficacy of ViRED, we conduct a series of experiments. The experimental results indicate that, within the engineering drawing dataset, our approach attained an accuracy of 96\% in the task of relation prediction, marking a substantial improvement over existing methodologies. The results also show that ViRED can inference at a fast speed even when there are numerous objects in a single engineering drawing.
AbstractVectorizing line drawings is a fundamental component of the workflow in various applications such as graphic design and computer animation. A practical vectorization tool is desired to produce high‐quality curves that are faithful to the original inputs and close to the connectivity of human drawings. The existing line vectorization approaches either suffer from low geometry accuracy or incorrect connectivity for noisy inputs or detailed complex drawings. We propose a novel line drawing vectorization framework based on coarse‐to‐fine curve network optimization. Our technique starts with an initial curve network generated by an existing tracing method. It then performs a global optimization which fits the curve network to image centrelines. Finally, our method performs a finer optimization in local junction regions to achieve better connectivity and curve geometry around junctions. We qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate our system on line drawings with varying image quality and shape complexity, and show that our technique outperforms existing works in terms of curve quality and computational time.
Dark matter in the Milky Way is explained by the F-type of vacuum polarization, which could represent dark radiation. A nonsingular solution for dark radiation exists in the presence of eicheon (i.e., black hole in old terminology) in the galaxy’s center. The model is spherically symmetric, but an approximate surface density of a baryonic galaxy disk is taken into account by smearing the disk over a sphere.
Mechanical drawing. Engineering graphics, Physical and theoretical chemistry
At finite isospin chemical potential <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>μ</mi><mi>I</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>, the tension between measured decays and partial branching ratios of neutral and charged bosons as functions of dimuon mass squared and the Standard Model (SM) isospin asymmetry can be analyzed in nonperturbative QCD-effective models, for instance, the Polyakov linear sigma-model. With almost first-principle derivation of the explicit isospin symmetry breaking, namely, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>σ</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mn>3</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>f</mi><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>±</mo></msup></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>f</mi><msup><mi>K</mi><mn>0</mn></msup></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> the isospin sigma field, and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><msubsup><mi>m</mi><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mfenced separators="" open="(" close=")"><msub><mi>f</mi><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>±</mo></msup></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>f</mi><msup><mi>K</mi><mn>0</mn></msup></msub></mfenced></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> the third generator of the matrix of the explicit symmetry breaking <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>H</mi><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>a</mi></msub><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>a</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>f</mi><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>±</mo></msup></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>f</mi><msup><mi>K</mi><mn>0</mn></msup></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> are decay constants of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>±</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi>K</mi><mn>0</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>, respectively. <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>m</mi><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> is the mass of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> meson. Accordingly, the QCD phase structure could be extended to finite <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>μ</mi><mi>I</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>. With the thermal and density dependence of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>f</mi><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>±</mo></msup></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>f</mi><msup><mi>K</mi><mn>0</mn></msup></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>σ</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mn>3</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>h</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> are accordingly expressed in dependence on the temperatures and the chemical potentials. We find that the resulting critical chiral temperatures <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>χ</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> decrease with the increase in <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>μ</mi><mi>B</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> and/or <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>μ</mi><mi>I</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>. We conclude that the (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>χ</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>μ</mi><mi>I</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) boundary has almost the same structure as that of the (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>χ</mi></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>μ</mi><mi>B</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) plane.
Mechanical drawing. Engineering graphics, Physical and theoretical chemistry
Special effects on a printed product can increase consumer’s interest in a product and therefore lead to higher revenues in consumer industries. For that purpose, graphic industry introduced various technologies and materials that would have such an effect and enhance consumer-goods interaction. One of those solutions is thermochromic printing. Although bringing added value, thermochromic inks have some challenges in application due to their higher sensitivity, especially when exposed to UV light. Therefore, the goal of this work is to determine whether amount of the UV radiation during curing of UV thermochromic prints, as well as exposure after printing would degrade the thermochromic print on various substrates. UV thermochromic prints were made on three different paper printing substrates using the screen printing method and dried in a laboratory controlled unit. Synthetic paper, recycled paper containing 100 % recycled cellulose fibers and bulky voluminous paper were used as printing substrates. During the UV curing of the ink, no photooxidation of the prints occurred. Additional exposure of the prints to UV radiation (after the ink has hardened) leads to their photooxidative degradation, i.e., a change in the initial color. The obtained colour difference (ΔE) is increasing with the increase of the irradiation amount. The highest colour difference is on the synthetic paper while prints on two other substrates are more resistant to UV light. A print on synthetic paper photooxidizes the fastest due to the presence of most carbonyl groups in it. Generated free radicals promote the instability of prints on synthetic paper. Research has proven that when using synthetic paper or substrates with similar characteristics, care should be taken to accurately determine the amount of UV energy required for curing in order to prevent photodegradation of the ink. The results also show that to explain any degradation of prints, the chemical components of the paper needs to be taken into account, which is rarely done.