Abstract KEGG (https://www.kegg.jp/) is a database resource for representation and analysis of biological systems. Pathway maps are the primary dataset in KEGG representing systemic functions of the cell and the organism in terms of molecular interaction and reaction networks. The KEGG Orthology (KO) system is a mechanism for linking genes and proteins to pathway maps and other molecular networks. Each KO is a generic gene identifier and each pathway map is created as a network of KO nodes. This architecture enables KEGG pathway mapping to uncover systemic features from KO assigned genomes and metagenomes. Additional roles of KOs include characterization of conserved genes and conserved units of genes in organism groups, which can be done by taxonomy mapping. A new tool has been developed for identifying conserved gene orders in chromosomes, in which gene orders are treated as sequences of KOs. Furthermore, a new dataset called VOG (virus ortholog group) is computationally generated from virus proteins and expanded to proteins of cellular organisms, allowing gene orders to be compared as VOG sequences as well. Together with these datasets and analysis tools, new types of pathway maps are being developed to present a global view of biological processes involving multiple organism groups.
IntroductionIntersectionality recognizes and maps the ways oppressions interact and intersect for multiply marginalized people. This framework is a pushing back against the historical approach to discrimination that has taken a “single-axis” view of discrimination, focusing on one single type of oppression, even for people with multiple identities. Little attention has been drawn to intersectionality when it comes to disability, especially related to disability and race.ObjectiveIn recognition of the intersectional nature of ableism and racism, the aim of this study was to develop and validate the Symbolic Intersecting Ableism and Racism Scale (SIARS).Materials and methodsWe piloted the SIARS with 512 people (July-October 2024) and conducted an exploratory factor analysis to examine the underlying structure of the SIARS.ResultsThe SIARS has adequate validity and reliability. Our findings suggest the SIARS is comprised of a complex combination of a denial of continuing discrimination, individualism, and empathy. The findings also indicated many points of contention with the single-axis symbolic ableism scale measure, which examines disability only, further reinforcing the need to measure and attend to intersectionality.ConclusionWithout doing so, we will never truly be able to dismantle oppression and discrimination, including the ableism disabled people face.
Focusing on historical examples and the practises of modern cartography, J.B. Harley (1932-1991) offers an alternative to the dominant view that Western cartography since the Renaissance has been a progressive technological, scientific and objective trajectory of development. This traditional view asserts that maps produce an accurate relational model of terrain and, as such, epitomize representational modernism, which is rooted in the project of the Enlightenment; in sum, maps banish subjectivity from the image. Accordingly, cartographers have promoted a standard scientific model for their discipline, one in which a mirror of nature can be projected through geometry and measurement. Cartographers often mistakenly assess early maps by this modern yardstick, excising from the accepted canon of mapping not only maps from the premodern era but also those from other cultures that do not match Western notions of accuracy. In these essays, Harley draws on ideas in art history, literature, philosophy, and the study of visual culture to subvert the traditional, "positivist" model of cartography, replacing it with one that is grounded in an iconological and semiotic theory of the nature of maps. He defines a map as a "social construction" and argues that maps are not simple representations of reality but exert profound influences upon the way space is conceptualized and organized. A central theme is the way in which power - whether military, political, religious or economic - becomes inscribed on the land through cartography. In this reading of maps and map making, Harley undertakes a surprising journey into the nature of the social and political unconscious.
Afrouz Ataei, Vasantha Vasan, Todd C. Soesbe
et al.
Simultaneous dual-contrast imaging of iodine and bismuth has shown promise in prior phantom and animal studies utilizing spectral CT. However, it is noted that in previous studies, Pepto-Bismol has frequently been employed as the source of bismuth, exceeding the recommended levels for human subjects. This investigation sought to assess the feasibility of visually differentiating and precisely quantifying low-concentration bismuth using clinical dual-source photon-counting CT (PCCT) in a scenario involving both iodinated and bismuth-based contrast materials. Four bismuth samples (0.6, 1.3, 2.5, and 5.1 mg/mL) were prepared using Pepto-Bismol, alongside three iodine rods (1, 2, and 5 mg/mL), inserted into multi-energy CT phantoms with three different sizes, and scanned on a PCCT system at three tube potentials (120, 140, and Sn140 kV). A generic image-based three-material decomposition method generated iodine and bismuth maps, with mean mass concentrations and noise levels measured. The root-mean-square errors for iodine and bismuth determined the optimal tube potential. The tube potential of 140 kV demonstrated optimal quantification performance when both iodine and bismuth were considered. Distinct differentiation of iodine rods with all three concentrations and bismuth samples with mass concentrations ≥ 1.3 mg/mL was observed across all phantom sizes at the optimal kV setting.
Jairo Alberto Muñoz, Egor Dolgach, Vanina Tartalini
et al.
This research presents the microstructural and mechanical evolution throughout the welded seam of an austenitic stainless steel (ASS) tube. It was found that the main hardness decrement occurred in the fusion zone (FZ), followed by the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and the base material (BM). Optical microscopy indicated a dendritic structure in FZ and heterogeneous austenitic grain size from the HAZ towards the BM, ranging from 100 µm to 10 µm. The welding process generated an intense texture around the FZ and the HAZ, while the BM still showed an extrusion-like texture. In terms of mechanical behavior, the largest austenite grain size in the FZ led to the lowest strength and ductility of all zones due to the earliest strain localization manifested by heterogeneous strain distribution. However, the strain localization in all zones appeared after 0.4 true strain, indicating an overall good ductility of the seam. These high values were related to two microstructure characteristics: (1) the 10% δ-ferrite after solidification in the FZ favored by the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>r</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>q</mi></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><mi>N</mi><msub><mi>i</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>q</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>1.67</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> relationship that delayed the crack propagation along the austenite grains and (2) the heterogeneous microstructure made up of soft austenite and hard martensite in the HAZ and BM producing multiple strain concentrations. Kernel Average Misorientation (KAM) maps obtained by Electron Back-Scattering Diffraction (EBSD) allowed observing higher internal misorientations in the FZ than in the HAZ due to interconnected walls between the δ-ferrite grains. However, the largest KAM values were observed in the BM between γ-austenite and the deformation-induced α’-martensite phases. X-ray diffraction revealed that the residual stresses in the cross-section of the welded seam were compression-type and then switched to tension-type in the outer surface.
Background: Child health and nutrition are key indicators of the country’s socioeconomic development and quality of life. The purpose of the paper was to examine the level, trend, and socio-demographic differences of selected child health and nutrition indicators and to provide policy recommendations for improvement.
Methods: Desk review was conducted to compile secondary information on child health and nutrition status published in the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey reports prepared by Ministry of Health and Population from 1996 to 2016. Trend lines, bar diagram, and GIS maps were prepared to study and present the findings.
Results: A substantial decrease in under-five mortality, from 118 to 39 (67% point decline) and neonatal mortality, from 50 to 21 (58% point decline) deaths per 1000 live births, was noted between 1996 and 2016. Full immunization coverage decreased from 87% in 2011 to 78% in 2016. 36% of children under the age of five were stunted, 25% were underweight, and 10% were wasted in 2016. Boys were more likely to receive treatment for diarrhoea (72%), compared to girls (56%). The majority of the children (74%) had their acute respiratory infections managed at private medical centers. Child health and nutritional status differed by geographic regions, being better in Gandaki and Bagmati and poor in Karnali and Madesh. Overall health and nutrition status of children were better among educated, and wealthier families.
Conclusions: To further reduce childhood mortality and reach the targets for the Sustainable Development Goal, targeted interventions must be implemented to improve immunization coverage plus health and nutritional status among disadvantaged populations.
Keywords: Child health; child mortality; Nepal; nutritional status
This research aimed to specify research trends in Library and Information Science (LIS) from 2011 to 2020 and hot papers in this field from July 2020 to July 2021 in the Web of Science (WoS) database. This research was of the type applied, scientometric, and descriptive. The study population was all articles in the field of LIS from 2011 to July 2021. The WoS database was used to collect data. To determine the research trend in the field of LIS, the results were limited to 2011-2020, and to determine the hot papers, this period was limited to July 2020 to July 2021. The obtained data were analyzed using the word co-occurrence technique and social network analysis. UCINET, NetDraw, and VOSviewer software were used to draw scientific maps and identify central subjects and people. "Social media" with 259 and "qualitative" with 53 were the keywords with the highest and lowest frequencies, respectively. Library and emerging technologies (106), citation analysis, scientometrics and webometrics (58), electronic information, information security, and protection (56) were three significant topic clusters in the studied area. The results indicated that the research topics in LIS have changed and evolved in the last ten years despite new and up-to-date topics.
Information resources (General), Transportation and communications