Hasil untuk "Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence"

Loredana Garlati

Il saggio si propone di offrire un contributo di discussione e di approfondimento allo studio svolto da Jacopo Della Torre relativo all’analisi comparativa dei differenti standard probatori adottati nel tempo per raggiungere la certezza della decisione penale. In ragione dell’ampiezza dei temi trattati, ci si soffermerà in particolare sul sistema di prove legali e sul passaggio all’intimo convincimento, con specifico riferimento alla realtà francese.

Koray Düztaş

We evaluate the validity of the generalied second law for Kerr black holes perturbed by fermionic and bosonic fields. We derive that the critical frequency for a test field below which the area of a Kerr black hole would decrease, coincides with the superradiance limit which pertains to bosonic fields. The fact that the absorption of fermionic fields with arbitrarily low frequencies is allowed, leads to a generic violation of the generalized second law as both the black hole and the environment lose entropy. The result does not contradict the proof of the area theorem which pre-assumes the validity of the null energy condition. We also construct a thought experiment involving bosonic fields to check whether the minimum increase in the area can compensate for the decrease in the entropy of the environment. We minimize the entropy increase by considering a black hole at the extremal limit, perturbed by a bosonic field at the superradiance limit. We show that the generalized second law remains valid for bosonic fields that satisfy the null energy condition. The result does not require the employment of entropy bounds when one assigns von Neumann entropy to test fields.

Lei Zhao, Linfeng Feng, Dongxu Ge et al.

With the rise of diffusion models, audio-video generation has been revolutionized. However, most existing methods rely on separate modules for each modality, with limited exploration of unified generative architectures. In addition, many are confined to a single task and small-scale datasets. To overcome these limitations, we introduce UniForm, a unified multi-task diffusion transformer that generates both audio and visual modalities in a shared latent space. By using a unified denoising network, UniForm captures the inherent correlations between sound and vision. Additionally, we propose task-specific noise schemes and task tokens, enabling the model to support multiple tasks with a single set of parameters, including video-to-audio, audio-to-video and text-to-audio-video generation. Furthermore, by leveraging large language models and a large-scale text-audio-video combined dataset, UniForm achieves greater generative diversity than prior approaches. Experiments show that UniForm achieves performance close to the state-of-the-art single-task models across three generation tasks, with generated content that is not only highly aligned with real-world data distributions but also enables more diverse and fine-grained generation.

Parisa Foroutan, Salim Lahmiri

Abstract The notion that investors shift to gold during economic market crises remains unverified for many cryptocurrency markets. This paper investigates the connectedness between the 10 most traded cryptocurrencies and gold as well as crude oil markets pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19. Through the application of various statistical techniques, including cointegration tests, vector autoregressive models, vector error correction models, autoregressive distributed lag models, and Granger causality analyses, we explore the relationship between these markets and assess the safe-haven properties of gold and crude oil for cryptocurrencies. Our findings reveal that during the COVID-19 pandemic, gold is a strong safe-haven for Bitcoin, Litecoin, and Monero while demonstrating a weaker safe-haven potential for Bitcoin Cash, EOS, Chainlink, and Cardano. In contrast, gold only exhibits a strong safe-haven characteristic before the pandemic for Litecoin and Monero. Additionally, Brent crude oil emerges as a strong safe-haven for Bitcoin during COVID-19, while West Texas Intermediate and Brent crude oils demonstrate weaker safe-haven properties for Ether, Bitcoin Cash, EOS, and Monero. Furthermore, the Granger causality analysis indicates that before the COVID-19 pandemic, the causal relationship predominantly flowed from gold and crude oil toward the cryptocurrency markets; however, during the COVID-19 period, the direction of causality shifted, with cryptocurrencies exerting influence on the gold and crude oil markets. These findings provide subtle implications for policymakers, hedge fund managers, and individual or institutional cryptocurrency investors. Our results highlight the need to adapt risk exposure strategies during financial turmoil, such as the crisis precipitated by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Phillip J. Haubrock, Ismael Soto, Irmak Kurtul et al.

Abstract Background Long-term biomonitoring of macroinvertebrates is a popular and valuable approach for assessing the status of freshwater ecosystems, identifying the impact of stressors, and evaluating ecosystem health. Although macroinvertebrate-based biomonitoring can be effective in detecting changes in distribution patterns and community trends over time, crayfish often remain undetected or unreported by biomonitoring efforts despite their importance in maintaining the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. Results By analyzing a comprehensive database of long-term macroinvertebrate time series, we found that most sampling methods and assessment schemes can detect both native and non-native crayfish in running waters if sites are continuously sampled. However, native crayfish were detected to a lesser extent and by fewer methods. Kick-net sampling and assessment techniques prevailed as the most efficient methods for capturing crayfish. However, the substantial number of time series lacking crayfish data calls into question whether these methods are sufficiently comprehensive to encapsulate crayfish populations accurately. The use of other targeted methods such as baited traps or hand catching may provide a more reliable estimate of their presence. Conclusions Given the detrimental impacts of non-native crayfish and the decline in native crayfish populations, we strongly recommend that stakeholders and managers incorporate a combination of these approaches into their monitoring efforts. The use of different taxonomic levels (family vs. genus vs. species level) in estimating biological indices and biomonitoring tools can cause delays in identifying new non-native specie’s occurrences, hindering effective water quality assessment and ecosystem management by governments and stakeholders. Therefore, whenever possible, we call for standardized taxonomic levels for biomonitoring studies and management strategies to accurately address these issues and make recommendations going forward.

Hans-Bernd Schaefer, Rok Spruk

We examine the contribution of Islamic legal institutions to the comparative economic decline of the Middle East behind Latin Europe, which can be observed since the late Middle Ages. To this end, we explore whether the sacralization of Islamic law and its focus on the Sharia as supreme, sacred and unchangeable legal text, which reached its culmination in the 13th century had an impact on economic development. We use the population size of 145 cities in Islamic countries and 648 European cities for the period 800-1800 as proxies for the level of economic development, and construct novel estimates of the number of law schools (i.e. madaris) and estimate their contribution to the pre-industrial economic development. Our triple-differences estimates show that a higher density of madrasas before the sacralization of Islamic law predicts a more vibrant urban economy characterized by higher urban growth. After the consolidation of the sharia sacralization of law in the 13th century, greater density of law schools is associated with stagnating population size. We show that the economic decline of the Middle East can be partly explained by the absence of legal innovations or substitutes of them, which paved the way for the economic rise of Latin Europe, where ground-breaking legal reforms introduced a series of legal innovations conducive for economic growth. We find that the number of learned lawyers trained in universities with law schools is highly and positively correlated with the western European city population. Our counterfactual estimates show that almost all Islamic cities under consideration would have had much larger size by the year 1700 if legal innovations comparable to those in Western Europe were introduced. By making use of a series of synthetic control and difference-in-differences estimators our findings are robust against a large number of model specification checks.

Juan Pablo Sarmiento E.

Este documento argumenta que, en economías primarias y en democracias asediadas como la colombiana, el régimen tributario carece de un sistema y una política impositiva sustentables, y, por el contrario, se construye a partir de situaciones y decisiones normativas de excepción. El problema de investigación se orienta a descifrar la tensión que existe entre los principios normativos del sistema tributario y la expansión impositiva de emergencia. Tomando el caso colombiano, y puntalmente, identificando las normas así como el contexto de producción que dieron lugar al 4 por mil el IVA y el impuesto al patrimonio, se dará cuenta del proceso empobrecido de diseño de una política tributaria, y de cómo, por medio inclusive de medidas de excepción y blanqueamiento de normas, se crean impuestos transitorios que tienen como propósito solventar limitaciones fiscales de corto plazo, pero que terminan incorporadas permanentemente en nuestro sistema jurídico.

حسن فرج مهرابی, محسن محبی

این مقاله در صدد یافتن ضابطة جبران خسارت وارده به سرمایه‌گذار خارجی ناشی از نقض معاهدة بین‌المللی دو یا چندجانبة سرمایه‌گذاری در مواردی غیر از سلب مالکیت است. مطالعة رویة داوری به‌عنوان منبع مهم حقوق سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی نشان می‌دهد که به‌طور کلی میزان غرامت در این موارد با توجه به ضابطة جبران خسارت مندرج در رأی پروندة کارخانة کورزو و نیز موازین مربوطه در طرح مسئولیت بین‌المللی دولت‌ها تعیین می‌شود. در مورد نحوة اعمال این ضابطه، اگر نقض شروط معاهده منجر به سلب مالکیت شده باشد، غرامت قابل پرداخت، همانند سلب مالکیت غیرمشروع محاسبه می‌شود. در غیر این صورت، میزان غرامت با توجه به رابطة سببیت میان رفتار متخلفانة دولت میزبان و خسارات وارده به سرمایه‌گذار تعیین می‌شود. علی­رغم انسجام نسبی آرای محاکم در مورد ضابطة تعیین میزان غرامت در این موارد، نحوة احراز رابطة سببیت در رویة داوری سرمایه‌گذاری به­شدت متشتت بوده و به پیش‌بینی­پذیری نظام داوری سرمایه‌گذاری آسیب می‌زند.

Emanuele Menegatti

Neil A. Spencer, Jeffrey W. Miller

This article establishes novel strong uniform laws of large numbers for randomly weighted sums such as bootstrap means. By leveraging recent advances, these results extend previous work in their general applicability to a wide range of weighting procedures and in their flexibility with respect to the effective bootstrap sample size. In addition to the standard multinomial bootstrap and the m-out-of-n bootstrap, our results apply to a large class of randomly weighted sums involving negatively orthant dependent (NOD) weights, including the Bayesian bootstrap, jackknife, resampling without replacement, simple random sampling with over-replacement, independent weights, and multivariate Gaussian weighting schemes. Weights are permitted to be non-identically distributed and possibly even negative. Our proof technique is based on extending a proof of the i.i.d. strong uniform law of large numbers to employ strong laws for randomly weighted sums; in particular, we exploit a recent Marcinkiewicz--Zygmund strong law for NOD weighted sums.

Emmanuel N. Saridakis, Spyros Basilakos

We investigate the validity of the generalized second law of thermodynamics, applying Barrow entropy for the horizon entropy. The former arises from the fact that the black-hole surface may be deformed due to quantum-gravitational effects, quantified by a new exponent $Δ$. We calculate the entropy time-variation in a universe filled with the matter and dark energy fluids, as well as the corresponding quantity for the apparent horizon. We show that although in the case $Δ=0$, which corresponds to usual entropy, the sum of the entropy enclosed by the apparent horizon plus the entropy of the horizon itself is always a non-decreasing function of time and thus the generalized second law of thermodynamics is valid, in the case of Barrow entropy this is not true anymore, and the generalized second law of thermodynamics may be violated, depending on the universe evolution. Hence, in order not to have violation, the deformation from standard Bekenstein-Hawking expression should be small as expected.

A. D. Bermúdez Manjarres, M. Nowakowski, D. Batic

We consider the non-linear classical field theory which results from adding to the Maxwell's Lagrangian the contributions from the weak-field Euler-Heisenberg Lagrangian and a non-uniform part which involves derivatives of the electric and magnetic fields. We focus on the electrostatic case where the magnetic field is set to zero, and we derive the modified Gauss law, resulting in a higher order differential equation. This equation gives the electric field produced by stationary charges in the higher order non-linear electrodynamics. Specializing for the case of a point charge, we investigate the solutions of the modified Gauss law and calculate the correction to the Coulomb law.

Higor Alexandre Alves de Araujo, Marília Montenegro Pessoa de Mello

O artigo analisa julgamentos em segunda instância do Tribunal de Justiça de Pernambuco sobre alegações de flagrante forjado. Expõe a criminalização das drogas no Brasil a partir de elementos socioeconômicos, apresenta o conceito doutrinário do flagrante forjado e problematiza os seus critérios. Por fim, em análise quali-quanti dos julgados, a pesquisa verifica os argumentos utilizados pelos magistrados para julgar a adução do flagrante forjado em Pernambuco por uma década.

Rodrigo J. Gutiérrez Olocco

Este artículo analiza cuáles son, según Duncan Kennedy, las causas de la negación del contenido ideológico en algunas sentencias judiciales. Se acepta que las sentencias tienen dicho contenido, el que es negado por los jueces. Sin embargo, se impugna la afirmación de que la causa de la negación es psicológica y se presentan razones para creer que ella es, en realidad, institucional.

Lucas Costa de Oliveira

La escasez de órganos es un problema global constante, aun cuando se presentan diversas alternativas para superar ese problema que genera miles de muertes cada año. El presente artículo analiza los problemas éticos y jurídicos del mercado regulado de órganos, partiendo del modelo de donación recompensada de riñones en vida entre no parientes, implantado en Irán en 1988. Para ello, se realizarán algunos apuntes históricos, pasando por la presentación de los procedimientos y características de dicho modelo, concluyendo con sus principales resultados, aciertos y errores. Al final, adoptando una base empírica como punto de partida, se pretende contribuir con el debate teórico que existe en torno a esa polémica alternativa.

Hamidreza Mirzaei, Ebraim Sadi

Animal enjoy knowledge and perception according to the Islamic philosophy. In order to study the question of knowledge and perception of animals, this survey has been done from the view point of philosophy of transcendent wisdom. Transcendent wisdom is an ontological philosophy. This reflective system bestows the originality to existence. In light of this outlook, what – so – ever covers the arena of the Being, is existence and the essences are virtual. The existence is the realization of Divine Action. Existence is gradational. Each level and stage includes the whole perfections of its own inferior level and exempted from the limits of the inferior existence. This very level and stage is in turn comprehended by the superior level to this own level. Inanimate bodies, animals, and human being enjoy perfection of existence of its own level. Both perfection and existence are one reality, and they are in such a position that the more intensified the existence is, the more evident the perfection is. Animal enjoys perfection according to its existential level. One of these perfections is knowledge, because it is predicated on existence as it is existence. The gradation of existence realizes in every level, so the perfections in any level of existence are gradational. Animals are the possessors of knowledge. Knowledge in animals is gradational. Animals can be subjected to the education, but animal’s knowledge is imaginary and sensory. Animals are able to be in the course of education with imaginary and sensory methods and develop the level of their own knowledge.

Andini Aprilia Wardhani, Erni Agustin

The existence of Act No. 3 of 1992 on Social Security of Labor which regulates that a company is required to provide social security, one of them by providing health insurance for its workers. One form of health insurance provided by the company to its employees is through a healthcare contract, made between the company and the hospital generally referred to as the capitation contract. However, until now there has been no legislation regulating the capitation contract so that the question arises about the validity, characteristics, and implementation of the capitation contract itself. This article aims to examine the characteristics, the validity, and the implementation of capitation contract in Indonesia. Specifically, this type of capitation contract has not been regulated in Indonesian legislation. The parties to the capitation contract are hospitals as providers of healthcare services and companies as recipients of healthcare services. Payments in capitation contracts are fixed and made regularly provided by the recipients of health care services. Capitation contracts are included in contracts that are beneficial to the third parties. Implementation of captation contract in Indonesia refers to the prevailing laws and regulations in Indonesia and should not be contradictory to the regulations such as Social Security of Labor, Health Law and Hospital Law.

Markku Myllylä, Juha T. Hakala, Miia Myllylä

Abstract The social context and the operational environment of the police has changed considerably around the world. Recently, that change has necessitated a restructuring in the Finnish police education. This reform is based on the belief that a higher level of education and a greater focus on research will lead to better professional skills and an increased ability to perform in the workplace. In this article, we examine the views of the staff of the Finnish Police University College on research, development and innovation activities (RDI) in the light of a survey answered by the staff. We pay special attention to the connection between the teacher’s level of different skill areas and the experienced usefulness of RDI activities from an educational point of view. On the basis of the results, RDI activities are broadly understood to concern the whole staff. The study also shows that both the teachers’ experienced RDI skills and their pedagogical skills for higher education are positively connected to their views on the experienced benefit of RDI activities. Indeed, if RDI provide the means to develop the police profession, then it is important that the related skills and the ability to transfer them are strengthened.

Roberto Muhájir Rahnemay Rabbani

O “princípio da capacidade contributiva” ou “princípio da capacidade econômica”, vem determinado no art. 145, § 1o, da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988 (CRFB), e é um dos alicerces do Direito Tributário. Este princípio estabelece que cada cidadão deverá contribuir para os gastos públicos na medida de sua possibilidade financeira. Ao tratar de tributos ambientais, o Direito Ambiental alia-se ao Direito Tributário em prol de um objetivo comum: a proteção ambiental. Contudo, diante deste cenário, verifica-se que o “princípio da capacidade contributiva” tem seu protagonismo deslocado, cedendo lugar para o princípio ambiental do “poluidor-pagador”, conforme o art. 225 da CRFB, a Lei 6.938/81 e diversos acordos internacionais. Sem negar a aplicação dos princípios tributários, em especial o “princípio da capacidade contributiva”, a partir de revisões doutrinárias e legais, o presente estudo tem como objetivo apresentar um inovador princípio tributário-ambiental, o “princípio da capacidade poluidora”, que insere um novo paradigma no sistema tributário.

Ana Díaz-Rubio, Viktar Asadchy, Amr Elsakka and et al.

The use of the generalized Snell's law opens wide possibilities for the manipulation of transmitted and reflected wavefronts. However, known structures designed to shape reflection wave fronts suffer from significant parasitic reflections in undesired directions: In fact, the desired field distributions do not satisfy Maxwell's equations if the boundary conditions are specified in accordance with the generalized Snell's law. In this work, we explore the limitations of the existing solutions for the design of passive planar reflectors and demonstrate that strongly non-local response is required for perfect performance. Ideal reflective surfaces capable of steering the energy into any desired direction have to localize and carry energy along the inhomogeneous reflective surface. A new paradigm for the design of perfect reflectors based on energy surface channeling is introduced. We realize and experimentally verify a theoretically perfect design of an anomalously reflective surface using an array of rectangular metal patches backed by a metallic plate. This conceptually new mechanism for wavefront manipulation allows the design of thin perfect reflectors, offering a versatile design method applicable to other scenarios such as focusing reflectors or surface wave manipulations, extendible to other frequencies.