Hasil untuk "Industrial electrochemistry"

Lars O. Schmidt, Houssin Wehbe, Sven Hartwig et al.

Lithium metal is a promising anode material for next-generation batteries due to its high specific capacity and low density. However, conventional mechanical processing methods are unsuitable due to lithium’s high reactivity and adhesion. Laser cutting offers a non-contact alternative, but photothermal effects can negatively impact the cutting quality and electrochemical performance. This study investigates the influence of pulse duration on the cutting-edge characteristics and electrochemical behavior of laser-cut 20 µm lithium metal on 10 µm copper foils using nanosecond and picosecond laser systems. It was demonstrated that shorter pulse durations significantly reduce the heat-affected zone (HAZ), resulting in improved cutting quality. Electrochemical tests in symmetric Li|Li cells revealed that laser-cut electrodes exhibit enhanced cycling stability compared with mechanically separated anodes, despite the presence of localized dead lithium “reservoirs”. While the overall pulse duration did not show a direct impact on ionic resistance, the characteristics of the cutting edge, particularly the extent of the HAZ, were found to influence the electrochemical performance.

Kyle Buznitski, Shomik Verma, Michael Nitzsche

Heavy industry remains among the hardest sectors to decarbonize while accounting for more than a fifth of all greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S. Industrial emissions remain so challenging to mitigate largely due to the enormous scale and the diversity of production processes involved. However, just steel, cement, and major petrochemicals (ammonia, methanol, and ethylene) account for half of industrial emissions, and share similar potential decarbonization pathways. This article reviews two major classes of decarbonization: short-term drop-in technologies such as clean heating, and long-term material-specific technologies such as electrochemistry. Implementing both classes of emissions reduction approaches will require significant policy intervention at all stages of the commercialization of these new technologies. Due to recent legislation, there is a notable amount of funding for scaling these technologies, but there remains opportunity for further support via regulation and demand-side interventions.

Yuki Uematsu, Suguru Iwai, Mariko Konishi et al.

Solid surfaces in contact with nonaqueous solvents play a key role in electrochemistry, analytical chemistry, and industrial chemistry. In this work, the zeta potentials of cotton membranes in acetonitrile solutions were determined by streaming potential and bulk conductivity measurements. By applying the Gouy–Chapman theory and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm of ions to the experimental data, the mechanism of the electrification at the cotton/acetonitrile interface is revealed for the first time to be solely due to ion adsorption on the surface, rather than proton dissociation at the interface. Different salts were found to produce opposite signs of the zeta potentials. This behavior can be attributed to ion solvation effects and the strong ordering of acetonitrile molecules at the interface. Furthermore, a trend of the electroviscous effect was observed, in agreement with the standard electrokinetic theory. These findings demonstrate that electrokinetics in acetonitrile, a polar aprotic solvent, can be treated in the same manner as in water.

F. Sedeqi, S. Santhanam, Matthias Riegraf et al.

The ability of high-temperature solid oxide cell (SOC) electrochemical reactors to efficiently convert atmospheric carbon to high value chemicals for industrial and energy storage applications via CO2 and co-electrolysis makes them a key technology for active carbon utilisation. However, due to additional operational risks from thermochemical reactions on thermal management, limited experimental capacity, and relative novelty, CO2 and co-electrolysis lag behind steam electrolysis in large-scale adoption. Here, a 1D+1D SOC model based on fundamental first principles considering three-dimensional heat transfer was improved via a unique method for representing co-electrolysis electrochemistry, solving with low computational effort. Validation against experimental data for two compositions and pressures, showed high levels of accuracy with respect to characteristic cell voltages, temperatures, and outlet compositions. The model also showed CO2 reduction during co-electrolysis mainly occurred via reverse water gas shift, while CO2 electrolysis still accounted for up to 35% of the total share. Pressurised co-electrolysis operation promotes exothermic methanation, causing pronounced heating of the reactor, consequently reducing the isothermal current density. Therefore, low to moderate pressurisation is likely most suited for coupling with downstream synthesis processes to avoid the installation of unnecessarily large systems and associated high costs.

B. Ergüden, Fatih Tarlak, Yasemin Ünver

Sudev Dutta, S. Dogra, Sumit Sharma

Purpose The demand of species monitoring for the benefit of various sectors such as industrial, medicinal and ecological has surged rapidly in the recent past. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to articulate the major developments in synthesizing conductive inks for the structurization of miniaturized as well as disposable or reusable electrochemical equipments. Design/methodology/approach This section is not applicable to a review paper. Findings Numerous times the need for the use point becomes significant for achieving accurate as well as swift quantification. As an alternate, the wearable and effectual reuseable electrochemical sensors are being practiced. The technique of fabricating devices using conductive inks encompasses novelty, as it provides flexibility in designing the electrodes. The increase in the popularity of inks development is governed by its features of simplicity, reduced cost and waste generation, high production and eco-friendly engineering procedures. Further, the electrochemistry aspects of conductive inks highlighting the importance of their compounds and binders has also been discussed emphasizing on the conductive materials. Originality/value This paper is an original review work. This paper will be helpful for manufacturers/researchers from smart wearable textile sector in envisaging innovative developing techniques of sensors as well as biosensors through conductive inks.

Lizandra Viana Maurat da Rocha, Paulo Sérgio Rangel Cruz da Silva, Diego De Holanda Saboya Souza et al.

Molybdenum trioxide is an inorganic compound of great scientific and technological relevance due to its unique characteristics, which result in wide applicability. This review article discusses several synthesis methodologies and applications of MoO3, highlighting its physicochemical properties, especially crystalline structure, oxidizing activity and thermal behavior. Furthermore, the industrial specificity of this oxide is addressed, from the areas of catalysis, electrochemistry and electronics, to optics, corroborating the relevance, future research perspectives and potential innovations related to it, especially in the context of nanotechnology.

Jitai Han, Kui Zhu, Peng Li et al.

Aluminium-air batteries have been considered as one of the most promising next-generation energy storage devices. In this work, based on COMSOL Multiphysics, we firstly explored the effect of 3D pore size structure change on the permeation performance of the solution. The results showed that enhancing the permeation stroke of permeable solutions was beneficial to expanding the electrode reaction contact area, but it would reduce the permeation and corrosion resistance effects. For this reason, we further carried out a secondary study of TPMS structure on fluid permeation and its electrochemical performance based on the TPMS structure modelling mechanism. The results showed that the TPMS structure possessed both good solution permeation reaction rate and good corrosion resistance. Additionally, in order to further verify the validity of the simulation data, we carried out the validation of the self-corrosion rate, discharge properties, and electrochemical properties. From the final data, the discharge voltage of the TPMS structure was only 1.43 V, but its corrosion current and polarisation impedance were 2.207 × 10−2 A/cm2 and 2.2 Ω∙cm2, respectively. At the same time, the structure also had good solution permeability. Therefore the porous anode structure design for aluminium-air batteries in three-dimensional state is preferred.

S. Kaya, A. Cetinkaya, S. Ozkan

H. Abubakar, J. Tijani, S. A. Abdulkareem et al.

The monoclinic wolframite-phase structure of ZnWO4 materials has been frequently synthesised, characterised, and applied in optical fibres, environmental decontamination, electrochemistry, photonics, catalysis, and not limited to magnetic applications. However, the problems of crystal growth conditions and mechanisms, growth, the crystal quality, stability, and the role of synthesis parameters of ZnWO4 nanoparticles remain a challenge limiting its commercial applications. This review presents recent advances of ZnWO4 as an advanced multi-functional material for Industrial wastewater treatment. The review also examines the influence of the synthesis parameters on the properties of ZnWO4 and provides insight into new perspectives on ZnWO4-based photocatalyst. Many researches have shown significant improvement in the efficiency of ZnWO4 by mixing with polymers and doping with metals, nonmetals, and other nanoparticles. The review also provides information on the mechanism of doping ZnWO4 with metals, non-metals, metalloids, metals oxides, and polymers based on different synthesis methods for bandgap reduction and extension of its photocatalytic activity to the visible region. The doped ZnWO4 photocatalyst was a more effective and environmentally friendly material for removing organic and inorganic contaminants in industrial wastewater than ordinary ZnWO4 nanocrystalline under suitable growth conditions.

Jiran Dong, J. Zeng, Jinpeng Li et al.

2D carbon nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanosheets, and their derivatives, representing the emerging class of advanced multifunctional materials, have gained great research interest because of their extensive applications ranging from electrochemistry to catalysis. However, sustainable and scalable synthesis of 2D carbon nanosheets (CNs) with hierarchical architecture and irregular structure via a green and low-cost strategy remains a great challenge. Herein, prehydrolysis liquor (PHL), an industrial byproduct of the pulping industry, is first employed to synthesize CNs via a simple hydrothermal carbonization technique. After mild activation with NH4 Cl and FeCl3 , the as-prepared activated CNs (A-CN@NFe) display an ultrathin structure (≈3 nm) and a desirable specific surface area (1021 m2 g-1 ) with hierarchical porous structure, which enables it to be both electroactive materials and structural support materials in nanofibrillated cellulose/A-CN@NFe/polypyrrole (NCP) nanocomposite, and thus endowing nanocomposite with impressive capacitance properties of 2546.3 mF cm-2 at 1 mA cm-2 . Furthermore, the resultant all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitor delivers a satisfactory energy storage ability of 90.1 µWh cm-2 at 250.0 µW cm-2 . Thus, this work not only opens a new window for sustainable and scalable synthesis of CNs, but also offers a double profits strategy for energy storage and biorefinery industry.

Iwan Sumarlan, Anand Kunverji, Anthony J. Lucio et al.

Aluminum-based batteries are a promising alternative to lithium-ion as they are considered to be low-cost and more friendly to the environment. In addition, aluminum is abundant and evenly distributed across the globe. Many studies and Al battery prototypes use imidazolium chloroaluminate electrolytes because of their good rheological and electrochemical performance. However, these electrolytes are very expensive, and so cost is a barrier to industrial scale-up. A urea-based electrolyte, AlCl3:Urea, has been proposed as an alternative, but its performance is relatively poor because of its high viscosity and low conductivity. This type of electrolyte has become known as an ionic liquid analogue (ILA). In this contribution, we proposed two Lewis base salt precursors, namely, guanidine hydrochloride and acetamidine hydrochloride, as alternatives to the urea-based ILA. We present the study of three ILAs, AlCl3:Guanidine, AlCl3:Acetamidine, and AlCl3:Urea, examining their rheology, electrochemistry, NMR spectra, and coin-cell performance. The room temperature viscosities of both AlCl3:Guanidine (52.9 cP) and AlCl3:Acetamidine (76.0 cP) were significantly lower than those of the urea-based liquid (240.9 cP), and their conductivities were correspondingly higher. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) showed that all three electrolytes exhibit reversible deposition/dissolution of Al, but LSV indicated that AlCl3:Guanidine and AlCl3:Acetamidine ILAs have superior anodic stability compared to the AlCl3:Urea electrolyte, as evidenced by anodic potential limits of +2.23 V for both AlCl3:Guanidine and AlCl3:Acetamidine and +2.12 V for AlCl3:Urea. Coin-cell tests showed that both AlCl3:Guanidine and AlCl3:Acetamidine ILA exhibit a higher Coulombic efficiency (98 and 97%, respectively) than the AlCl3:Urea electrolyte system, which has an efficiency of 88% after 100 cycles at 60 mA g–1. Overall, we show that AlCl3:Guanidine and AlCl3:Acetamidine have superior performance when compared to AlCl3:Urea, while maintaining low economic cost. We consider these to be valuable alternative materials for Al-based battery systems, especially for commercial production.

Siyuan Tang, Zhipeng Zhang, Jun Xiang et al.

Hydrogen (H2) has been considered an ideal alternative energy source for solving energy supply security and greenhouse gas reduction. Although platinum group metal (PGM) catalysts have excellent performance in hydrogen electrocatalysis, their scarcity and high cost limit their industrial application. Therefore, it is necessary to develop low-cost and efficient non-PGM catalysts. Transition metal nitrides (TMNs) have attracted much attention because of their excellent catalytic performance in hydrogen electrochemistry, including hydrogen evolution reaction (HER)/hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR). In this paper, we review and discuss the mechanism of HER/HOR in alkaline media. We compare and evaluate electrocatalytic performance for the HER/HOR TMN catalysts recently reported. Finally, we propose the prospects and research trends in sustainable alkaline hydrogen electrocatalysis.

Brendan E. Hawkins, D. Turney, R. Messinger et al.

Zinc oxide is of great interest for advanced energy devices because of its low cost, wide direct bandgap, non‐toxicity, and facile electrochemistry. In zinc alkaline batteries, ZnO plays a critical role in electrode passivation, a process that hinders commercialization and remains poorly understood. Here, novel observations of an electroactive type of ZnO formed in Zn‐metal alkaline electrodes are disclosed. The electrical conductivity of battery‐formed ZnO is measured and found to vary by factors of up to 104, which provides a first‐principles‐based understanding of Zn passivation in industrial alkaline batteries. Simultaneous with this conductivity change, protons are inserted into the crystal structure and electrons are inserted into the conduction band in quantities up to ≈1020 cm−3 and ≈1 mAh gZnO−1. Electron insertion causes blue electrochromic coloration with efficiencies and rates competitive with leading electrochromic materials. The electroactivity of ZnO is evidently enabled by rapid crystal growth, which forms defects that complex with inserted cations, charge‐balanced by the increase of conduction band electrons. This property distinguishes electroactive ZnO from inactive classical ZnO. Knowledge of this phenomenon is applied to improve cycling performance of industrial‐design electrodes at 50% zinc utilization and the authors propose other uses for ZnO such as electrochromic devices.

Baishali Bhattacharjee, M. Ahmaruzzaman, R. Djellabi et al.

MXenes two-dimensional materials have recently excited researchers' curiosity for various industrial applications. MXenes are promising materials for environmental remediation technologies to sense and mitigate various intractable hazardous pollutants from the atmosphere due to their inherent mechanical and physicochemical properties, such as high surface area, increased hydrophilicity, high conductivity, changing band gaps, and robust electrochemistry. This review discusses the versatile applications of MXenes and MXene-based nanocomposites in various environmental remediation processes. A brief description of synthetic procedures of MXenes nanocomposites and their different properties are highlighted. Afterward, the photocatalytic abilities of MXene-based nanocomposites for degrading organic pollutants, removal of heavy metals, and inactivation of microorganisms are discussed. In addition, the role of MXenes anti-corrosion support in the lifetime of some semiconductors was addressed. Current challenges and future perspectives toward the application of MXene materials for environmental remediation and energy production are summarized for plausible real-world use.

Laura Scalfi, M. Salanne, B. Rotenberg

Many key industrial processes, from electricity production, conversion, and storage to electrocatalysis or electrochemistry in general, rely on physical mechanisms occurring at the interface between a metallic electrode and an electrolyte solution, summarized by the concept of an electric double layer, with the accumulation/depletion of electrons on the metal side and of ions on the liquid side. While electrostatic interactions play an essential role in the structure, thermodynamics, dynamics, and reactivity of electrode-electrolyte interfaces, these properties also crucially depend on the nature of the ions and solvent, as well as that of the metal itself. Such interfaces pose many challenges for modeling because they are a place where quantum chemistry meets statistical physics. In the present review, we explore the recent advances in the description and understanding of electrode-electrolyte interfaces with classical molecular simulations, with a focus on planar interfaces and solvent-based liquids, from pure solvent to water-in-salt-electrolytes. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 72 is April 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Jichang Peng, Jinhao Meng, Dan Chen et al.

With the widespread use of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in Electric Vehicles (EVs), Hybrid EVs and Renewable Energy Systems (RESs), much attention has been given to Battery Management System (BMSs). By monitoring the terminal voltage, current and temperature, BMS can evaluate the status of the Li-ion batteries and manage the operation of cells in a battery pack, which is fundamental for the high efficiency operation of EVs and smart grids. Battery capacity estimation is one of the key functions in the BMS, and battery capacity indicates the maximum storage capability of a battery which is essential for the battery State-of-Charge (SOC) estimation and lifespan management. This paper mainly focusses on a review of capacity estimation methods for BMS in EVs and RES and provides practical and feasible advice for capacity estimation with onboard BMSs. In this work, the mechanisms of Li-ion batteries capacity degradation are analyzed first, and then the recent processes for capacity estimation in BMSs are reviewed, including the direct measurement method, analysis-based method, SOC-based method and data-driven method. After a comprehensive review and comparison, the future prospective of onboard capacity estimation is also discussed. This paper aims to help design and choose a suitable capacity estimation method for BMS application, which can benefit the lifespan management of Li-ion batteries in EVs and RESs.

E. Martin, C. M. McGuire, Mohammad S. Mubarak et al.

Mohammad Hafizudden Mohd Zaki, Yusairie Mohd, Lim Ying Chin

Nanostructured gold coating were synthesized on the surface of screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) via electrodeposition technique from acidic gold solution at four different potentials (i.e.: +1.0 V, +0.48 V, -0.3 V and -0.7 V). The gold coatings were characterized by FESEM, EDAX and XRD for their morphology, elemental composition and crystallite size, respectively. The electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) and electron transfer of gold nanostructures were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis in 0.5 M H2SO4 and in 1 mM Fe (CN)6-3/-4 + 0.1 M KCl solution, respectively. Deposition at +1.0 V has produced gold coatings with tetrahedral like structures as imaged by FESEM. Meanwhile, deposition at +0.48 V, a coating formed was quasi-spherical and facetted crystalline structures. However, deposition at more cathodic potential (i.e.: -0.3 V) resulted in the formation of dendrite-like gold nanoclusters with several micrometres of stem structures. Large micrometres of stem and feather-like branches were formed for deposition at more negative potential of -0.7 V. The EDAX analysis showed that the nanostructured gold coating deposited at +0.48 V has the highest gold purities with elemental composition of 99.68 wt. %. The XRD analysis revealed that all nanostructured gold coatings were composed of cubic crystallite structures where the highest crystallite size of 93.18 nm was obtained for deposition at -0.7 V. Furthermore, the coating deposited at -0.7 V also has the highest ECSA value of 3.851 cm2 as well as the highest oxidation and reduction current peak for Fe (CN)6-3/-4 reaction which demonstrated the best electron transfer by CV. The electrochemical kinetic mechanism on its surface is predominantly controlled by a linear diffusion.

Barbara Bohlen, Daniela Wastl, Johanna Radomski et al.

The electrochemical conversion of CO2 to high-value molecules is an elegant alternative for combining CO2 utilization with renewable energy conversion and storage. Herein we report the preparation and characterization of indium catalysts for the electrochemical CO2 reduction to formate. Indium coatings were prepared by electrodeposition from a deep eutectic solvent (DES) comprising 1:2 M choline chloride and ethylene glycol (12CE). The electrochemical behavior of indium chloride in this DES was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) on copper, glassy carbon (GC) and platinum electrodes. The effect of InCl3 concentration, electrolyte temperature and deposition method on the phase and morphology of the coatings were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Indium deposits on copper and carbon were deployed as catalysts for the CO2 electrolysis in aqueous media. Chemical analysis by HPLC, GC, and NMR revealed an optimum efficiency toward formate at −1.9 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Indium coatings prepared by potentiostatic deposition showed faradaic efficiencies (FE) up to 72.5%. Gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) coated with indium led to formate concentrations up to 76 mM and formation rates of 0.183 mmol cm−2 h−1, which was considerably superior to indium coatings on planar electrodes. Keywords: Carbon dioxide utilization, Indium electrodeposition, Electrodeposition from deep eutectic solvents, Electrochemical CO2 reduction, Indium gas diffusion electrodes