Hasil untuk "Indo-Iranian languages and literature"

Tristan Kneisel, Marko Schmellenkamp, Fabian Vehlken et al.

This paper explores how natural-language descriptions of formal languages can be compared to their formal representations and how semantic differences can be explained. This is motivated from educational scenarios where learners describe a formal language (presented, e.g., by a finite state automaton, regular expression, pushdown automaton, context-free grammar or in set notation) in natural language, and an educational support system has to (1) judge whether the natural-language description accurately describes the formal language, and to (2) provide explanations why descriptions are not accurate. To address this question, we introduce a representation language for formal languages, Nile, which is designed so that Nile expressions can mirror the syntactic structure of natural-language descriptions of formal languages. Nile is sufficiently expressive to cover a broad variety of formal languages, including all regular languages and fragments of context-free languages typically used in educational contexts. Generating Nile expressions that are syntactically close to natural-language descriptions then allows to provide explanations for inaccuracies in the descriptions algorithmically. In experiments on an educational data set, we show that LLMs can translate natural-language descriptions into equivalent, syntactically close Nile expressions with high accuracy - allowing to algorithmically provide explanations for incorrect natural-language descriptions. Our experiments also show that while natural-language descriptions can also be translated into regular expressions (but not context-free grammars), the expressions are often not syntactically close and thus not suitable for providing explanations.

Jens Fleischhauer

Aarush Sinha, Viraj Virk, Dipshikha Chakraborty et al.

Language Models [LMs] are now playing an increasingly large role in information generation and synthesis; the representation of scientific knowledge in these systems needs to be highly accurate. A prime challenge is hallucination; that is, generating apparently plausible but actually false information, including invented citations and nonexistent research papers. This kind of inaccuracy is dangerous in all the domains that require high levels of factual correctness, such as academia and education. This work presents a pipeline for evaluating the frequency with which language models hallucinate in generating responses in the scientific literature. We propose ArxEval, an evaluation pipeline with two tasks using ArXiv as a repository: Jumbled Titles and Mixed Titles. Our evaluation includes fifteen widely used language models and provides comparative insights into their reliability in handling scientific literature.

Nishat Raihan, Mohammed Latif Siddiq, Joanna C. S. Santos et al.

Large language models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly better at a wide range of Natural Language Processing tasks (NLP), such as text generation and understanding. Recently, these models have extended their capabilities to coding tasks, bridging the gap between natural languages (NL) and programming languages (PL). Foundational models such as the Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) and LLaMA series have set strong baseline performances in various NL and PL tasks. Additionally, several models have been fine-tuned specifically for code generation, showing significant improvements in code-related applications. Both foundational and fine-tuned models are increasingly used in education, helping students write, debug, and understand code. We present a comprehensive systematic literature review to examine the impact of LLMs in computer science and computer engineering education. We analyze their effectiveness in enhancing the learning experience, supporting personalized education, and aiding educators in curriculum development. We address five research questions to uncover insights into how LLMs contribute to educational outcomes, identify challenges, and suggest directions for future research.

W. J. T. Mollema

Is it sensical to ascribe psychological predicates to AI systems like chatbots based on large language models (LLMs)? People have intuitively started ascribing emotions or consciousness to social AI ('affective artificial agents'), with consequences that range from love to suicide. The philosophical question of whether such ascriptions are warranted is thus very relevant. This paper advances the argument that LLMs instantiate language users in Ludwig Wittgenstein's sense but that ascribing psychological predicates to these systems remains a functionalist temptation. Social AIs are not full-blown language users, but rather more like Italo Calvino's literature machines. The ideas of LLMs as Wittgensteinian language users and Calvino's literature-producing writing machine are combined. This sheds light on the misguided functionalist temptation inherent in moving from equating the two to the ascription of psychological predicates to social AI. Finally, the framework of mortal computation is used to show that social AIs lack the basic autopoiesis needed for narrative façons de parler and their role in the sensemaking of human (inter)action. Such psychological predicate ascriptions could make sense: the transition 'from quantity to quality' can take place, but its route lies somewhere between life and death, not between affective artifacts and emotion approximation by literature machines.

مجید هوشنگی

نقش شارحان و مفسرین در تفهیم، ساختارمندی، تاویل، دسته‌بندی و در نهایت، پویایی و کاربردی نمودن داده-های فکری فلاسفه، جایگاهی ثانوی و گاهی همطراز با خود اندیشمندان را داراست؛ در این میان، ژیل دولوز، فیلسوف و متفکر فرانسوی با بازخوانی و تحلیل نظام اندیشگانی نیچه ودیگران، موفق به خلق و زایش نظریه‌های نوینی در حوزه‌ی تفکر شده است. او نظریه‌ی شخصیت مفهومی را از تطبیق نظام روایی افلاطون، دکارت، نیچه و چند نویسنده‌ی دیگر ابداع کرد و معتقد بود که شخصیتی چون زرتشت، بواسطه‌ی برخورداری از مولفه‌ها و مشخصه‌هایی، شخصیت مفهومی برساخته‌ی نیچه است. از سویی، می‌توان در تحلیل داده‌ها و مشخصه‌هایی که دولوز در تبیین شخصیت مفهومی بیان می‌دارد، شمسِ مولانا را نیز دارای این ظرفیت و قابلیت دانست و در نگاهی تطبیقی، این دو را در یک خویشاوندی مشترک تحلیل کرد. لذا این پژوهش با روش تحلیلی- توصیفی، و با بهره‌گیری از بن‌مایه‌ی نظری دولوز، به تحلیل این دو شخصیت در چهارچوب نظریه‌ی شخصیت مفهومی پرداخته است و در نهایت به این نتیجه خواهد رسید که هم شمسِ مولانا و هم زرتشتِ نیچه از یک آبشخور فکری و در چهاچوب شخصیت مفهومی خلق شده اند و هر دو برخاسته از اصل بدلیت، نقاب و امر فراتاریخی بوده و دارای مشخصه‌های تاثری، نسبتی و پویایی در این ساخت فلسفی و روایی هستند.

Dr. Mujahid Abbas, Dr. Kamran Abbas Kazmi

Cultural Materialism theory is proposed by an American Anthropologist Marvin Harris. This theory has a scientific strategy to find the facts about human cultures. This theory suggests that in every sociocultural system, three major parts, infrastructure, structure, and superstructure, interact with each other. Infrastructure refers to material resources of the culture that man established to get energy and food from his physical environment. Structure refers to the laws and procedures of social institutions which regulate the distribution of food and power among the members of the society. Superstructure refers to the soft images of society like art, music, language, literature, and behaviors of individuals in a social setup. This theory provides a comprehensive analysis pattern of any literary text by finding the infrastructure in the base of structure and superstructure. In this article, it is tried to formulate theoretical bases and practical dimensions of cultural materialism۔

Ömer İlgezdi

Yousuf A. Khan, Clarisse Hokia, Jennifer Xu et al.

The COVID-19 pandemic led to 1.1 million deaths in the United States, despite the explosion of coronavirus research. These new findings are slow to translate to clinical interventions, leading to poorer patient outcomes and unnecessary deaths. One reason is that clinicians, overwhelmed by patients, struggle to keep pace with the rate of new coronavirus literature. A potential solution is developing a tool for evaluating coronavirus literature using large language models (LLMs) -- neural networks that are deployed for natural language processing. LLMs can be used to summarize and extract user-specified information. The greater availability and advancement of LLMs and pre-processed coronavirus literature databases provide the opportunity to assist clinicians in evaluating coronavirus literature through a coronavirus literature specific LLM (covLLM), a tool that directly takes an inputted research article and a user query to return an answer. Using the COVID-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19), we produced two datasets: (1) synCovid, which uses a combination of handwritten prompts and synthetic prompts generated using OpenAI, and (2) real abstracts, which contains abstract and title pairs. covLLM was trained with LLaMA 7B as a baseline model to produce three models trained on (1) the Alpaca and synCovid datasets, (2) the synCovid dataset, and (3) the synCovid and real abstract datasets. These models were evaluated by two human evaluators and ChatGPT. Results demonstrate that training covLLM on the synCovid and abstract pairs datasets performs competitively with ChatGPT and outperforms covLLM trained primarily using the Alpaca dataset.

Aneela Saleem Saleem

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%; line-height: 27.0pt; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; background: #F8F9FA;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: &quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;; color: #202124;">Aristotle's<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>famous<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Poetics has been translated into many languages.And in Urdu language also many good and bad complete incomplete vague and unambiguous translations came to light.In these translations, Aziz Ahmed's translation of Poetics "</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit; color: #202124;" lang="AR-SA">فن شاعری</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: &quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;; color: #202124;">" is very important. In 1941, Dr. Ibn Farid started a series of objections to Aziz Ahmed's translation of Poetics </span><span class="y2iqfc"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: &quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: #202124;">and limited it to the first part. Then, two years later, Jabir Ali Syed, on the request of Abu Saadat Jalili, wrote a reply to these objections of Dr. Ibn Farid.The explanation is that he has adopted a unique method in this regard, which includes the text translated by Aziz Ahmed as well as Butcher's translated text and then added Dr. Ibn Farid's objection to it and at the end of each line and the objection raised against it is presented with his<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>own pen. This is the first time that Jabir Ali Syed's work has been published in response to Ibn Farid's objections to Aziz Ahmed's translation of Poetics (art of poetry).</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: &quot;inherit&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;;">The same analysis is presented below with the necessary footnotes and further explanations.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; color: #202124; background: #F8F9FA;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <!--[endif]--></span></p>

Valerio Capraro, Joseph Y. Halpern, Matjaz Perc

We review the literature on models that try to explain human behavior in social interactions described by normal-form games with monetary payoffs. We start by covering social and moral preferences. We then focus on the growing body of research showing that people react to the language in which actions are described, especially when it activates moral concerns. We conclude by arguing that behavioral economics is in the midst of a paradigm shift towards language-based preferences, which will require an exploration of new models and experimental setups.

Mathieu De Coster, Dimitar Shterionov, Mieke Van Herreweghe et al.

Automatic translation from signed to spoken languages is an interdisciplinary research domain, lying on the intersection of computer vision, machine translation and linguistics. Nevertheless, research in this domain is performed mostly by computer scientists in isolation. As the domain is becoming increasingly popular - the majority of scientific papers on the topic of sign language translation have been published in the past three years - we provide an overview of the state of the art as well as some required background in the different related disciplines. We give a high-level introduction to sign language linguistics and machine translation to illustrate the requirements of automatic sign language translation. We present a systematic literature review to illustrate the state of the art in the domain and then, harking back to the requirements, lay out several challenges for future research. We find that significant advances have been made on the shoulders of spoken language machine translation research. However, current approaches are often not linguistically motivated or are not adapted to the different input modality of sign languages. We explore challenges related to the representation of sign language data, the collection of datasets, the need for interdisciplinary research and requirements for moving beyond research, towards applications. Based on our findings, we advocate for interdisciplinary research and to base future research on linguistic analysis of sign languages. Furthermore, the inclusion of deaf and hearing end users of sign language translation applications in use case identification, data collection and evaluation is of the utmost importance in the creation of useful sign language translation models. We recommend iterative, human-in-the-loop, design and development of sign language translation models.

Petter Mæhlum, Andre Kåsen, Samia Touileb et al.

Norwegian Twitter data poses an interesting challenge for Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. These texts are difficult for models trained on standardized text in one of the two Norwegian written forms (Bokmål and Nynorsk), as they contain both the typical variation of social media text, as well as a large amount of dialectal variety. In this paper we present a novel Norwegian Twitter dataset annotated with POS-tags. We show that models trained on Universal Dependency (UD) data perform worse when evaluated against this dataset, and that models trained on Bokmål generally perform better than those trained on Nynorsk. We also see that performance on dialectal tweets is comparable to the written standards for some models. Finally we perform a detailed analysis of the errors that models commonly make on this data.

Asghar Izadi-Jeiran

Public Sociology in Practice is a translation of a special issue in Current Sociology, “Precarious Engagements: Combat in the Realm of Public Sociology” (2014). The content of the book is provided in three sections, consisting of contextualized experiences of different authors through the world. The aim is to apply public sociology in different communities and countries. Two achievements of the book can be stated. First, the fourfold classification by Michael Burawoy in sociology (professional, policy, critical, and public) does not remain in pure form in different local contexts. Second, in every country, on the one hand, local traditions and history are concerned with sociology discipline, and on the other hand, dominant culture and politics paved the way to success or frustration of public scholar. The book shows internal professional dynamics and external dynamics in relation to the political field.

سید رضا دشتستانی, شمیمه حجت پناه

با ظهور آموزش زبان به کمک رایانه (CALL)، سواد دیجیتال دانش آموزان و معلمان موردتوجه بسیاری از مطالعات قرارگرفته است. بااین‌حال، آموزش انگلیسی برای اهداف آکادمیک یک حوزه نادیده گرفته‌شده است وتحقیقات بسیار محدودی در این زمینه انجام‌شده است. هدف از انجام این مطالعه، مشخص کردن سطوح سواد دیجیتال اساتید آموزش زبان انگلیسی برای اهداف آکادمیک و شناسایی موانع محدودکننده ارتقاء سواد دیجیتال اساتید بود. در راستای نیل به اهداف مطالعه، 79 نفر از اساتید ایرانی آموزش زبان انگلیسی برای اهداف ویژه در تکمیل پرسشنامه ها و 29 نفر از آنان در پاسخ به سوالات مصاحبه شرکت داشتند. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان داد که استادان ایرانی آموزش زبان انگلیسی برای اهداف ویژه دارای سطح متوسطی از سواد دیجیتال هستند و از انواع محدودی از ابزارها و برنامه‌های کامپیوتری استفاده می‌کنند. بااین‌حال، اساتید آگاه بودند که سطح سواد دیجیتال آن‌ها برای اهداف آموزشی ممکن است پایین‌تر از سطح سواد دیجیتال آن‌ها برای اهداف عمومی و شخصی باشد. این مطالعه همچنین نشان داد که این اساتید به دلیل برخی عوامل مانند کمبود زمان، محدودیت‌های برنامه آموزشی و عدم توجه مدیران آموزشی تصمیم به تقویت سواد دیجیتال خود نمی‌گیرند. هرچند که آن‌ها دیدگاه مثبتی نسبت به ارتقاء سواد دیجیتال خود داشتند. علاوه بر این، بر اساس نتایج به‌دست‌آمده اساتید آموزش زبان انگلیسی برای اهداف آکادمیک سواد دیجیتال خود را از طریق تجربه شخصی کسب کرده‌اند و هیچ آموزش رسمی به آن‌ها ارائه نشده است.

Navid Kalahroudi, Ahmad Bostani

Javad Tabatabai’s intellectual project has been based on two main axes of the decline of political thought in Iran for the past three decades and in recent decades around the axis of Iranshahri thought. Tabatabai is one of the few writers who has used concepts to explain the history of political thought in Iran within a regular intellectual system, but the scope of his project has caused that not all the themes of Iranshahri political thought have been clearly outlined and studied. This article is an attempt to give a brief description of Tabatabai’s latest work and its important issues such as the position of the First Constitutional Assembly, the concept of tradition, the need to distinguish between nationalism and the Iranian idea, and a reflection on his views, especially on the relationship between his views and issues, contemporary Iran and its criticisms of contemporary intellectuals. The authors argue that although the legacy of ancient Iran is important and significant, without the reconstruction of the classical ideas that are called Iranshahri thought due to Tabatabai's own efforts nowadays, these ideas will remain in a state of ambiguity.

Yadullah Mohammadi, Seyed Ahmad Parsa

“Tarikh –e- Baihaqi” is one of the Persian proses taught in two undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Persian language and literature. Having a good correction makes it easier to teach. So far, six corrections have been made in “Tarikh –e- Baihaqi”. Two recent corrections have been favored by researchers. The present study compares the recording of the Persian poems of Tarikh –e- Baihaqi in two versions of the Tarikh –e- Baihaqi of Yahaghi-Sayyedi and Fayyaz and tries to assess the accuracy of the recordings and the accuracy of the copy editors by examining the harmony of these poems with the content. For this purpose, in addition to using the prosodic rules of the Persian language, attempted have been made to use transcripts, attention to the imagination, textual consistency, authentic corrections of the poets’ divans, transcripts. The research method is descriptive-analytical. Data were analyzed by the library and document analysis using the content analysis method. The result shows that understanding the true meaning of the verses, linking them to the historical statements of the text and understanding them correctly depends on the correct meter of the verses, which unfortunately has not been adequately addressed in the correction of some of the verses. Metrical studies indicate that the correction of Yahaghi-Sayyedi despite more manuscripts is less accurate at his disposal.

Deven M. Patel

Kāvya’s Repeat Performances. Intersections of Aesthetics, yoga-parikarma-bhāvanā, and the Logic of Medium-Specificity in Daśarūpaka’s Discussion of śāntarasa Largely left underexplored in rasa studies has been an implication made in the middle of the tenth century that śāntarasa eludes theorization with respect to the theater (nāṭya) but may function within an exclusive theory of poetry (kāvya). A discussion in the Daśarūpaka (“The Ten Dramatic Forms”) and its commentary cryptically imply in the fourth chapter of that work that if śāntarasa is viable at all as a genre of rasa theory, it is medium-specific to kāvya and not possible in nāṭya. Though śāntarasa is a dubious category for theater theory and pragmatics, they seem to argue, it may be acceptable in poetry through a synergy of two theoretical schemas: poetics and Yoga psychology. Reviewing these arguments opens up a larger conversation about the significance of medium to rasa theory and the inherent limitations for conceiving unified theories of art.

تمنا گل بابائی اصل, محمد غلامرضایی, احمد خاتمی et al.

شعر تجلی‌گاه تصویرهای شاعرانه و هنری است. این تصویرها با استفاده از علم بیان و شگردها و ابزارهای گوناگون آن شکل می‌گیرد. شاعر عارف با این تصویرها، تجارب عرفانی و مقدمات آن را بازآفرینی می‌کند. از مهم‌ترین ابزارهای این بازآفرینی در ذهن شاعران عارف ازجمله عطار نیشابوری، «تشبیه»، «استعاره» و «تلمیح» است. او در منطق‌الطیر که داستان سفر معنوی مرغان است، برای بیان تجربۀ عرفانی و مقدمات آن، تشبیه را بارها به کار برده و آن را با تلمیح ترکیب کرده است. در مقالۀ حاضر با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و مروری، ضمن معرفی این ابزارها نشان خواهیم داد که وی در بیان تجارب عرفانی و مقدمات آن از این شگردهای ترکیبی چگونه بهره برده است. در شعر عرفانی، شاعر به دنبال آرایش کلام نیست بلکه یکی از هدف‌های اصلی او بیان تجارب و مکاشفات عرفانی و درونی و مقدمات آن است، به همین سبب تصاویر شعری او متأثر از نگرش دینی و عرفانی اوست. بیشتر تشبیهات و تلمیحات شعر عطار با آیات و قصص قرآن و شخصیت‌های دینی، قرآنی و احادیث و موضوعات دینی مرتبط است و این نشان از تأثیر عمیق دین و عرفان بر سبک شعری و بلاغت گفتار او دارد.

Boris Mocialov, Graham Turner, Helen Hastie

Access to sign language data is far from adequate. We show that it is possible to collect the data from social networking services such as TikTok, Instagram, and YouTube by applying data filtering to enforce quality standards and by discovering patterns in the filtered data, making it easier to analyse and model. Using our data collection pipeline, we collect and examine the interpretation of songs in both the American Sign Language (ASL) and the Brazilian Sign Language (Libras). We explore their differences and similarities by looking at the co-dependence of the orientation and location phonological parameters