Hasil untuk "Human anatomy"

Samuel Verdugo-López, Kei Kitamura, Gen Murakami et al.

BACKGROUND: Some mammals including pigs carry a fibrous vestigial clavicle, but a subclavius muscle (SBM) extends between the first rib and the supraspinatus muscle surface fascia. We aimed to examine the development of the SBM and clavicle in order to find a specific factor that might explain this curious morphology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Histological sections of pig, human and mouse early- and midterm foetuses were observed and compared at the same morphological stage. RESULTS: In all three species, the initial SBM was seen extending between the cartilaginous first rib and a mesenchymal clavicle. At the early stage, the human and mouse foetuses carried the mesenchymal manubrium sterni above the heart bulbus, as well as the acromion above the humeral head. However, in the pig foetuses, the manubrium remained far caudal to the first rib, while the acromion was in the laterocaudal side of the glenohumeral joint. In place of the acromion, the pig supraspinatus muscle was large and covered the humeral head. At midterm, the human and mouse SBM attached to the membranous bone of the clavicle. Endochondral ossification occurred at the lateral and medial ends of the human clavicle, while it was seen in the medial half of the mouse clavicle anlage with a homogenous eosinophilic matrix. CONCLUSIONS: The pig clavicle seems to lose the endochondral parts due to the caudally-shifted manubrium sterni and acromion. The medial or clavicular attachment of the pig SBM might migrate to a nearby fascia of the supraspinatus muscle in later development.

Arianne S. Gravesteijn, Sjoerd T. Timmermans, Jip Aarts et al.

Objective: To examine the energy demand of walking relative to aerobic capacity in people with multiple sclerosis. Design: Cross-sectional cohort study. Patients: A total of 45 people with multiple sclerosis (32 females), median disease duration 15 years (interquartile range (IQR) 9; 20), median Expanded Disability Status Scale 4 (min–max range: 2.0; 6.0). Methods: Aerobic capacity, derived from a cardiopulmonary exercise test and gas exchange measurements, assessed during a 6-min overground walk test at comfortable speed, were analysed. The relative aerobic load of walking was determined as the energy demand of walking relative to oxygen uptake at peak and at the first ventilatory threshold. Healthy reference data were used for clinical inference. Results: People with multiple sclerosis walk at a mean relative aerobic load of 60.0% (standard deviation 12.8%) relative to peak aerobic capacity, and 89.1% (standard deviation 19.9%) relative to the first ventilatory threshold. Fourteen participants walked above the first ventilatory threshold (31%). Peak aerobic capacity was reduced in 45% of participants, and energy demands were increased in 52% of participants. Conclusion: People with multiple sclerosis walk at a relative aerobic load close to their first ventilatory threshold. A high relative aerobic load can guide clinicians to improve aerobic capacity or reduce the energy demands of walking.

Thierno D. Diallo, Susanne Rospleszcz, Jana Fabian et al.

Abstract Background Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) may be linked to dysregulations of skeletal muscle glucose metabolism and fatty alterations of muscle composition (Myosteatosis). Our aim was to evaluate the different associations of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐based paravertebral myosteatosis with lumbar disc degeneration in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism and normoglycaemic controls. Methods In total, 304 individuals (mean age: 56.3 ± 9.1 years, 53.6% male sex, mean body mass index [BMI]: 27.6 ± 4.7 kg/m2) from a population‐based cohort study who underwent 3‐Tesla whole‐body chemical‐shift‐encoded (six echo times) and T2‐weighted single‐shot‐fast‐spin‐echo MRI were included. Lumbar disc degeneration was assessed at motion segments L1 to L5, categorized according to the Pfirrmann score and defined as Pfirrmann grade > 2 and/or disc bulging/herniation on at least one segment. Fat content of the autochthonous back muscles and the quadratus lumborum muscle was quantified as proton density fat fraction (PDFFmuscle). Logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, BMI and regular physical activity were calculated to evaluate the association between PDFFmuscle and outcome IVDD. Results The overall prevalence of IVDD was 79.6%. There was no significant difference in the prevalence or severity distribution of IVDD between participants with or without impaired glucose metabolism (77.7% vs. 80.7%, P = 0.63 and P = 0.71, respectively). PDFFmuscle was significantly and positively associated with an increased risk for the presence of IVDD in participants with impaired glycaemia when adjusted for age, sex and BMI (PDFFautochthonous back muscles: odds ratio [OR] 2.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.09, 4.3], P = 0.03; PDFFquadratus lumborum: OR 2.01, 95% CI [1.04, 3.85], P = 0.04). After further adjustment for regular physical activity, the results attenuated, albeit approaching statistical significance (PDFFautochthonous back muscles: OR 1.97, 95% CI [0.97, 3.99], P = 0.06; PDFFquadratus lumborum: OR 1.86, 95% CI [0.92, 3.76], P = 0.09). No significant associations were shown in healthy controls (PDFFautochthonous back muscles: OR 0.62, 95% CI [0.34, 1.14], P = 0.13; PDFFquadratus lumborum: OR 1.06, 95% CI [0.6, 1.89], P = 0.83). Conclusions Paravertebral myosteatosis is positively associated with intervertebral disc disease in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism, independent of age, sex and BMI. Regular physical activity may confound these associations. Longitudinal studies will help to better understand the pathophysiological role of skeletal muscle in those with concomitant disturbed glucose haemostasis and intervertebral disc disease, as well as possible underlying causal relationships.

B. Landzhov, L. Gaydarski, R. S. Tubbs et al.

From a topographical standpoint, the digastric muscle is key to the formation of several triangles of the neck, which are of the utmost clinical significance. Herein, we present a previously unrecognised variation of the digastric muscle: a quadrigastric muscle with two accessory bellies originating from the body and angle of the mandible and inserting to the intermediate tendon. Three new triangles are demarcated between the four bellies of the aberrant muscle. Detailed knowledge of variations of the digastric muscle, changing the borders and relationships of the topographic triangles, is paramount for radiologists and surgeons operating on the anterior region of the neck.

Sung‐Eun Kim, Dong Joon Kim

Flavio De Angelis, Virginia Veltre, Marco Romboni et al.

Background Rome became the prosperous Capital of the Roman Empire through the political and military conquests of neighbouring areas. People were able to move Romeward modifying the Rome area’s demographic structure. However, the genomic evidence for the population of one of the broadest Empires in antiquity has been sparse until recently. Aim The genomic analysis of people buried in Quarto Cappello del Prete (QCP) necropolis was carried out to help elucidate the genomic structure of Imperial Rome inhabitants. Subjects and methods We recruited twenty-five individuals from QCP for ancient DNA analysis through whole-genome sequencing. Multiple investigations were carried out to unveil the genetic components featuring in the studied samples and the community’s putative demographic structure. Results We generated reliable whole-genome data for 7 samples surviving quality controls. The distribution of Imperial Romans from QCP partly overlaps with present-day Southern Mediterranean and Southern-Near Eastern populations. Conclusion The genomic legacy with the south-eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea and the Central and Western Northern-African coast funerary influence pave the way for considering people buried in QCP as resembling a Punic-derived human group.

Ernest Kiplangat Kirui, Joseph Kyalo Mung'atu, Peter Gichangi et al.

Objective: The recent increase in the uptake of injectable contraceptives has occurred at the expense of the other modern contraceptive methods but the knowledge gap still exists on modeling dynamics and determinants associated with the use of the injectable. This study sought to model for injectable contraceptive usage to bridge the knowledge gap on the use of injectable contraceptives among women of childbearing age in Kenya. Materials and methods: Analytical cross-sectional study design was adopted. Secondary data for women collected during the (Performance Monitoring for Action) PMA2020 survey was used. PMA2020 survey used multistage stratified sampling with urban-rural representation. To establish the factors associated with the uptake of injectable contraceptives, a multiple logistic regression model was fitted using Stata version 13 and R version 3.5.3 statistical software. Hosmer-Lemeshow Test statistic was used to evaluate the goodness of model fit in predicting injectable contraceptive usage. Results: Multivariable analysis showed that women with post-primary/vocational levels of education were 54% less likely to use an injectable contraceptive compared to those who had no education at all. Hosmer-Lemeshow (HL) goodness of fit test statistic indicated that the model was a good fit for prediction. Education, marital status, wealth quintile, place of residence and number of births were significant predictors of the injectable contraceptive uptake among women of reproductive age in Kenya. Conclusion: The findings of this study will inform the design of targeted interventions aimed at addressing the increasing demand for injectable devices among women of reproductive age in Kenya.

Hongbo Wang, Cairui Xin, Hongyi Cao

Background Short tandem repeat (STR) loci are widely used in forensic medicine and population genetics. Aim To profile 20 autosomal STR loci using the SureID® 21 G Human STR Identification Kit. Subjects and methods Samples were obtained from 1412 unrelated Chinese Han individuals from Ningde City, Southeastern China and 20 autosomal STR loci were profiled using the SureID® 21 G Human STR Identification Kit. Results A total of 261 alleles were observed among 1412 unrelated individuals and the corresponding allelic frequencies ranged from 0.5464 to 0.0004. The combined power of discrimination and exclusion of the 20 autosomal STR loci were 0.99999999999999999922 and 0.999999340285752, respectively. There was no significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and minimal departure from linkage equilibrium (LE) for two pairwise combinations of loci after sequential Bonferroni correction. In the population comparison, phylogenetic analysis was performed between the Han population and other relevant populations on the basis of the shared autosomal STR genotyping. Moreover, the neighbor-joining tree and principal component analysis were analysed based on the Nei’s standard genetic distance. Conclusion The population comparison revealed that the structure of the Ningde Han population was similar to the structure of southern Han populations in China and was significantly different to the other Chinese ethnic groups, such as Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Kazakh, Uyghur, Manchu from Xinjiang and Mongols.

Arnaud Cachia, Arnaud Cachia, Grégoire Borst et al.

Growing evidence supports that prenatal processes play an important role for cognitive ability in normal and clinical conditions. In this context, several neuroimaging studies searched for features in postnatal life that could serve as a proxy for earlier developmental events. A very interesting candidate is the sulcal, or sulco-gyral, patterns, macroscopic features of the cortex anatomy related to the fold topology—e.g., continuous vs. interrupted/broken fold, present vs. absent fold-or their spatial organization. Indeed, as opposed to quantitative features of the cortical sheet (e.g., thickness, surface area or curvature) taking decades to reach the levels measured in adult, the qualitative sulcal patterns are mainly determined before birth and stable across the lifespan. The sulcal patterns therefore offer a window on the fetal constraints on specific brain areas on cognitive abilities and clinical symptoms that manifest later in life. After a global review of the cerebral cortex sulcation, its mechanisms, its ontogenesis along with methodological issues on how to measure the sulcal patterns, we present a selection of studies illustrating that analysis of the sulcal patterns can provide information on prenatal dispositions to cognition (with a focus on cognitive control and academic abilities) and cognitive symptoms (with a focus on schizophrenia and bipolar disorders). Finally, perspectives of sulcal studies are discussed.

Congcong Liu, Karl Herrup, Seiko Goto et al.

Previous research has shown that exposure to Japanese gardens reduces physiological measures of stress, e.g. heart rate, in both healthy subjects and dementia patients. However, the correlation between subjects’ physiological responses and their visual behavior while viewing the garden has not yet been investigated. To address this, we developed a system to collect simultaneous measurements of eye gaze and three physiological indicators of autonomic nervous system activity: electrocardiogram, blood volume pulse, and galvanic skin response. We recorded healthy subjects’ physiological/behavioral responses when they viewed two environments (an empty courtyard and a Japanese garden) in two ways (directly or as a projected 2D photograph). Similar to past work, we found that differences in subject’s physiological responses to the two environments when viewed directly, but not as a photograph. We also found differences in their behavioral responses. We quantified subject’s behavioral responses using several gaze metrics commonly considered to be measures of engagement of focus: average fixation duration, saccade amplitude, spatial entropy and gaze transition entropy. We found decrease in gaze transition entropy, the only metric that accounts for both the spatial and temporal properties of gaze, to have a weak positive correlation with decrease in heart rate. This suggests a relationship between engagement/focus and relaxation. Finally, we found gender differences: females’ gaze patterns were more spatially distributed and had higher transition entropy than males.

Kyu-Lim Lee, Hyun Jin Cho, Hyungkyu Bae et al.

The masseter is the most targeted muscle when treating hypertrophy to produce a smooth face shape. Compensatory hypertrophy is a well known clinical sequela that occurs in botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) treatments and is limited to the lower part of the masseter. Based on the masseteric hypertrophy procedure, which targets a confined area, we predicted the possibility of compensatory hypertrophy occurring in the upper part of the masseter. If the patient complains about an unexpected result, additional injections must be performed, but the involved anatomical structures have not been revealed yet. The aim of this study was to identify the morphological patterns of the masseter. Deep tendons were observed in most specimens of the upper part of the masseter and mostly appeared in a continuous pattern (69.7%). The superficial and deep tendons could be classified into a simply connected form and forms surrounding part of the muscle. In 45.5% of cases there were tendon capsules that completely enclosed the muscle, which can interfere with how the injected toxin spreads. Interdigitation patterns in which the tendons could be identified independently between the muscles were present in 9.1% of cases. The present findings provide anatomical knowledge for use when injecting BoNT into the masseter.

Alessandro Terrani, Enrico Bassi, Caterina Valcarenghi et al.

Abstract Background Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) is the most frequently performed procedure in patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. A crucial step in such procedures is needle insertion into the trachea. To simplify this procedure and increase its safety, we developed a new device, the translaryngeal Tracheostomy Needle Introducer (tTNI), for use with Fantoni’s method. This cadaver study was designed to assess the performance of the tTNI on human anatomy. Methods We tested the tTNI in a cadaver laboratory; the operators included two experts trained in PDT and three without specific training in the procedure. We performed 58 needle insertion attempts on 13 cadavers. We compared the tTNI technique with the standard needle insertion approach using external landmarks. We recorded the number of attempts needed to optimise needle insertion, time required in seconds, final position of the needle and complications related to needle insertion. Results tTNI use resulted in fewer puncture attempts (1.91 ± 1.34 vs. 1.19 ± 0.5, p < 0.001), less time (36.8 ± 51.6 s vs. 13.14 ± 15.57 s, p < 0,001) and increased precision on the first puncture (18.87 ± 25.38° vs. 7.5 ± 12.95°, p < 0,005). We did not observe any complication with tTNI use, whereas complications found using the standard method were in line with the literature. Conclusions The tTNI is a device that simplifies needle insertion by enhancing the accuracy of insertion with fewer attempts and higher precision, even when used by less experienced operators. Clinical testing is required to evaluate the device performance in patients.

Dahai Xu, Chang Su, Liang Sun et al.

Introduction and aim. Serum glypican-3 (GPC3) has been explored as a non-invasive biomarker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, controversy remains on its diagnostic accuracy. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and metaanalysis to evaluate the differential diagnostic accuracy of serum GPC3 between HCC and liver cirrhosis (LC) cases.Material and methods. After the strict filtering and screening of studies from NCBI, PUBMED, Clinical Trials, Cochrane library, Embase, Prospero and Web of Science databases, 11 studies were selected. All studies provided the sensitivity and specificity of GPC3 and the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the HCC and LC diagnosis. The sensitivity and specificity, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were determined and compared between GPC3 and AFP, which was set as a positive control.Results. Pooled sensitivity (95% CI) and specificity (95% CI) were 0.55 (0.52-0.58) and 0.58 (0.54-0.61) for GPC3, 0.54 (0.51-0.57) and 0.83 (0.80-0.85) for AFP, and 0.85 (0.81-0.89) and 0.79 (0.73-0.84) for GPC3 + AFP, respectively. The AUCs of GPC3, AFP and GPC3 + AfP were 0.7793, 0.7867 and 0.9366, respectively. GPC3 had a nearly similar sensitivity as AFP, while the specificity and AUC of GPC3 was lower than that of AFP. The combination of GPC3 and AFP yielded a better sensitivity and AUC than GPC3 or AFP.Conclusion. Serum GPC3 is inferior to AFP in the differential diagnosis between HCC and LC. However, the combination of GPC3 and AFP exhibited a much better performance.

Lauren K. Fink, Elke B. Lange, Rudolf Groner

Though eye-tracking is typically a methodology applied in the visual research domain, recent studies suggest its relevance in the context of music research. There exists a community of researchers interested in this kind of research from varied disciplinary backgrounds scattered across the globe. Therefore, in August 2017, an international conference was held at the Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics in Frankfurt, Germany, to bring this research community together. The conference was dedicated to the topic of music and eye-tracking, asking the question: what do eye movements, pupil dilation, and blinking activity tell us about musical processing? This special issue is constituted of top-scoring research from the conference and spans a range of music-related topics. From tracking the gaze of performers in musical trios to basic research on how eye movements are affected by background music, the contents of this special issue highlight a variety of experimental approaches and possible applications of eye-tracking in music research.

Amin Alinezhad, Fatemeh Jafari

The most frequent type of brain tumors is Glioma which commonly appears initially in the neuroglia in the central nervous system. They grow steadily and generally do not outspread to neighboring tissue of the brain. By applying dominant remedial regimens, the patients would have negligible survival rates. Despite the achieved advances in conventional glioma therapy, it proved that a proper medication for glioma is not easily reachable. The glioma penetration nature and accumulate resistance considerably limit the remedial options. Superior explanation of the glioma complex pathobiology and characterization of biological proteogenomic may finally open new approaches for the outlining of extra artificial and impressive combination regimens. This aim could be achieved by exclusively outfitting advanced techniques of neuroimaging, terminating synthesis of DNA via genes that activated via prodrugs, experimental technique of gene therapy via conciliating genes of gliomagenesis, targeting miRNA-mRNA activity of oncogenic, applying stem cell therapy for combining inhibitors of Hedgehog-Gli, adaptive transmission of chimeric immunoreceptors T cells, incorporate inhibitors of regulators of the immune system with conventional remedial modalities and additionally using tumor cell lysates as sources of antigen for efficient evacuation of particular stem cells of tumor via cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Consequently, in this study the authors trying to survey the latest progressions related to the molecular procedures connected with the formation of glial tumors in addition to the radiation, surgery and chemotherapy limitations. Additionally, the novel strategies of molecular remedies and their procedure for the prosperous treatment of glioma will be discussed.

Antonio Merico, Marianna Cavinato, Caterina Gregorio et al.

Based on available evidence, muscle strengthening and cardiovascular exercises can help maintain function and not adversely affect the progression of disease in patients with ALS. However, this evidence is not sufficiently detailed to recommend a specific exercise prescription. The purpose of this project was to assess clinical outcomes of a combined exercise programme to increase knowledge of rehabilitation in ALS patients. 38 ALS patients were assigned randomly to two groups: one group underwent a specific exercise programme (ALS-EP) based on a moderate aerobic workout and isometric contractions, and the second group followed a standard neuromotor rehabilitation treatment. Objective evaluation consisted of cardiovascular measures, muscle strength and fatigue. Some positive effects of physical activity on ALS patients were found. Among the benefits, an overall improvement of functional independence in all patients, independently of the type of exercise conducted was seen. In addition, improvements in muscle power, oxygen consumption and fatigue were specifically observed in the ALS-EP group, all hallmarks of a training effect for the specific exercises. In conclusion, moderate intensity exercise is beneficial in ALS, helping in avoiding deconditioning and muscle atrophy resulting from progressive inactivity.

Brett Szymik, Jennifer Stowe

Abstract This is a lecture/large-group session with a breakout small-group case discussion. This session was created as an introduction to the biomechanics of the human musculoskeletal system for first-year medical students. The purpose of the session is to introduce the basic concepts behind how the musculoskeletal system is constructed and how it produces movement. The session opens with a brief introduction to skeletal muscle, a discussion of forces and lever mechanics, then overview of torque production using qualitative and basic quantitative techniques. A section on the components of force vectors and the composition of multiple forces leads into two clinical examples, one of which can be used in conjunction with the provided handout for an in-class student breakout session. This session is specifically targeted at first-year medical students who are at the beginning of their course on the musculoskeletal system. This course is very anatomy intensive, and one of the objectives of this session is to empower first-year students to conceptualize the human musculoskeletal system as a series of levers, whereby muscles produce torque about freely movable joints. One goal of this resource is to help decrease the amount of memorization that students must perform by increasing their ability to describe specific movements and the joints/muscles involved in producing those movements. A large amount of anecdotal student feedback indicates that this session succeeds in changing students' perception of the musculoskeletal system from one of intense memorization towards one of increased understanding of movement. Students have historically performed well on assessment items mapped to the learning objectives of this session, and formal student feedback from this session historically has been incredibly positive.

The Editors

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Nejc Sarabon, Helmut Kern, Stefan Loefler et al.

For the precise evaluation of body balance, static type of tests performed on a force plate are the most commonly used ones. In these tests, body sway characteristics are analyzed based on the model of inverted pendulum and looking at the center of pressure (COP) movement in time. Human body engages different strategies to compensate for balance perturbations. For this reason, there is a need to identify parameters which are sensitive to specific balance changes and which enable us to identify balance sub-components. The aim of our study was to investigate intra-visit repeatability and sensibility of the 40 different body sway parameters. Twenty-nine subjects participated in the study. They performed three different balancing tasks of different levels of difficulty, three repetitions each. The hip-width parallel stance and the single leg stance, both with open eyes, were used as ways to compare different balance intensities due to biomechanical changes. Additionally, deprivation of vision was used in the third balance task to study sensitivity to sensory system changes. As shown by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), repeatability of cumulative parameters such as COP, maximal amplitude and frequency showed excellent repeatability (ICC&gt;0,85). Other parameters describing sub-dynamics through single repetition proved to have unsatisfying repeatability. Parameters most sensitive to increased intensity of balancing tasks were common COP, COP in medio-lateral and in antero-posterior direction, and maximal amplitues in the same directions. Frequency of oscilations has proved to be sensitive only to deprivation of vision. As shown in our study, cumulative parameters describing the path which the center of pressure makes proved to be the most repeatable and sensitive to detect different increases of balancing tasks enabling future use in balance studies and in clinical practice.

R. Reina, F. J. Moreno, D. Sanz et al.

&lt;p class="titulo1" align="center"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="titulo1" align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;RESUMEN &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class="tabulado"&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="resumenyabstract" align="justify"&gt;El presente trabajo aborda la problem&amp;aacute;tica del estudio del comportamiento visual y motor en una situaci&amp;oacute;n simulada de resto ante el servicio en tenis y tenis en silla de ruedas, en la que los sujetos deben responder ante los servicios efectuados por su oponente, tanto en situaci&amp;oacute;n de pista (3D) como ante una proyecci&amp;oacute;n de video en una pantalla (2D). En el estudio participaron tres grupos: uno de tenistas en sillas de ruedas novel, uno experimentado, y un grupo de tenistas sin discapacidad alguna. Los tres grupos observaron dos secuencias (2D y 3D) de 24 servicios liftados, efectuados por dos tenistas en silla y dos en bipedestaci&amp;oacute;n. Los sujetos mostraron un mayor n&amp;uacute;mero de fijaciones visuales en la situaci&amp;oacute;n de videoproyecci&amp;oacute;n, as&amp;iacute; como un mayor n&amp;uacute;mero y tiempo de fijaci&amp;oacute;n visual sobre localizaciones del miembro superior. En cambio, en la situaci&amp;oacute;n ante oponente real, mostraron un mayor n&amp;uacute;mero y tiempo de fijaci&amp;oacute;n visual sobre la bola. A tenor de los resultados obtenidos, parece ser que una menor habituaci&amp;oacute;n a situaciones simuladas de juego podr&amp;iacute;a conllevar a una alteraci&amp;oacute;n de la estrategia de b&amp;uacute;squeda visual desarrollada, con implicaciones en la estrategia de seguimiento de la trayectoria de la bola. &lt;br /&gt; PALABRAS CLAVE: Dimensionalidad, Comportamiento visual, Respuesta de reacci&amp;oacute;n, Tenis en Silla de ruedas, Tenis, Resto al servicio.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="titulo1" align="center"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="titulo1" align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="resumenyabstract" align="justify"&gt;The study of the visual and motor behaviour in a simulated situation of return to service in tennis and wheelchair tennis was carried out, where participants responded to the serves in both real-life (3D) and video-based settings (2D). Automated systems to acquire data were employed, trying to simulate the attentional demands of the game in the video-based situation. Three groups were analysed in the study: a novice wheelchair tennis players, experienced wheelers, and a group of non-disabled tennis players. They observed two series (2D and 3D) of 24 top-spin services, performed by two wheelchair tennis players and other two players in a biped position. Participants showed a higher number of visual fixations in the video-based situation, as well as a higher number and time of visual fixation on locations of the upper body. On the other hand, in the real-life setting, they showed a higher number and time of visual fixation on the ball. According to the results, it seems that a lesser familiarization with the video-based situation could modify the visual search strategy, especially in the pursuit of the trajectory of the ball.&lt;br /&gt; KEY WORDS: Dimensionality, Visual behaviour, Reaction response, Wheelchair tennis, Tennis, Return to service&lt;/p&gt;