Hasil untuk "History of Law"

B. Neal, V. Perkovic, K. Mahaffey et al.

Chamila Gamage

This paper frames calculus as a global, centuries-long development rather than a subject that began only with Newton and Leibniz. Drawing on ideas from Greek, Indian, Islamic, and later European mathematics, it highlights how concepts like infinity, area, motion, and continuous change slowly evolved through solving problems and cultural exchange. I argue that bringing this history into the classroom helps students see calculus as more than a set of procedures: it becomes a story of human creativity and persistence. By revisiting the questions early mathematicians struggled with, students can better appreciate and better understand the core ideas behind the formulas they use today.

Thomas Gergen

Martino Tognocchi

Lauren Benton’s new book, They Called It Peace, offers a comprehensive view of the various forms of violence that European empires deployed overseas from the early modern period to the 19th century. These forms of violence—ranging from household abuses and slavery to deliberate killings and mass exterminations—soon became routine mechanisms for maintaining colonial rule. As the author convincingly demonstrates through a solid theoretical framework and rich historical evidence, small wars were far from marginal, despite being represented as such by Europeans. Rather, they had global implications for legal, political, and cultural imaginaries, resonating to this day. This review aims to highlight the book’s important contributions to both the history of international law and global history.

Revista Mexicana de Historia del Derecho

Benedek Varga

For the second time, the legal historians of the Faculty of Law of the University of Szeged participated in the international research group supported by the Visegrad Grant. The central topic of the project, which was implemented between 2021-2022, was the comparative study of the development of Polish, Czech and Hungarian legal systems between the two World Wars. The consortium project “(Dis)continuity of Legal Systems in Czechoslovakia, Hungary & Poland after WWII: Difficult Heritage”, launched in February 2024, focused on the Sovietisation of the legal systems of Central and Eastern European countries, but the methodology remained the same, as the socialist legislation was examined using the methodology of comparative law, in which the international conference organised in the framework of the project played a significant role. Five universities were involved in the research: the Jagellonian University and the University of Bialystok in Poland, the University of Trnava in Slovakia, the University of Plzeň in the Czech Republic, the and the Hungarian Department of Legal History of the University of Szeged in Hungary.

Rym Fassi-Fihri

Cet article propose de retracer la méthodologie comparative utilisée dans le cadre du travail de thèse sur les droits et libertés du numérique comme droits fondamentaux en voie d’élaboration. Il s’agit de justifier l’opportunité du recours à la méthode comparative, de préciser les enjeux de la comparaison ainsi que ses apports. Tout d’abord, l’article met en lumière l’intérêt d’une recherche comparative s’agissant des droits et libertés du numérique. Bien que l’analyse du degré d’autonomie de ces droits eût été concevable dans l’ordre juridique français exclusivement, une telle recherche n’aurait présenté qu’un intérêt limité dans la mesure où l’objet de la recherche se rapporte au numérique qui a une dimension ubiquitaire. Ensuite, l’article fait état de la méthode et des enjeux de la comparaison. La comparaison voit ses modalités déterminées par les enjeux de la recherche qui consistent à démontrer l’autonomisation progressive des droits et libertés du numérique en France et aux États-Unis. Enfin sont présentés les apports de la comparaison. Cette dernière a notamment contribué à la réflexion sur la systématisation des droits et libertés du numérique en une nouvelle catégorie de droits fondamentaux.

Tikhomirov N.V.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the activities of students of the All-Union Communist Agricultural University named after Y.M. Sverdlov during industrial practice in agricultural organizations of the central Chernozem region at the final stage of the socialist restructuring of the village. The work is based on the data of reports prepared by students of the VKSU for the academic part of the university. The source base was made up of documents of the spring practice of 1936. The subject of the study was a complex of relations characterizing the daily life of employees of collective farms, state farms and MTS in the specified historical period. The relevance of the work is due to the low level of study of this range of issues, as well as the author’s appeal to documents that have not previously been involved in solving such problems. For the first time, materials that were not previously in demand in research on the problems of collectivization in the USSR, as well as collective farm everyday life during the second five-year plan, are being introduced into scientific circulation. The information potential of the source makes it possible to study the life of collective farm peasants in everyday, economic, and cultural dimensions. It is shown what role the young specialists played in establishing the work of artels and MTS in the regions of the Russian Black Earth region. The conclusions obtained are intended to expand the source base of scientific research on the problems of socialist transformation of the village in the 1930s, to clarify ideas about the specifics of the creation and functioning of collective farms. The results of the work done serve to deepen the scientific understanding of the processes associated with the restructuring of the village and the place in these processes of students of communist universities of the USSR.

Demyanchuk T.

Purpose. The purpose of the publication is to reveal the degree of involvement of public institutions in the protection of the rights of prisoners and rehabilitated persons in the Ukrainian SSR in the 1960s-1980s. Methods. The methodological basis of the research was a set of principles of historicism, objectivity, as well as general scientific, special scientific and philosophical methods. Results. It was established that in the conditions of the liberalization of social relations in the second half of the 1950s, the degree of involvement of public organizations in working with prisoners was fixed at the legislative level, but the norms of the criminal and correctional and labor codes contained significant contradictions, in particular, the Criminal Code of the Ukrainian SSR provided for the serving of a conditional sentence or early dismissal in the workforce of a separate enterprise, while the Correctional Labor Code only mentioned the possibility of involving labor unions in such work. Only after the creation of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group (later the Ukrainian Helsinki Union) and the "Memorial" society can we say that a real struggle for the rights of prisoners appeared. Legally, public organizations could not fundamentally influence the work of the criminal-executive system, but they showed its totalitarian and anti-human character, contributed to the collapse of this system and the USSR itself. Originality. Information is provided about the process of formation of public organizations in the Ukrainian SSR and the degree of their involvement in protecting the rights of persons who served sentences or were rehabilitated. Practical significance. The results of the research can be used for the preparation of lectures and special courses on the history of the state and law, popularization of the historical past, preservation of historical memory and condemnation of the actions of Soviet leaders.

Christopher M. Graney

This paper provides an overview of recent historical research regarding scientifically-informed challenges to the idea that the stars are other suns orbited by other inhabited earths -- an idea that came to be known as "the Plurality of Worlds". Johannes Kepler in the seventeenth century, Jacques Cassini in the eighteenth, and William Whewell in the nineteenth each argued against "pluralism" based on what in their respective times was solid science. Nevertheless, pluralism remained popular despite these and other scientific challenges. This history will be of interest to the astronomical community so that it is better positioned to avoid difficulties should the historical trajectory of pluralism continue, especially as it persists in the popular imagination.

J. Teugels

Lenka Dzúriková

Conference report

Imran Ali, Muhammad Ijaz Tabassum

<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The Oriental College is first educational institution of Governemnt of Punjab, where Oriental Languages are taught. Oriental College was established in 1870, basically this Institution was established to acquaint the people with modern field of knowledge in Oriental Languages. At that time Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit, Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi (Grumukhi) and Peshto, including modern subjects of knowledge, like Engineering, Mathematic, Geography, Economic, Philosophy, Muslim Law, Dharam Shaster, Medicine, Economic, Tibb Unani, Vedak and History were taught in this College.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">M.A. classes were started at Oriental College beginning with Arabic, M.A. Sanskrit 1888, Persian 1921, Urdu 1948, Punjabi 1970 and Kashmir Studies 1987.</span>

Ram Sagar

The Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), a premier autonomous research institute under the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India has a legacy of about seven decades with contributions made in the field of observational sciences namely atmospheric and astrophysics. The Survey of India used a location at ARIES, determined with an accuracy of better than 10 meters on a world datum through institute participation in a global network of Earth artificial satellites imaging during late 1950. Taking advantage of its high-altitude location, ARIES, for the first time, provided valuable input for climate change studies by long term characterization of physical and chemical properties of aerosols and trace gases in the central Himalayan regions. In astrophysical sciences, the institute has contributed precise and sometime unique observations of the celestial bodies leading to a number of discoveries. With the installation of the 3.6 meter Devasthal optical telescope in the year 2015, India became the only Asian country to join those few nations of the world who are hosting 4 meter class optical telescopes. This telescope, having advantage of geographical location, is well-suited for multi-wavelength observations and for sub-arc-second resolution imaging of the celestial objects including follow-up of the GMRT, AstroSat and gravitational-wave sources.

Nana Osei Owusu, Benedict Arthur, Emmanuel Mensah Aboagye

Abstract Background Cannabis is one of humanity’s oldest crops with several uses, from food to clothing and medicine. It remains one of the most controversial crops whose production, possession, and usage are regulated differently across jurisdictions. Academic research and advocacy have resulted in the redefinition of the legal status of cannabis in several countries. Ghana recently reviewed its laws on cannabis, allowing for the cultivation of industrial hemp. The legislation paves the way for Ghana to benefit from industrial hemp and include it in the agricultural cash crop list. This paper looks at the economic prospects of industrial hemp in the wake of the new law. Methods A systematic electronic research was conducted to identify journal articles, reports, news, blogs, and other relevant materials on cannabis, marijuana, and industrial hemp. The electronic search was done primarily on Google, Google Scholar, Bing, and “Baidu Xueshi” to identify cannabis-related publications. The search was expanded beyond Ghana to find other perspectives on cannabis. The search began in January 2020 on Google using search terms like “cannabis in Ghana” and “which countries have legal cannabis.” Materials on history, financial prospects, industrial uses, and legislations on cannabis and industrial hemp were reviewed. Results Existing research on cannabis in Ghana has focused on the psychotic effects of cannabis other than its industrial aspects, which has potentials for the economy. Industrial hemp has CBD with no psychotic effects and is very useful in making medicine, paper, and textiles. Ghana has both the land and workforce to produce hemp to feed local industries and the international market. Conclusion The new legislation can put Ghana in a position to benefit from the current cannabis industry. Therefore, policymakers should implement a registration regime that would favor local investors and farmers to reduce illegal production. The regulatory framework should establish a well-equipped agency that will supervise production and research into hemp development.

Barak Shoshany, Jared Wogan

In a previous paper, we showed that a class of time travel paradoxes which cannot be resolved using Novikov's self-consistency conjecture can be resolved by assuming the existence of multiple histories or parallel timelines. However, our proof was obtained using a simplistic toy model, which was formulated using contrived laws of physics. In the present paper we define and analyze a new model of time travel paradoxes, which is more compatible with known physics. This model consists of a traversable Morris-Thorne wormhole time machine in 3+1 spacetime dimensions. We define the spacetime topology and geometry of the model, calculate the geodesics of objects passing through the time machine, and prove that this model inevitably leads to paradoxes which cannot be resolved using Novikov's conjecture, but can be resolved using multiple histories. An open-source simulation of our new model using Mathematica is available for download on GitHub. We also provide additional arguments against the Novikov self-consistency conjecture by considering two new paradoxes, the switch paradox and the password paradox, for which assuming self-consistency inevitably leads to counter-intuitive consequences. Our new results provide more substantial support to our claim that if time travel is possible, then multiple histories or parallel timelines must also be possible.

Murray Gell-Mann, James B Hartle

This paper discusses the relation between the decoherent histories approach to quantum mechanics that is based on coarse-grained decoherent histories of a closed system, and the approximate quantum mechanics of measured subsystems, as in the Copenhagen interpretation. We show how the a classical world used in such formulations is not to something to be postulated but rather explained by suitable sets of alternative histories of quasiclassical variables. We discuss the general definition of measurement, the collapse of the wave function, and irreversibility from the perspective of decoherent histories quantum theory..

Andrea Tagarelli, Andrea Simeri

Modeling law search and retrieval as prediction problems has recently emerged as a predominant approach in law intelligence. Focusing on the law article retrieval task, we present a deep learning framework named LamBERTa, which is designed for civil-law codes, and specifically trained on the Italian civil code. To our knowledge, this is the first study proposing an advanced approach to law article prediction for the Italian legal system based on a BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) learning framework, which has recently attracted increased attention among deep learning approaches, showing outstanding effectiveness in several natural language processing and learning tasks. We define LamBERTa models by fine-tuning an Italian pre-trained BERT on the Italian civil code or its portions, for law article retrieval as a classification task. One key aspect of our LamBERTa framework is that we conceived it to address an extreme classification scenario, which is characterized by a high number of classes, the few-shot learning problem, and the lack of test query benchmarks for Italian legal prediction tasks. To solve such issues, we define different methods for the unsupervised labeling of the law articles, which can in principle be applied to any law article code system. We provide insights into the explainability and interpretability of our LamBERTa models, and we present an extensive experimental analysis over query sets of different type, for single-label as well as multi-label evaluation tasks. Empirical evidence has shown the effectiveness of LamBERTa, and also its superiority against widely used deep-learning text classifiers and a few-shot learner conceived for an attribute-aware prediction task.

Giulia Di Giacomo

L’articolo esamina la legislazione italiana emanata in tema di emigrazione dal 1901 al 1919, focalizzandosi in particolare sulle disposizioni concernenti l’emigrazione continentale, sia in considerazione della minore attenzione prestata finora a queste norme, sia per evidenziare il forte nesso esistente tra l’attività di tutela degli emigranti e la possibilità di controllare e governare i flussi migratori. Analizzando il susseguirsi degli interventi normativi l’articolo prova a verificare se e in che misura l’incremento dell’attività amministrativa statale rivolta alla tutela degli emigranti abbia progressivamente distorto il carattere liberale della normativa del 1901.

Sjang L. ten Hagen

This article contributes to a global history of relativity, by exploring how Einstein's theory was appropriated in Belgium. This may sound as a contradiction in terms, yet the early-twentieth-century Belgian context, because of its cultural diversity and reflectiveness of global conditions (the principal example being the First World War), proves well-suited to expose transnational flows and patterns in the global history of relativity. The attempts of Belgian physicist Théophile de Donder to contribute to relativity physics during the 1910s and 1920s illustrate the role of the war in shaping the transnational networks through which relativity circulated. The local attitudes of conservative Belgian Catholic scientists and philosophers, who denied that relativity was philosophically significant, exemplify a global pattern: while critics of relativity feared to become marginalized by the scientific, political, and cultural revolutions that Einstein and his theory were taken to represent, supporters sympathized with these revolutions.