Hasil untuk "History of France"

Phillip R. Sloan

V. Bauchau, S. Durham

G. Genette

Maurice Blanchot

Maurice Blanchot, the eminent literary and cultural critic, has had a vast influence on contemporary French writers--among them Jean Paul Sartre and Jacques Derrida. From the 1930s through the present day, his writings have been shaping the international literary consciousness."The Space of Literature," first published in France in 1955, is central to the development of Blanchot's thought. In it he reflects on literature and the unique demand it makes upon our attention. Thus he explores the process of reading as well as the nature of artistic creativity, all the while considering the relation of the literary work to time, to history, and to death. This book consists not so much in the application of a critical method or the demonstration of a theory of literature as in a patiently deliberate meditation upon the literary experience, informed most notably by studies of Mallarme, Kafka, Rilke, and Holderlin. Blanchot's discussions of those writers are among the finest in any language.

J. Field, S. Walley, W. Proud et al.

J. Silvain, Guillaume Cayla, E. Ferrari et al.

BACKGROUND The appropriate duration of treatment with beta-blocker drugs after a myocardial infarction is unknown. Data are needed on the safety and efficacy of the interruption of long-term beta-blocker treatment to reduce side effects and improve quality of life in patients with a history of uncomplicated myocardial infarction. METHODS In a multicenter, open label, randomized, noninferiority trial conducted at 49 sites in France, we randomly assigned patients with a history of myocardial infarction, in a 1:1 ratio, to interruption or continuation of beta-blocker treatment. All the patients had a left ventricular ejection fraction of at least 40% while receiving long-term beta-blocker treatment and had no history of a cardiovascular event in the previous 6 months. The primary end point was a composite of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for cardiovascular reasons at the longest follow-up (minimum, 1 year), according to an analysis of noninferiority (defined as a between-group difference of <3 percentage points for the upper boundary of the two-sided 95% confidence interval). The main secondary end point was the change in quality of life as measured by the European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions questionnaire. RESULTS A total of 3698 patients underwent randomization: 1846 to the interruption group and 1852 to the continuation group. The median time between the last myocardial infarction and randomization was 2.9 years (interquartile range, 1.2 to 6.4), and the median follow-up was 3.0 years (interquartile range, 2.0 to 4.0). A primary-outcome event occurred in 432 of 1812 patients (23.8%) in the interruption group and in 384 of 1821 patients (21.1%) in the continuation group (risk difference, 2.8 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], <0.1 to 5.5), for a hazard ratio of 1.16 (95% CI, 1.01 to 1.33; P = 0.44 for noninferiority). Beta-blocker interruption did not seem to improve the patients' quality of life. CONCLUSIONS In patients with a history of myocardial infarction, interruption of long-term beta-blocker treatment was not found to be noninferior to a strategy of beta-blocker continuation. (Funded by the French Ministry of Health and ACTION Study Group; ABYSS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03498066; EudraCT number, 2017-003903-23.).

Charly Andral, Laetitia Leduc, Guillaume Matheron et al.

This study examines the impact of residential energy retrofits on household energy consumption in France using smart meter data from nearly 2,500 Hello Watt users, using a two-period difference-in-differences design. The dataset combines daily electricity and gas consumption collected through smart meters, hourly temperatures from Météo France, and user-declared home and retrofit information. As a control, we use a group composed of homes of Hello Watt users that are similar to the treated homes, but did not undergo any renovations. The average treatment effect on the treated is estimated with the estimator of Sant'Anna & Zhao (2020). Estimates are reported by energy source (electricity vs. gas) and by retrofit type. The retrofit measures considered are limited to single interventions: wall insulation, attic insulation, floor insulation, installation of an air-to-air heat pump, or installation of an air-to-water heat pump. A comprehensive retrofit is defined separately as the simultaneous implementation of at least two of these measures. Our results show that insulation works cause a significant decrease in both electricity and gas consumption (3% to 13% and 5% to 16% respectively, depending on the retrofit type). We also estimate the reduction on the heating consumption only (7% to 27% for electrical heating and 7% to 19% for gas heating). We also study retrofits that consist in replacing a gas boiler with an air-to-water heat pump, resulting in a cut of 85% in carbon emissions.

R. Koselleck, Todd Presner

Ugo Lancien, MD, MSc, Pierre-Joachim Mahe, MD, Aline Lepelletier, MD et al.

Summary:. A 34-year-old patient with no medical history was admitted following severe thermal burns (>85% of the body surface area), including deep second- and third-degree injuries. Surgical management aimed to heal the entire upper body (thorax, abdomen, and back) using topical oxygen therapy (TOT) on the deep second-degree burns, without burn excision or skin grafting, while processing conventional management of the remaining burned areas alongside specialized intensive care. TOT was performed using an innovative oxygenating dressing (HEMHealing, Hemarina SA, Morlaix, France) combined with conventional excisional, allograft, and autograft management (4 surgical steps) on the hands, upper limbs, and lower limbs; the protocol enabled graft-free healing of the abdomen, thorax, and back within around 5 weeks. Despite a prolonged healing time (47 d, beyond the dogma of 2–3 wk), at 12 months follow-up, the scars showed very little inflammation and no hypertrophy on the trunk and the back. The patient did not require compression garments on TOT-treated sites. We report the use of this innovative dressing—in parallel with resuscitation and conventional surgery—and the very favorable evolution of this patient confirms this choice in retrospect. We now need to consider other cases and studies to validate our initial clinical results.

Mark Hudson, Junzo Uchiyama, Claudia Zancan et al.

Maritime networks have been proposed as a mechanism for early agricultural and, by extension, language dispersals in several coastal and island regions. In Island Southeast Asia, such networks have sometimes been discussed as an alternative to the farming/language dispersal hypothesis. However, the relationships between Neolithic maritime networks and maritime economies are poorly known. Here, we summarise published information for three regions where Neolithic maritime networks are thought to have been associated with language dispersals (whether hypothetical or directly attested): the Mediterranean, Island Southeast Asia and Japan. We conclude that while maritime networks played an important role in the Neolithic dispersals considered here, maritime trade and resources did not necessarily represent alternative or opposing economic strategies to agriculture. It was only from the Bronze Age that long-distance trade integrated maritime exchange and resources into a broader economic system. Our review illustrates the complex relations between subsistence, technology and mobility in prehistoric maritime networks and the paper concludes with suggestions for future research.

Luca Pedruzzi, Alice Galotti, Martina Francesconi et al.

Studying interactions between domestic species and wild primates is crucial for understanding the impacts of human expansion on wildlife. While free-roaming domestic dogs are one of the most common human-introduced carnivores and pose potential threats to primates, their direct influence on primate behaviour remains largely overlooked. Geladas (Theropithecus gelada), a primate species endemic to Ethiopia's Afro-alpine grasslands with a specialized diet, are facing challenges from habitat loss and interactions with domestic animals throughout their geographical range. Here, we followed 17 gelada group units in an unprotected area of Ethiopia (6-month period, 598 h of observation) and explored their behavioural responses to different natural and human-related threats. We observed strong vigilance in response to the presence of humans chasing nearby groups, as well as in response to dogs and eagles. Other raptors and birds of prey (including vultures and kites) produced no vigilance response, or only a modest one (e.g., augur buzzard). We also report encounters and interactions (n = 16) between dogs and geladas. Although we observed some behaviours associated with agonism and anxiety from both sides, the presence of dogs at close proximity was mainly tolerated. This contrasts with data from populations inhabiting protected areas where geladas typically exhibit flight responses to encounters with dogs. These differences between populations hint at gelada behavioural plasticity to adapt and live in human-impacted environments with limited alternative feeding sites. Increased awareness and documentation of dog-primate interactive events are essential to better grasp the broader implications of human-wildlife coexistence, one of the most important challenges of the Anthropocene.

Jonathan Labbé, Typhaine Lebègue, Abdel Malik Ola

This research examines the empowerment of women entrepreneurs in the context of entrepreneurial financing in France. It explores the factors that allow some women entrepreneurs to access certain categories of external finance more easily. The theoretical framework used is based on the concept of empowerment, explored through its personal and relational dimensions. The study relies on a quantitative approach, using data from a representative of women entrepreneurs. The results show that the status of a founder affects access to external finance in different ways: it increases the chances of successful fundraising, but reduces the chances of obtaining bank finance. This finding highlights the importance of empowerment dynamics, which vary according to the type of financing. In addition, characteristics such as the presence of a spouse in the business, high income, membership of a professional network and the diversity of this network complete the analysis of inequalities in access. This study, the first of its kind in France, suggests ways of enriching our understanding of the diversity of situations experienced by female founders, thus helping to deconstruct the homogeneous image of women's entrepreneurship.

Amanda K. Gatewood, LaReina Hingson

Classification systems allow for detailed and organized study of related items. The expansive and contradictory nature of circus makes it difficult to agree on one coherent, holistic classification system that constitutes “circus.” However, a well-constructed system prompts readers to discuss, discover and learn more about skills, apparatus, disciplines, cultural and geographic variation, and history. This article examines several attempts to classify circus apparatus, disciplines and skills. The systems reviewed include the Gurevich system (Soviet Union, developed in the 1950s), the CNAC system (France, developed in the 1980s), the Hovey Burgess system (United States, developed in 1974), the Bortoleto system (Brazil, developed in 2017), the Dokucirco system (Mexico, developed in 2016) and the Gatewood system (United States, developed in 2023). We aim to provide readers with tools to expand the depth and breadth of circus through improved knowledge of each classification system, as well as a better understanding of how circus has been taught and conceptualized in different temporal and geographic contexts. Les systèmes de classification permettent d’étudier des sujets connexes de manière détaillée et organisée. Le cirque est un art très vaste et contradictoire, et par conséquent, il est difficile de s’accorder sur un système de classification cohérent et holistique qui présente le cirque dans sa globalité. Toutefois, s’il est bien conçu, un tel système invite le lectorat à discuter, découvrir et en apprendre plus sur l’éventail des compétences, des appareils et des disciplines, ainsi que les variations culturelles et géographiques, sans oublier l’histoire de l’art circassien. Cet article analyse plusieurs tentatives de classification d’appareils, de disciplines et de compétences. Nous passerons en revue les systèmes suivants : le système Gurevich (Union soviétique, développé dans les années 1950), le système CNAC (France, développé dans les années 1980), le système Hovey Burgess (États-Unis, développé en 1974), le système Bortoleto (Brésil, développé en 2017), le système Dokucirco (Mexique, développé en 2016) et le système Gatewood (États-Unis, développé en 2023). Nous souhaitons offrir au lectorat des outils qui permettront d’élargir les arts du cirque dans toutes leurs dimensions grâce à une meilleure connaissance des systèmes de classification, ainsi qu’une meilleure compréhension des méthodes d’enseignement et de conceptualisation du cirque à travers de nombreux contextes temporels et géographiques.

Michael J. Benton, Sarah King

While museums have long been associated with the protection and interpretation of cultural, historical, and natural heritage, their role in geoconservation has only become more prominent in recent decades. Geoconservation focuses on the conservation of geological features, processes, and landscapes, and has gained recognition as an important area of environmental protection, particularly in the context of climate change and anthropogenic pressures on natural resources. Importantly, geoconservation is based on the fundamental scientific evaluation of those locations, such as open landscapes, coastlines, and quarries in terms of their regional and international significance. Therefore, there are two roles for museums in connection with geoconservation, namely scientific and educational. Museums promote geoconservation through their collections, exhibitions, research, and public outreach. Different papers in the volume address questions of proper collecting practice and making links from the conserved geological sites to the curated collections in a museum, largely in the context of their scientific worth. Collecting on the land can be a fraught topic in the context of moving specimens from place to place, especially in moving them from one nation to another. What was once done without thought is now an important area of ethical debate. Such considerations are important also in education, where the choice of language and terminology can matter. Further, museums, like geoparks, rely on the support of visitors and it is important for all audiences to be considered in planning the educational and engagement activities in museums and integrating with nearby geosites. Partnerships between museums and geosites can present benefits for both. Papers in the Special Issue We publish 11 papers in this Special Issue, addressing different topics in the relationship of museums with geoconservation sites and objectives. Our authors come from many countries (UK, Germany, France, Morocco, Australia, and China) and reflect specific examples from each of these nations. In two articles, the authors explore practical, legal, and ethical issues between geological sites and museums. Van Geert (2024) compares the presentation of geology in geopark museums and natural history museums, focusing on the French and Spanish Catalan region of Europe. He notes how the expansion of the geoheritage concept has led to profound changes in museums and the wider heritage sector as these institutions adapt to strengthening the link between natural and cultural heritage. He also sees real impacts from increasing awareness among professionals and the public for issues associated with decolonization issues and the climate crisis. In their paper, Reedman et al. (2024) explore fossil collecting along parts of the Dorset and East Devon Coast World Heritage Site. Fossil collecting is managed through codes of conduct rather than laws. The codes operate on rapidly eroding coastlines where fossils may be found at any time and if they are not collected might be lost to erosion. This makes it impractical to mandate official collecting by licensed authorities only because they do not have the time to monitor many kilometers of coastline every few days. On the other hand, the hundreds of thousands of visitors could cause great harm by over-collecting and dispersing the fossils. A balance is struck, whereby visitors may collect common fossils such as ammonites, but are encouraged to report any particularly impressive specimens or marine reptile bones. It is unknown how many remarkable fossils are removed without being recorded, but sufficient specimens are recorded by the local museums along the coast that the authors conclude the codes of good practice are at least substantially effective. Two papers, respectively from the UK and Australia, explore issues of decolonization and current issues between occupants of the land. Gelsthorpe (2024) provides a thoughtful consideration of decolonization as it affects a museum, in his case the Manchester Museum, that acquired specimens from all over the world in times when few questions were asked about ethical matters. He argues that ‘the repatriation of geological specimens can be regarded as a barometer of the progress of decolonization’. He provides an example of how the Manchester Museum returned a Cretaceous fossil bird specimen that had been purchased illegally to China and uses this as a wake-up call to encourage other museums to be proactive in contacting authorities in other nations to offer the return of specimens. Hurst et al. (2024) explore live situations in Australia where scientists and museums have up to now often ignored the wishes and interests of the First Nations peoples. They note that museums in Australia, and more widely, exhibit numerous examples of First Nations art, and ethical considerations about how those artifacts were obtained and how they are exhibited and explained can be enormous. There are also major concerns ignored to a large extent hitherto about the land throughout Australia and how we approach and talk about it. Every geological site is on the ancestral lands of a First Nations group, and Hurst et al. present ideas about proper engagement between Western-trained scientists and First Nations peoples. Sally Hurst pioneered an engagement scheme throughout Australia called ‘Found a Fossil’ survey, and the authors present results and examples of further outcomes between museums and geosites concerning dinosaur tracks, stone tools, and a film project that have brought together disparate interests and cultures around important geological themes. We then present five articles that provide examples of different means of illustrating and disseminating information about geosites through museums. El Hamidy et al. (2024) show the National Ceramics Museum in Safi, Morocco (NCMSM) helps to promote geotourism and protect geosites through a variety of activities, including geosite visits, educational programs, interpretive panels, geotours, awareness campaigns, souvenir offers, and interactive applications. Lincoln and Colley (2024) provide an account of how a small geological museum in northern England, the Kendal Museum, used stories around some ‘local heroes’ to interest the local people and visitors in how geologists work and to make connections from the museum displays to local geosites that tourists can visit. In a similar way, Munt (2024) reports the history of a newer museum, the Dinosaur Isle Museum on the Isle of Wight, southern England, founded in 2001, and how it exhibits dinosaur fossils all found within at most a few kilometers of the museum. He argues that place is important in the location of this museum, allowing visitors and local people to realize the remarkable specimens on show are very local to the museum itself, and inspiring some at least to walk or drive on to see some of the original find spots of dinosaur skeletons and footprints. The fourth case study is from the IVPP museum in Beijing, China, where Wang et al. (2024) present a detailed account of the great wall murals that act as a backdrop to the collections on all three floors of the galleries. They show how they are a good representation of the state of knowledge of Chinese palaeontology in the early 1990s, and how the life restorations of animals can help visitors interpret the fossils they see in front of them and connect those back to the sites from which they came, many of them now incorporated into geoparks that are open to visitors. Finally, in this section, Schütrumpf et al. (2024) describe the ‘Ask a Geologist’ service at the Warwick Market Hall Museum in central England, where staff of the museum and volunteers from the county geoconservation group meet the public to answer questions and identify rocks and fossils. The final two articles are about one of the longest-studied geological areas in the world, the Dorset coast in southern England. Davis (2024) describes the Lyme Regis Fossil Festival which has happened each year since 2005, attracting 15–20,000 people each time to the variety of stalls, scientific lectures, circus shows, and other events designed to link people to the geology and palaeontology and especially the geoconservation aspects of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage site. It all began with Mary Anning (1799–1847), and Pearson (2024) presents an evocative account of her involvement in the campaign to establish a statue in honor of the great fossil collector. In particular, she describes how Mary Anning has become a hero worldwide for her contributions and acts as an inspiration for young people, especially girls, to become scientists, but also to take an interest in geology, palaeontology, and geoconservation.

Gaëtan Obéissart

Since their childhood, Louis XVIII and Charles X have been in contact with the naval world. Conscious that this contributes to the enhancement of the prestige of the crown and to the influence of France, the two monarchs support the men and the initiatives aimed at promoting the military navy, its history, its current events and its recovery, within a post-Napoleonic French society wondering about the place that military action should now occupy in the running of the country. Paradoxically, the military world, here naval, suffers from a bad image in a context of questioning of the place of the armies in the nation and the State. But at the same time, the naval world remains present in the minds of many French people, the arts and the cultural world taking part in this discussion, and continues to be one of the elements of national prestige, which is put forward and which we keep the memory of greatness of yesteryear.

B. Solomon, K. Krishna

L. Kvist, K. Viiri, P. Dias et al.

P. Mertes, M. Laxenaire, F. Alla

I.K. Kalimonov, V.E. Tumanin, E.I. Kamaletdinova

This article focuses on an interesting aspect of the scholarly career of Marc Ferro, one of the most famous French historians of the 20th century. He was not only the editor-in-chief of the Annales, but also the co-editor of the Journal of Contemporary History, which encouraged him to attempt experiences beyond the traditional scope of the Annales. Historians who published their findings in the Annales were either medieval or modern history researchers, i.e., they believed that contemporary history provides no suitable material for historical studies. Thus, M. Ferro was a pioneer of the study of the modern history of France. In addition, as a disciple of Pierre Renouwen, he actively developed the history of international relations. P. Renouwen and M. Ferro, unlike most historians of the Annales School of History, held to the critical assessment of the role of mentality in historical change. Here we discuss their approach to the study of the world of perceptions as a factor determining the dynamics of change in the world of people's perceptions and its reflection in the changing international situation. Based on an analysis of the works of these historians, it is concluded that a shortcoming of the traditional approaches of the Annales School is the desire for universalism, which became a source of misunderstanding of many contemporary processes that the West deals with in the former colonial countries.