Hasil untuk "History of Eastern Europe"

Stojanović Dragana

As an intricate dynamic network of social identifications, expectations, and behavioral models in their use and abuse, the interrelation of gender and power uncovers more than established gender roles and relations: it reveals deeper layers of individual and collective reasoning, which further informs and influences one’s thoughts and decisions. This can particularly be important in the times of crisis and survival, since it can have a direct effect on one’s ways and chances of survival, as well as on the experiences survived. In the other words, gender-related mechanisms are in the background of the totality of conditions in times of crisis and war. In the case of the Holocaust, gender-power axis can be identified in the survival response of the survivors, as well as in the executive decisions of the perpetrators, and it can all be read throughout the texts of the survivor testimonies. In order to understand the Holocaust as a gendered event, a gender-fueled atrocity, I would like to analyze the testimonies of Yugoslavian Holocaust survivors gathered in the five book edition We survived: Yugoslav Jews on the Holocaust 1–5 (Federation of Jewish Communities of Yugoslavia/Serbia & Montenegro/Serbia 2001–2009).

Karolina Jakaitė, Karina Simonson

The conference Art Beyond the Politics: Africa and the ‘Other’ Europe during the Cold War, planned by the Vilnius Academy of Arts in 2022, was intended to explore the often-overlooked cultural exchanges between Central-Eastern Europe and Africa during the Cold War era. Its goal was to address a significant gap in art historical research by examining both actual and imagined connections between these regions, challenging the prevailing narratives that predominantly focus on Western Europe and the United States. Unfortunately, the outbreak of war in Ukraine rapidly disrupted these plans. Global academic networks were suddenly fractured, and scholars found themselves increasingly divided along national lines. Panels, collaborations, and exchanges that had been in preparation were postponed or cancelled, underscoring how geopolitical crises continue to shape the conditions of intellectual work. This special issue of Acta Academiae Artium Vilnensis seeks to advance the conference’s objectives despite these disruptions, providing a platform for scholarly engagement with the intersections of art, politics, and cultural exchange between Africa and the ‘Other’ Europe during the Cold War. This issue brings together the work of twelve authors, whose papers engage with a wide range of questions, insights, and perspectives. Each contribution offers a unique approach to understanding the cultural, political and artistic intersections between Africa and the Central-Eastern Europe during the Cold War. Collectively, the papers illuminate both historical connections and conceptual frameworks, providing new analyses, critical reflections, and, in some cases, tentative answers to long-standing questions in art history and cultural studies.

Orsolya Falus, Borbála Obrusánszky

In the first half of the 13th century, Europe feared the conquering invasion of the Mongol Empire. The key to an empire's strength undoubtedly lies in its organized state and legal structure. The first remarkable stage of the development of the legal system of the Mongolian nation took place during the formation of the Great Mongol Empire with the establishment of Genghis Khan's so-called Yassa Law, as the first, integrated, written code. The legal source compiled the customary law of the time by Šigi Qutuqu, chief judge of the great khan. The original text of the code has not survived, but we can indirectly deduce its content through the study of historical sources and traditions. Despite the fact that many literary works have been published on the Great Mongol Empire, representing various disciplines, no one has yet undertaken a legal history- and legal theory-based examination of The Secret History of the Mongols - which, unlike Yassa, is the oldest surviving contemporary document in Mongolian history. The present paper collects the customary law elements found in the source work by branch of law and attempts to capture the moment in legal history when codification and the separation of powers, as the first steps of legal modernization, appeared on the Mongolian steppe as early as the 13th century. The research method used is source analysis.

Maurizia Calusio

Book Review

Mentor Hasani, Skender Lutfiu

The purpose of the study is to analyze in a substantive manner the circumstances in which Albanian-Italian and Albanian-Yugoslav relations have developed and in particular to reflect the causes and consequences of the Italian-Yugoslav rivalry for economic and political dominance in Albania. Although the objective and clear reflection of the Italo-Yugoslav rivalry affects the exact recognition of the specifics and challenges that these countries faced in extending their influence over Albania through the economy during the above-mentioned period. As a result of the essence of these challenges, we are able to create a clearer perspective in the development of more intensive economic and political relations between Albania and the former Kingdom of Yugoslavia, on the one hand, and Italy and the countries of the former Yugoslavia on the other. Though today Italy does not focus on the Albanian area due to the common European market, the countries of the former Kingdom of Yugoslavia continue to have tendencies for dominance in the economy of the Albanian state. The real reflection of the specifics and challenges in the period 1929-1934 and the analogy with the specifics of today, are another essential goal. Scientific novelty: it was concluded that the characteristic of the Italian-Yugoslav rivalry in the period 1929-1934 is the dominance of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in the political and to some extent also the economic life of Albania, in particular in the years 1933-1934, although Italy was much more powerful and more present in political and economic life. But the reason for this favorable position of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia only in this period of time was the crisis in Albanian-Italian relations, as a consequence of the refusal of the Albanian side to renew the Pact of Friendship in 1931 and Italy’s request for customs union with Albania in 1932. The rivalry between these two countries was exacerbated by the geographical proximity of the two countries to Albania, and the small cost of benefits, so their interest was extremely high. Conclusions. In 1929-1934, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and Italy had fierce competition for political and economic dominance in Albania. However, despite the temporary advantage of the first one and its constant efforts, Italy managed to be dominant and challenge its main competitor in Albania: the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. It even managed to remove Albania from Yugoslav influence, turning it in its entirety on its side. In addition to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia’s economic and military powerlessness in comparison to Italy, the Italians throughout the 1920s had invested a great deal of time and resources in establishing the state of Albania, which sought support from some power of the time, such as Italy, in its efforts to attain overall development. The political and economic life of Albania was also dominated by Italy due to its proximity to Albania and the fact that neither Greece nor the Kingdom of Yugoslavia had territorial claims towards Albania, at least not until the mid-1930s.

Noémi Borbély, Dániel Dudás, Attila Tapasztó et al.

Abstract This study focuses on exploring the uniparental genetic lineages of Hungarian-speaking minorities residing in rural villages of Baranja (Croatia) and the Zobor region (Slovakia). We aimed to identify ancestral lineages by examining genetic markers distributed across the entire mitogenome and on the Y-chromosome. This allowed us to discern disparities in regional genetic structures within these communities. By integrating our newly acquired genetic data from a total of 168 participants with pre-existing Eurasian and ancient DNA datasets, our goal was to enrich the understanding of the genetic history trajectories of Carpathian Basin populations. Our findings suggest that while population-based analyses may not be sufficiently robust to detect fine-scale uniparental genetic patterns with the sample sizes at hand, phylogenetic analysis of well-characterized Y-chromosomal Short Tandem Repeat (STR) data and entire mitogenome sequences did uncover multiple lineage ties to far-flung regions and eras. While the predominant portions of both paternal and maternal DNA align with the East-Central European spectrum, rarer subhaplogroups and lineages have unveiled ancient ties to both prehistoric and historic populations spanning Europe and Eastern Eurasia. This research augments the expansive field of phylogenetics, offering critical perspectives on the genetic constitution and heritage of the communities in East-Central Europe.

Maciej Bandur, Robert Borges

New Speakers of minority languages are a special case which gives us a unique glimpse into variation and change. In such cases, language change at an accelerated pace tends to lead to profound changes in the structure of the language. Such developments are observable in Kashubian, a minority Slavic language spoken in East Pomerania. For the purpose of this study, spoken data consisting of responses to video stimuli was collected from a group of Kashubian speakers. Chosen morphophonological developments were analysed, especially repatterning and vowel substitution in nouns and verbs, as well as phonemic mergers and their consequences for the morphological structure.

Parisa Rahdan, Elisabeth Zeyen, Marta Victoria

Transition pathways for Europe to achieve carbon neutrality emphasize the need for a massive deployment of solar and wind energy. Global cost optimization would lead to installing most of the renewable capacity in a few resource-rich countries, but policy decisions could prioritize other factors. In this study, we focus on the effect of energy independence on Europe's energy system design. We show that self-sufficiency constraints lead to a more equitable distribution of costs and installed capacities across Europe. However, countries that typically depend on energy imports face cost increases of up to 150% to achieve complete self-sufficiency. Self-sufficiency particularly favours solar photovoltaic (PV) energy, and with declining PV module prices, alternative configurations like inverter dimensioning and horizontal tracking are beneficial enough to be part of the optimal solution for many countries. Moreover, we found that very large solar and wind annual installation rates are required, but they seem feasible in light of recent historical trends.

Dmytro Pukhovets

Мета статті: дослідити корпус agentes in rebus як важливий елемент організації політичної системи Пізньої Римської імперії. Наукова новизна: охарактеризовано особливості комплектування, організації та керівництва корпусу agentes in rebus. Проаналізовано офіційні посадові обов’язки агентів на різних етапах їхнього кар’єрного шляху. Досліджено характер неофіційних доручень, які виконували агенти. Зроблено спробу визначення того, чи можна вважати корпус agentes in rebus римською секретною службою. Висновки. У ході проведеного дослідження проаналізовані основні особливості організації корпусу agentes in rebus. Вони були цивільними чиновниками, хоча і зберігали основи військового формування. Підпорядковувались «агенти в справах» magister officiorum, хоча при цьому мали і безпосередніх начальників. Встановлено, що імператорські кодекси виділяють три основні категорії агентів: кур’єри, які розвозили імператорські постанови по імперії; curiosi, які були інспекторами державної поштової служби; principes officii, які очолювали секретаріати провідних провінційних чиновників рівня префектів преторія та вікаріїв. Паралельно з виконанням основної роботи agentes in rebus були інформаторами, шпигунами імператорів. Визначено, що на практиці діяльність agentes in rebus час-від-часу виходила за межі функцій, представлених в імператорському законодавстві. Регулярно агентами застосовувалась практика побиття батогами та кидання до в’язниці людей, які вважалися підозрілими. У поодиноких випадках agentes займалися розвідкою за межами держави, очолювали посольства високого рівня, брали участь в арештах і навіть вбивствах високопосадових осіб, яких держава вважала своїми ворогами. У результаті дослідження виявлено, що в сукупності проявів своєї діяльності схола agentes in rebus мала риси секретної служби, навіть при тому, що паралельно виконувала звичайні бюрократичні завдання. Діяльність корпусу часто негативно оцінювалася сучасниками з моральної точки зору: агентів звинувачували у корупції, несправедливих доносах задля кар’єрного зростання. Але при всіх мінусах наявність такої служби була потрібна державі, вона сприяла її централізації та повноцінному функціонуванню.

Refat Abduzhemilev

The column presents one of the principal narrative sources reflecting the history of the Golden Horde and the Crimean Khanate – the work “Tevarikh-i Desht-i Kiptchak” (“The Chronicle of the Desht-i Kiptchak”, 1638) from under the pen of Abdullah ibn Rizvan. Notwithstanding the presence of works in the scientific literature on this chronicle, they still have a superficial character. The artistic and literary merits of the work have not been fully analyzed. The chronicle is a vivid example of the evolution of the Crimean Ottoman traditions of verbal creativity and chronology, which later gave impetus to the emergence of other universal histories. The text of “Tevarikh-i Desht-i Kiptchak” is given in the original transliteration from two manuscripts (National Library of France S 874 and The Library of Topkapı Palace Museum B 289) and in Russian translation (author of transliteration and translation – R. R. Abduzhemilev). The translation is made up of the combined text from two manuscript copies in the book Ananiasz Zajaczkowski “La Chronique des Steppes Kıptchak Tevarih-i Deşt-ı Qıpçaq du XVIIe siecle” (Warszawa 1966).

Andrzej Michałowski

Darius Baronas

This article deals with the issue of the Lithuanian conversion to Christianity in the 14th century by focusing on the art of politics of the Lithuanian rulers Gediminas (1316–1341), Algirdas (1345–1377) and Kęstutis (1381–1382) with regard to their Christian neighbours. The topic of intentional deception has been contextualised and given special attention in an attempt to highlight that the accession to Christendom was not a self-evident priority for Lithuanian rulers as long as they were beholden to a pagan-warrior lifestyle and were content with the inherited political situation vis-à-vis their Christian and Tatar neighbours.

Rustem Eminov, Shukri Seytumerov

The article explored extensive material from the Central State Archive of Literature and Art of Saint Petersburg (TsGaLI SPb) (CSA LA SPb), dedicated to the monuments of Bakhchisarai and the Bakhchisarai Palace Museum. The authors attempted to classify and systematize this material. A number of errors were identified in the attribution of some photo materials. In the article was also analyzed handwritten material from the archive of the architect-restorer A. L. Rotach.

Michael Bailey, Drew Johnston, Theresa Kuchler et al.

In this online appendix we provide additional information and analyses to support "The Determinants of Social Connectedness in Europe." We include a number of case studies illustrating how language, history, and other factors have shaped European social networks. We also look at the effects of social connectedness. Our results provide empirical support for theoretical models that suggest social networks play an important role in individuals' travel decisions. We study variation in the degree of connectedness of regions to other European countries, finding a negative correlation between Euroscepticism and greater levels of international connection.

Hanna Ek Fälth, Dan Atsmon, Lina Reichenberg et al.

Most studies that examine CO2-neutral, or near CO2-neutral, power systems by using energy system models investigate Europe or the United States, while similar studies for other regions are rare. In this paper, we focus on the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), where weather conditions differ substantially from those in Europe. We use a green-field linear capacity expansion model with over-night investment to assess the effect on the system cost of (i) limiting/expanding the amount of land available for wind and solar farms, (ii) allowing for nuclear power and (iii) disallowing for international transmission. The assessment is done under three different cost regimes for solar PV and battery storage. First, we find that the amount of available land for wind and solar farms can have a significant impact on the system cost, with a cost increase of 0-50% as a result of reduced available land. Second, allowing for nuclear power has a minor effect in MENA, while it may decrease the system cost in Europe by up to 20%. In Europe, the effect on system cost from allowing for nuclear power is highly dependent on the PV and battery cost regime. Third, disallowing for international transmission increases the system cost by up to 25% in both Europe and MENA. The impacts on system cost from these three controversial and policy-relevant factors in a decarbonized power system thus play out differently, depending on (i) the region and (ii) uncertain future investment costs for solar PV and storage. We conclude that a renewable power system in MENA is likely to be less costly than one in Europe, irrespective of future uncertainties regarding investment cost for PV and batteries, and policies surrounding nuclear power, transmission, and land available for wind and solar farms.

Arturo Sanchez-Lorenzo, Javier Vaquero-Martínez, Josep Calbó et al.

The current pandemic caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is having negative health, social and economic consequences worldwide. In Europe, the pandemic started to develop strongly at the end of February and beginning of March 2020. It has subsequently spread over the continent, with special virulence in northern Italy and inland Spain. In this study we show that an unusual persistent anticyclonic situation prevailing in southwestern Europe during February 2020 (i.e. anomalously strong positive phase of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oscillations) could have resulted in favorable conditions, in terms of air temperature and humidity, in Italy and Spain for a quicker spread of the virus compared with the rest of the European countries. It seems plausible that the strong atmospheric stability and associated dry conditions that dominated in these regions may have favored the virus's propagation, by short-range droplet transmission as well as likely by long-range aerosol (airborne) transmission.

Nona Shahnazarian

Leonid is a professional soldier, about 60 years old, who worked as a school teacher (teaching "Voennoe delo" - Military Art as a subject tought in Soviet schools) in Mingechaur/Mingechevir, Azerbaijan, untill his extended family was persecuted during the ethnic cleansing of Armenians in Azerbaijan in 1988. He was actively involved in the war. The interview was conducted in his ancestral house in the Martuni District, Nagorno-Karabakh/Artsakh, on the 31st of August 2013.

Arkadiusz S. Więch

Attempts at Ordering Municipal Archives of Galician Smaller Towns and Settlements in the Second Half of the 19th Century: An Introduction to the Problem The second half of the 19th century saw an increased interest in documents that were stored in various public offices, institutions, and archives throughout Galicia (Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria). However the condition of the documents themselves and of their storage were far from ideal. When modern archives were established in Krakow and Lvov, a regulation by National Department (the executive organ of the local parliament Landtag) of July 22, 1887 started the process of registering, ordering, gathering, and preserving of the documents. These efforts were vastly supported by an association of Galician conservators Grono Konserwatorów Galicyjskich.

Vadim Trepavlov

Since the beginning of the 16th century there was a constant replenishment of the Noghay population of the Crimean Khanate. This was a consequence of both: the forcible drive of the Noghays by the Crimeans as a result of military victories over them, and voluntary resettlements from beyond the Volga into the Yurt. The reasons for such migrations were salvation from enemy invasions (Kazakhs in the 1510s and Kalmyks in the 1620-30s), as well as the desire to find nomad pastures for a more comfortable and safe living outside the Noghay Horde–mainly during periods when it was engulfed in internecine strife, and its population suffered from hunger and ruin. The rulers of the Crimea willingly accepted and placed ordinary people in their possessions, but were wary of representatives of the Noghay elite. This was due to the inveterate feud between the Crimean and Trans-Volga Mangyts, which began in the middle of the 15th century. During the 16th century the Nogai population of the Crimean Khanate greatly increased and formed the backbone of the powerful clan of Mansur-uly. Settling mainly in the steppes north of the Crimea itself, it represented a significant military force (for the most part loyal to the Girays) and obscured the peninsula from external attacks. At the same time, among the Crimean Noghays, from time to time there arose a mood of dissatisfaction with the policies of Bagchesrai towards them, a desire to transfer to Ottoman citizenship.

Murray Gell-Mann, James Hartle

We continue our efforts to understand, within the framework of the quantum mechanics of the universe as a whole, the quasiclassical realm of familiar experience as a feature emergent from the Hamiltonian of the elementary particles and the initial condition of the universe. Quantum mechanics assigns probabilities to exhaustive sets of alternative decoherent histories of the universe. We introduce and define the notion of strong decoherence. We replace the notion of maximal sets of alternative decohering histories by defining the more useful concept of "full" sets of alternative strongly decohering histories. These full sets fall into equivalence classes each of which is characterized by a basis in Hilbert space. Finally we describe our continuing efforts to find measures of classicality --- measures that could be applied to such full sets of alternative strongly decohering so as to characterize a quasiclassical realm.