Hasil untuk "History and principles of religions"

Nilay Özlü

This study examines three imperial collections housed within sultanic pavilions at Topkapı Palace during the late Ottoman era. Originally constructed in the 15th century during the reign of Mehmed II (the Conqueror) for the sultan’s personal use, these pavilions underwent significant functional and symbolic transformations over time. The Fatih Kiosk, once a private space where the sovereign collected and contemplated his collection of valuables, was repurposed as the Ottoman Imperial Treasury. The Privy Chamber, which was once the ruler’s bedroom and throne room, became the Chamber of Sacred Relics, where Islamic relics were safeguarded and venerated. Meanwhile, the Tiled Pavilion, a garden kiosk situated in the palace’s outer gardens, was converted into the Ottoman Museum of Antiquities in the late 19th century. These three royal pavilions were opened up for visits during the 19th century for diverse audiences holding different collections. By analysing the spaces, objects, audiences, and visiting rituals associated with these collections, this article explores Ottoman strategies of collecting and display. Reading these collections as proto-museal institutions, this research argues that the intertwined methods and discourses of exhibiting established the foundations of Ottoman and Turkish museology.

Dmitry Tsigankov, Ludmila Pivkina

This article is devoted to the fi gure of Moscow Governor-General Vladimir Andreevich Dolgorukov, who received extremely diff erent assessments from his contemporaries. The authors believe that Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin, who wrote memoirs at the time of Dolgorukov’s resignation from the post of Moscow governorgeneral in 1891, deliberately mythologised the image of this politician, presenting him as a symbol of the traditions of governance in Russia going back in time. Chicherin contrasted the Russian intellectuals of the 1840s and 1850s, who grouped around Moscow University with T. N. Granovsky as their main representative, with the people of bureaucratic St. Petersburg of the Nikolay’s era. They left rich memories about the Moscow society and infl uenced the active Moscow merchants, whose active work for the benefit of the city Chicherin directly observed. According to Chicherin, the Union of Scribes and Merchants developed a local initiative and contributed to the formation of new relations between the people of Moscow society and people in power. Chicherin considered his work as chairman of Moscow City Duma as the fi rst attempt to make the values of Moscow society tangible in dialogues with representatives of the St. Petersburg authorities. Chicherin understood that he had lost in the course of a real historical process. However, Chicherin considered that what he did for Moscow city government in the 1880s to be important as Granovsky’s contribution to the formation of ideas about civil consciousness among Muscovites in the 1840s. Chicherin considered his liberalism as a development of the traditions of Granovsky’s liberalism. It is these questions that he paid close attention to in his memoirs.

Nina Lutz, Benjamin Olsen, Weishung Liu et al.

Previous work has found a lack of research in HCI on religion, partly driven by misunderstandings of values and practices between religious and technical communities. To bridge this divide in an empirically rigorous way, we conducted an interview study with 48 religious people and/or experts from 11 faiths, and we document how religious people experience, understand, and imagine technologies. We show that religious stakeholders find non-neutral secular embeddings in technologies and the firms and people that design them, and how these manifest in unintended harms for religious and nonreligious users. Our findings reveal how users navigate technoreligious practices with religiously informed mental models and what they desire from technologies. Informed by this, we distill six design values -- wonder, humility, space, embodiedness, community, and eternity -- to guide technologists in considering and leveraging religion as an additional, valid sociocultural resource when designing for a holistic user. We further spell out directions for future research.

Tatyana Shevchenko

The publication presents letters from Paris of the period 1930-1939 by two emigrant priests - Archpriest Simeon (Solodovnikov) and then hegumen Stefan (Svetozarov). Both pastors have subordinated to Metropolitan Eulogius (Georgievsky), but after his transition to the Constantinople Patriarch subordination, they departed from him. Archpriest Simeon was subordinated to the Synod of Russian Bishops Abroad, and Hegumen Stefan remained loyal to the Moscow Patriarchate. Both wrote to the Valaam Monastery, which remained on the territory of independent Finland after the revolution and, together with the Finnish Orthodox Church, had been subordinated to the Patriarch of Constantinople since 1923. The monastery never broke the connection with the motherland, prayed for the suffering Russian Church, the Abbot corresponded with Metropolitan Sergiy (Stragorodsky) while there was an opportunity. But the monastery also tried to maintain relations with compatriots in exile. The letters confirm this. The authors shared their thoughts on the positions taken by representatives of different jurisdictions into which the Russian Orthodox community abroad split, explained their choice of jurisdiction, and talked about the difficulties of emigrant life. The letters are published for the first time and help to recreate the images of our compatriots who lost their homeland after the revolution, and to trace their further fate. In addition, the publication recreates the atmosphere of jurisdictional disputes in the Russian abroad and clarifies the motives of their participants.

Ekaterina Zapevalova

The article considers women's charitable activities in the Nizhny Novgorod region in the 1870-1890s. In the XIX century women were especially social active in the field of charity. The involvement of women in the social life of the province affected mainly upper and wealthy groups of the urban population (in the peasant group the features of traditional society were preserved for a long time). The article presents new facts (found both in archival and published sources) about the philanthropy of Nizhny Novgorod merchantry and nobility. The facts demonstrate that charitable initiatives of charity activists manifested themselves mainly in their social and cultural projects. In article all donations of women are systematized by type of assistance (assistance to the poor and the church, maintenance of almshouses, donations for the construction of hospitals and maternity hospitals, charity in the field of education, donations to orphanages, registration of wills for the needs of philanthropy). It is concluded that the largest amount of donations in monetary terms in the last third of the XIX century was ordered for the construction of new hospitals. For the first time, the article presents a detailed history of the hospital institution, created with a large donation from the merchant G.N. Ryabinina for a building of surgical department of the Nizhny Novgorod Provincial Zemstvo Hospital in 1899.

Ebuzer Sarp

Endülüs’te 13. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar yaklaşık bir asır hüküm süren Muvahhidler Devleti döneminde yaşamış olan en önemli şairlerden birisi Muhammed b. Gâlib er-Rusâfî’dir (ö. 572/1177). Günümüze ulaşan şiirlerinde birçok temayı işlediği görülmektedir. Yaşadığı dönemin Murâbıtlar Devleti’nin sonu ve Muvahhidler Devleti’nin ise başlangıcına tesadüf etmesi şairin sosyolojik olarak kaotik bir ortamda hayat sürdüğü anlamına gelmektedir. Bu geçiş dönemine şahit olması, şairin edebî ürünlerini incelemeyi daha ehemmiyetli hale getirmektedir. Diğer yandan İbn Hafâce (ö. 533/1139) ve İbnü’z-Zekkâk (ö. 530/1137) gibi Endülüs’teki 12. yüzyılın zirve şairlerinden hemen sonra yaşaması ve onlarla olan etkileşimi de onun şiirlerinin değerini artırmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Rusâfî’nin şiirlerini yapı ve içerik olarak incelemeyi, şiirleri üzerinden şairin şahsiyetini, edebî konumunu, yaşadığı dönemi, düşünce dünyasını tespit etmeyi ve onun şairlik yeteneğine dair genel bir tasavvur oluşturmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın hazırlanmasında şairin dîvanının yanı sıra klasik ve modern kaynaklardan da faydalanılmış ve yer yer bu kaynakların değerlendirilmesine değinilmiştir. Şiirler sadece edebî bir metin olarak değil tarihi, sosyal ve psikolojik arka plan dikkate alınarak incelenmiştir.

Güldeniz Kıbrıs

Eugene Bulyak, Nikolay Shul'ga

The ionization losses -- the losses of energy by fast charged particles traveling through a matter -- have been under study for more than 100 years. The theoretical explanation of this process spans similar period. About 75 years ago, Lev Landau published a theoretical paper on the ionization losses, which drastically leveled up the research and still remains amongst the most cited in the field. The present note digests the history of theoretical development and attempts to clarify Landau's method of research and the function named after him.

Masayuki Nakahata

The first solar neutrino experiment led by Raymond Davis Jr. showed a deficit of neutrinos relative to the solar model prediction, referred to as the "solar neutrino problem" since the 1970s. The Kamiokande experiment led by Masatoshi Koshiba successfully observed solar neutrinos, as first reported in 1989. The observed flux of solar neutrinos was almost half the prediction and confirmed the solar neutrino problem. This problem was not resolved for some time due to possible uncertainties in the solar model. In 2001, it was discovered that the solar neutrino problem is due to neutrino oscillations by comparing the Super-Kamiokande and Sudbury Neutrino Observatory results, which was the first model-independent comparison. Detailed studies of solar neutrino oscillations have since been performed, and the results of solar neutrino experiments are consistent with solar model predictions when the effect of neutrino oscillations are taken into account. In this article, the history of solar neutrino observations is reviewed with the contributions of Kamiokande and Super-Kamiokande detailed.

Olival Freire Junior

Alain Aspect's three experiments on Bell's theorem, published in the early 1980s, were a turning point in the history of the research on the foundations of quantum mechanics not only because they corroborated entanglement as the distinctive quantum signature but also because these experiments brought wider recognition to this field of research and Aspect himself. These experiments may be considered the most direct precursors of the research on quantum information, which would blossom a decade later.

Mikhail Shubov

Motive and electrical energy has played a crucial role in human civilization. Since Ancient times, motive energy played a primary role in agricultural and industrial production as well as transportation. At that time, motive energy was provided by work of humans and draft animals. Later, work of water and wind power was harnessed. During the 19$^{\text{th}}$ century, steam power became the main source of motive energy in USA and Britain. Modern transportation and industry depend on the work of heat engines that use fossil fuel. A brief history of different sources of energy is presented in this work. The energy consumptions in pre-industrial and industrial societies are calculated. The lost opportunities for the Second Industrial Revolution (such as fast breeder reactors and thermonuclear power stations) are discussed. The case that the Solar Power will become the main source of energy by the second half of this century is presented. It is calculated that the Solar Power has the potential to bring about the new Industrial Revolution. Based on material and energy resources available in the Solar System, it is demonstrated that the Solar System Civilization supporting a population of 10 Quadrillion with a high standard of living is possible.

Michel Dennefeld

The Magellanic Clouds were known before Magellan's voyage exactly 500 years ago, and were not given that name by Magellan himself or his chronicler Antonio Pigafetta. They were, of course, already known by local populations in South America, such as the Mapuche and Tupi-Guaranis. The Portuguese called them Clouds of the Cape, and scientific circles had long used the name of Nubecula Minor and Major. We trace how and when the name Magellanic Clouds came into common usage by following the history of exploration of the southern hemisphere and the southern sky by European explorers. While the name of Magellan was quickly associated to the Strait he discovered (within about 20 years only), the Clouds got their final scientific name only at the end of the 19th century, when scientists finally abandoned Latin as their communication language.

Antonino Drago

A new mathematics, the constructive one, characterizes a singular limit as undecidable. Hence, a singular limit between two theories actually represents a difference between two different kinds of mathematics. This particular situation suggests a mathematical definition of the notion of incommensurability. As a consequence of the resulting incommensurabilities among many couples of theories the foundations of physical theories are pluralist, not only in both epistemological and ontological senses, but also in mathematical sense. Hence since longtime the history of physics is developing along a plurilinear path.

Helia Marcal

Nowadays, heritage conservators are required to have not only a wide variety of technical but also social and human skills. The shift from a material-based conservation to an approach that focuses on subjects instead of objects (Muñoz Viñas, 2005, p. 147) is a structural approach in contemporary theories of conservation. This tendency towards subjectivity created many possibilities by exposing the multiple perspectives that surround a conservation object. At the same time, it made very clear that conservation objects are contextual and contingent (Clavir, 2009, p. 141). This dichotomy between the tangible and intangible features of a conservation object, however, has been successively overlooked in most conservation endeavours. Prior to the conservation decision-making, institutions usually identified the main stakeholders, with publics and communities being part of that sphere together with owners, artists, and conservators, among others. The decision-making process, however, does not engage with communities in practice. This situation is very problematic for the conservation of cultural heritage objects in general, but it becomes truly hazardous for the preservation of cultural heritage with strong intangible features, such as social artistic practices, ethnographic objects, public art, participatory or performance art or even built heritage, which necessarily involves strong cooperation with communities and artists. After all, to whom are conservators preserving cultural heritage? What is the purpose of conserving cultural heritage for “future generations” if “present generations” are not called to decide in that process? This paper attempts to reflect upon these questions through histories around two buildings in Lisbon that had relevant roles during the Portuguese dictatorship (1933-1974).

Bal Gopal Shrestha

Vladislav Terekhovich

In this paper, I consider the issue of how two mathematical models of modern physics, the variational principles and the quantum path integral formalism, relate to reality. I assume that the observed phenomena are consistent with the calculations because both of these models have some common ontological foundations. According to the hypothesis of the summation of coexisting alternative possibilities, at the quantum level, the system at once moves along all histories that possible in given boundary conditions. The actual history is a mere result of the summation of all these alternative possible histories. This resultant history differs from others with the minimal action and maximal probability. I observe this history as a macroscopic trajectory of the system.

Genevieve Gorrell, Mehmet E. Bakir, Mark A. Greenwood et al.

Against a backdrop of tensions related to EU membership, we find levels of online abuse toward UK MPs reach a new high. Race and religion have become pressing topics globally, and in the UK this interacts with "Brexit" and the rise of social media to create a complex social climate in which much can be learned about evolving attitudes. In 8 million tweets by and to UK MPs in the first half of 2019, religious intolerance scandals in the UK's two main political parties attracted significant attention. Furthermore, high profile ethnic minority MPs started conversations on Twitter about race and religion, the responses to which provide a valuable source of insight. We found a significant presence for disturbing racial and religious abuse. We also explore metrics relating to abuse patterns, which may affect its impact. We find "burstiness" of abuse doesn't depend on race or gender, but individual factors may lead to politicians having very different experiences online.

Tomasz Owoc, Kamil Karski

Podstawą artykułu jest wystąpienie Kamila Karskiego i Tomasza Owoca, które zaprezentowano podczas konferencji "Historyczne ruiny - ochrona, użytkowanie, zarządzanie", w dniach 16-17 kwietnia 2018 r. w Łazienkach Królewskich w Warszawie. Prezentowany artykuł koncentruje się na przedstawieniu założeń scenariusza planowanego upamiętnienia KL Płaszow w ramach Muzeum - Miejsca Pamięci. Tekst przedstawia proces kształtowania ruin, zapominania o nich, ale także odkrywania i sposób wykorzystania materialnych śladów przeszłości do edukacji i budowania świadomości historycznego znaczenia terenu po niemieckim obozie koncentracyjnym.

Duncan J. Poupard

This article is a pan-Himalayan story about how the turtle, as a cultural symbol within Sino-Tibetan divination iconography, came to more closely resemble a frog. It attempts a comparative analysis of Sino-Tibetan divination manuals, from Tibetan Dunhuang and Sinitic turtle divination to frog divination among the Naxi people of southwest China. It is claimed that divination turtles, upon entering the Himalayan foothills, are not just turtles, but become something else: a hybrid symbol transformed via cultural diffusion, from Han China to Tibet, and on to the Naxi of Yunnan. Where borders are crossed, there is translation. If we go beyond the linguistic definition of translation towards an understanding of transfer across semiotic borders, then translation becomes the reforming of a concept from one cultural framework into another. In this way, cultural translation can explain how divination iconography can mutate and transform when it enters different contexts; or in other words, how a turtle can come to lose its shell.

Wojciech Kowalski

Po analizie aktów prawa różnych państw i umów międzynarodowych autor dochodzi do wniosku, że aktualny stan regulacji ochrony prawnej miejsc pamięci jak i praktyki nie jest zadawalający. Na poziomie krajowym poza nielicznymi wyjątkami ochronę miejsc trzeba „wyinterpretowywać” z przepisów ogólnych ochrony zabytków. Podstawowy natomiast dokument powszechnego prawa międzynarodowego, Konwencja z 1972 roku, daje wprawdzie podstawę do wpisu takich miejsc na Listę Światowego Dziedzictwa, ale w praktyce jej stosowania Komitet Dziedzictwa ograniczył możliwość ich dokonywania. W przypadku miejsc zagłady ograniczenie to poprzez wprowadzenie kryterium „symbolicznej reprezentacji” takich miejsc nosi cechy działania bez podstawy prawnej i narusza art. 1 konwencji. W konsekwencji, dalszym skutkiem tej decyzji jest wyhamowanie procesu rozwoju ochrony prawnej miejsc pamięci.