Hasil untuk "History"

J. Talmadge, D. Gabrilovich

C. Ross, E. Aylward, E. Wild et al.

G. Hellenthal, G. Busby, G. Band et al.

C. Dewdney

L. Melton

A. Zera, L. Harshman

G. Spivak

C. Allan

K. Winemiller, K. Rose

S. Piggott, B. Trigger

S. Sultan

L. Abrams

A. Ritter

B. Dietrich

Sebastian Fischer

D. Howe

C. McMonnies

Apart from the risk of developing glaucoma there is also the risk that it is not detected and irreversible loss of vision ensues. Some studies of methods of glaucoma diagnosis have examined the results of instrument-based examinations with great if not complete reliance on objective findings in arriving at a diagnosis. The very valuable advances in glaucoma detection instrument technologies, and apparent increasing dependence on them, may have led to reduced consideration of information available from a patient history in those studies. Dependence on objective evidence of glaucomatous pathology may reduce the possibility of detecting glaucoma suspects or patients at risk for becoming glaucoma suspects. A valid positive family history of glaucoma is very valuable information. However, negative family histories can often be unreliable due to large numbers of glaucoma cases being undiagnosed. No evidence of family history is appropriate rather than no family history. In addition the unreliability of a negative family history is increased when patients with glaucoma fail to inform their family members. A finding of no family history can only be stated as no known family history. In examining the potential diagnostic contribution from a patient history, this review considers, age, frailty, race, type and degree of refractive error, systemic hyper- and hypotension, vasospasm, migraine, pigmentary dispersion syndrome, pseudoexfoliation syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, diabetes, medication interactions and side effects, the degree of exposure to intraocular and intracranial pressure elevations and fluctuations, smoking, and symptoms in addition to genetics and family history of the disease.

Karola Maul, S. Robbert Gradstein, Dietmar Quandt et al.

Abstract The evolutionary history underlying gradients in species richness is still subject to discussions and understanding the past niche evolution might be crucial in estimating the potential of taxa to adapt to changing environmental conditions. In this study we intend to contribute to elucidation of the evolutionary history of liverwort species richness distributions along elevational gradients at a global scale. For this purpose, we linked a comprehensive data set of genus occurrences on mountains worldwide with a time-calibrated phylogeny of liverworts and estimated mean diversification rates (DivElev) and mean ages (AgeElev) of the respective genera per elevational band. In addition, we reconstructed the ancestral temperature preferences of the genera. We found that diversification rates increase linearly with temperature, and hence decrease with elevation. This pattern is mainly driven by epiphytic genera. In contrast, overall genus age is highest at intermediate elevations where liverwort species richness peaks and decreases towards both ends of the elevational and thermal gradient. Our results further indicate that the ancestral lineages from which the extant liverwort genera descended had a preference for cool and humid habitats. We conclude that the extant liverwort species diversity accumulated over long time under these climatic conditions, which are today prevailing at mid-elevations of the world’s mountains. Subsequently, liverworts expanded their ranges from these temperate areas towards warm (with high diversification rates) and cold regions (with low diversification rates), located in contemporaneous (tropical) lowlands and high mountains, respectively. The conserved preference for temperate climates shared by the majority of liverwort lineages gives reason to the assumption that they will not be able to cope with the conditions induced by rapid climate warming, whereas the current low-elevation radiation may be less affected by climate change.

Jones Akuaku, Rita Sam

The African baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) is a priority Pan-African tree species. Insect pests that are associated with and damage domesticated baobab are largely unknown in the production areas of baobab. To identify and document insect pests associated with domesticated African baobab for the first time, mature and young domesticated baobab plants were, respectively, surveyed on the research fields and nursery of the Ho Technical University in Ho, Ghana. The survey targeted all insects found on baobab with the goal of documenting pests that infest baobab plants. Collected insect samples were photographed and searched using Google Lens and the iNaturalist insect identification application for their identification and taxonomic classification. The entomological specimens collected were classified into 7 orders, 11 families, and 16 insect species. The most frequent orders were Hemiptera (37.5%) and Coleoptera (31.25%). The incidence of the remaining orders (Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Araneae, and Dictyoptera) was very low with 6.25% abundance each. Regarding absolute counts, the Coleopteran order had a significantly (p≤0.05) higher number of insects (51.48 ± 7.42955) than the other orders; Araneae (4.70 ± 7.42955), Hemiptera (1.10 ± 7.42955), Dictyoptera (0.45 ± 7.42955), Orthoptera (0.40 ± 7.42955), Hymenoptera (0.30 ± 7.42955), and Lepidoptera (0.05 ± 7.42955). No significant difference was observed among these remaining orders. The cocoa weevil (Araecerus fasciculatus) was the most dominant insect pest. Some beneficial insects were also found on the baobab plants. Monitoring and management interventions, particularly integrated pest management (IPM), that target the identified insect pests can be implemented to ensure the sustainable cultivation of baobab. Further research is required to identify and classify insect pests that may not have been captured and identified in this study.

Donald C. Chang

Science is about facts and truth. Yet sometimes the truth and facts are not obvious. For example, in the field of MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), there has been a long-lasting debate about who were the major contributors in its development. Particularly, there was a strong dispute between the followers of two scientists, R. Damadian and P. Lauterbur. In this review, we carefully trace the major developments in applying NMR for cancer detection starting almost 50 years ago. The research records show that the truth was beyond the claims of either research camps. The development of NMR for cancer detection involved multiple research groups, who made critical contributions at different junctures.