Hasil untuk "Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade"

M. Kabeyi, O. Olanrewaju

The greatest sustainability challenge facing humanity today is the greenhouse gas emissions and the global climate change with fossil fuels led by coal, natural gas and oil contributing 61.3% of global electricity generation in the year 2020. The cumulative effect of the Stockholm, Rio, and Johannesburg conferences identified sustainable energy development (SED) as a very important factor in the sustainable global development. This study reviews energy transition strategies and proposes a roadmap for sustainable energy transition for sustainable electricity generation and supply in line with commitments of the Paris Agreement aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and limiting the rise in global average temperature to 1.5°C above the preindustrial level. The sustainable transition strategies typically consist of three major technological changes namely, energy savings on the demand side, generation efficiency at production level and fossil fuel substitution by various renewable energy sources and low carbon nuclear. For the transition remain technically and economically feasible and beneficial, policy initiatives are necessary to steer the global electricity transition towards a sustainable energy and electricity system. Large-scale renewable energy adoption should include measures to improve efficiency of existing nonrenewable sources which still have an important cost reduction and stabilization role. A resilient grid with advanced energy storage for storage and absorption of variable renewables should also be part of the transition strategies. From this study, it was noted that whereas sustainable development has social, economic, and environmental pillars, energy sustainability is best analysed by five-dimensional approach consisting of environmental, economic, social, technical, and institutional/political sustainability to determine resource sustainability. The energy transition requires new technology for maximum use of the abundant but intermittent renewable sources a sustainable mix with limited nonrenewable sources optimized to minimize cost and environmental impact but maintained quality, stability, and flexibility of an electricity supply system. Technologies needed for the transition are those that use conventional mitigation, negative emissions technologies which capture and sequester carbon emissions and finally technologies which alter the global atmospheric radiative energy budget to stabilize and reduce global average temperature. A sustainable electricity system needs facilitating technology, policy, strategies and infrastructure like smart grids, and models with an appropriate mix of both renewable and low carbon energy sources.

A. Baroutaji, T. Wilberforce, M. Ramadan et al.

The world energy consumption is greatly influenced by the aviation industry with a total energy consumption ranging between 2.5% and 5%. Currently, liquid fossil fuel, which releases various types of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, is the main fuel in the aviation industry. As the aviation industry grows rapidly to meet the requirements of the increased world population, the demand for environmentally friendly power technology for various applications in the aviation sector has been increased sharply in recent years. Among the various clean power sources, energy obtained from hydrogen is considered the future for energy generation in the aviation industry due to its cleanness and abundance. This paper aims to give an overview of the potential aviation applications where hydrogen and fuel cell technology can be used. Also, the major challenges that limit the wide adoption of hydrogen technology in aviation are highlighted and future research prospects are identified.

Satyaprakash Rout, Satyajit Das, K.M. Sanjeeva Kumar et al.

Lithium-ion batteries, being the core power sources in electric vehicles and energy storage systems, require accurate State-of-Charge (SOC) estimation to ensure optimized performance and extended lifespan. The implementation of accurate SOC estimation algorithms in battery management systems (BMS) not only ensures safety and reliability but also helps in monitoring and mitigating the adverse effects of overcharging and deep discharging. Although numerous review articles have addressed model-based and data-driven SOC estimation techniques, limited attention has been given to battery model parameterization, testing methodologies, and the practical challenges associated with joint and dual model-based estimation frameworks. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of battery testing methods and critically examines the advantages and limitations of various parameterization techniques used in battery modeling. Furthermore, the operational challenges encountered in real-time SOC estimation under dynamic operating conditions are systematically analyzed. Advanced estimation strategies, including joint and dual estimation frameworks, with particular emphasis on adaptive Kalman filter-based approaches, are reviewed for their potential to enhance estimation accuracy, robustness, and adaptability. Finally, a comparative assessment of the reviewed methods is presented, highlighting their suitability for real-time implementation. The insights provided in this review are intended to support researchers and industry practitioners in selecting and developing advanced SOC estimation techniques to improve battery performance and extend operational lifespan.

Francesco Giovanni Celiberto

We investigate the leading-power fragmentation of triply heavy $Ω$ baryons in high-energy hadronic collisions. Extending our previous work on the $Ω_{3c}$ sector, we release the full OMG3Q1.0 family of collinear fragmentation functions by completing the description of the charm channel and delivering the novel $Ω_{3b}$ functions. These hadron-structure-oriented functions are constructed from improved proxy-model calculations for heavy-quark and gluon fragmentation, matched to a flavor-aware DGLAP evolution based on the HF-NRevo scheme. For phenomenological applications, we employ the (sym)JETHAD multimodular interface to compute and analyze NLL/NLO$^+$ semi-inclusive $Ω_{3Q}$ plus jet distributions at the HL-LHC and FCC. This work consolidates the link between hadron structure, rare baryon production, and resummed QCD at the energy frontier.

Jonas O. Meckling, Jonas Nahm

After decades of failure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector, several jurisdictions have in rapid succession announced future goals to phase out sales of internal combustion engine vehicles. This article argues that these announcements are predominantly a form of political signaling in a green industrial policy competition for alternative transport technologies, notably electric vehicles. We show that such signaling games in green industrial policy are likely to emerge when market growth for alternative technologies initiates industrial policy competition, which explains the clustered timing of political signals. A country’s position in the global auto industry, however, shapes the domestic political economy for announcing a phaseout goal. Countries with aspirations to develop export-oriented EV industries seek industrial upgrading; countries with existing export-oriented auto industries promote industrial renewal to maintain international competitiveness; and importing countries pursue phaseout goals primarily for environmental reasons. Our findings suggest that industrial upgraders can induce incumbent producer countries to participate in green industrial policy competition, leading to the “trading up” of energy technology policy goals. This contrasts with classic patterns of environmental policy competition, in which advanced industrialized nations are the pacesetters.

Shreya Dave, Venkat Ram Reddy Minampati, Parth Prajapati

The abundant solar energy source provides an immense scope to create ample opportunities to produce affordable and clean energy. To utilise this energy optimally, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India, has launched the ‘Rooftop Solar Programme’ in 2014, aiming to achieve an installed capacity of 40 gigawatts by 2022, further extended till 2026. The present study identifies the interests and apprehensions of the respondents to install rooftop solar (RTS) panels; it analyses respondents’ perception of RTS panels and sustainable lifestyle and evaluates the government’s role in encouraging people to adopt sustainable lifestyle practices. The data are collected by applying the snowball sampling method through a structured questionnaire circulated in the 5 zones of Ahmedabad city. The citizens’ perception is collected through a 5-point Likert scale. It is found in the study that the main advantage of installing RTS panels is a reduction in electricity costs, and the main challenge is the regular maintenance of the panels. A total of 44.8% of respondents installed RTS panels as they felt that this would help them to contribute to preserving the environment. The study also reveals that the lengthy payback period of the panels (28.6% respondents) and lack of knowledge about net-metering (27% respondents) are the factors that prevent nonusers from installing the panels. The study concludes that adopting RTS panels results from awareness campaigns, government subsidies, and word of mouth. The study also concludes that both citizens and the government need each other’s cooperation to carry out a greater behaviour change programme.

Liuti SHI, Yunhui CHEN, Jiahuang TU

[Objective] The paper takes the NREL-5MW wind turbine as the research object, adopts the control strategy based on the single and combination of the yaw angle(θ) of the upstream wind turbine and the tower height(ΔH) difference of the downstream wind turbine as well as the lateral spacing(Δy), researches the complex wake interference effect between the two wind turbines. [Method] Numerically simulated the part of the wake interfering phenomenon between the two wind turbines, analyzed the aerodynamic power of the two wind turbines, the average speed of the wake flow, and the effect of the wake interference to improve the power generation of the whole wind power field efficiency of the whole wind farm. [Result] The results show that the overall power of the wind turbine and its enhancement ratio are maximized when the combined strategy is implemented, especially when adjusting the lateral spacing Δy=4D or Δy=8D on the basis of θ=20°. [Conclusion] By changing the yaw angle of the upstream wind turbine or the upstream and downstream wind turbines staggered arrangement and other wake effect inhibition strategies, the power output of the upstream wind turbine is reduced and the effect of the wake of the upstream wind turbine is improved, which can improve the aerodynamic power output of the downstream wind turbine and the overall power generation of the wind turbine, and improve the power generation efficiency of the wind turbine in a relatively large scale, and provide a certain degree of numerical simulation for the optimization of the arrangement of large-scale wind farms support.

Juri Smirnov

In this work, we demonstrate that a dynamical dark energy component predicted by massive gravity gives rise to a distinctive evolution of the equation of state. This scenario is favoured over the standard $Λ$CDM model when confronted with the latest combined datasets from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), the cosmic microwave background (CMB), and supernova observations. The model stands out as a rare example of a healthy, self-consistent theory that accommodates phantom dark energy while maintaining a technically natural, small asymptotic cosmological constant. Our analysis indicates a preferred graviton mass of approximately $4.0 \times 10^{-33} \text{eV}$, suggesting the emergence of a new cosmological length scale. This leads to a maximal deviation of the equation of state around $z \sim 3$, a prediction that will be robustly tested by upcoming, deeper surveys of baryon acoustic oscillations.

Joanna Jałocha, Łukasz Bratek

We investigate the dynamical behavior of strange quark matter (SQM) objects, such as stars and planets, when subjected to radial oscillations induced by tidal interactions in stellar systems. Our study demonstrates that SQM objects can efficiently convert mechanical energy into hadronic energy due to the critical mass density at their surfaces of 4.7*10^{14} g/cm^3, below which SQM becomes unstable and decays into photons, hadrons, and leptons. We show that even small-amplitude radial oscillations, with a radius change of as little as 0.1%, can result in significant excitation energies near the surface of SQM stars. This excitation energy is rapidly converted into electromagnetic energy over short timescales approximately 1 ms, potentially leading to observable astrophysical phenomena. Higher amplitude oscillations may cause fragmentation or dissolution of SQM stars, which has important implications for the evolution of binary systems containing SQM objects and the emission of gravitational waves.

Prashant Giri, Tarun Sharma

Energy efficiency is emphasized as the "first fuel" due to the growing global energy consumption and its effects on the climate. Energy is essential to economic growth and climate action in India, where it accounts for 72.4% of total GHG emissions, with industry using 52% of energy and emitting 22% of GHG. Financial limitations, including unclear payback period, hidden expenses, a lack of understanding, and conflicting motivations, are some obstacles that prevent the widespread adoption of efficient technology.India implemented the Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) to require using renewable energy sources and the Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT) program to encourage industrial energy efficiency. Both had problems with implementation and policy, despite their good intentions. Furthermore, an extension of PAT, the Indian Carbon Market (ICM), attempts to close these gaps by incorporating energy efficiency into a larger carbon trading framework. This study assesses PAT, RPO, and ICM, locating systemic bottlenecks and using knowledge from the global carbon market to examine benefits, drawbacks, and restrictions. The excess of certificates, which compromises market efficiency, is a fundamental problem in PAT and RPO. This is addressed by International Emission Trading Systems (ETS) through instruments such as Banking and Market Stability Reserves (MSR), which we suggest be adopted by ICM.Furthermore, inadequate target-setting makes overstock worse. In response, we suggest employing Marginal Abatement Cost Curves (MACC) to improve the integrity and performance of the ICM through accurate and economical sectoral and entity-level target formulation.

Ivana Janković, Ana Kitić

In the last century, alongside the development of combustion engines, researchers, engineers, and manufacturers have explored alternative fuel solutions. The results of such experiments and concepts were usually not commercialized due to a lack of awareness of the negative environmental impact of fossil fuels and insufficient technological readiness. Today, due to strict regulations and emission restrictions, the automotive industry is driven to develop and explore vehicles with more efficient engines, lower emissions, and sustainable production methods. This paper applies Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to rank various propulsion options, such as electricity, hydrogen, biofuels, and synthetic fuels, based on key criteria like energy efficiency, carbon footprint, economic feasibility, technological maturity, infrastructure readiness, etc. The analysis highlights trade-offs between different power systems, emphasizing the role of policy, innovation, and infrastructure in shaping the future of mobility.

Boqiang Lin, Zhijie Jia

Human activities have led to increase in carbon dioxide emissions, and carbon tax is one of the main policy tools for reducing global emissions. This paper constructs nine scenarios considering different carbon tax rates and the different taxable industries to analyze the impact of Carbon Tax System (CTS) on energy, environment and the economy. We find that the negative impact of CTS on GDP is acceptable, and the maximum scenario will not exceed 0.5%. If carbon taxes are levied on energy-intensive enterprises, the impact on carbon emissions is also relatively small, even if the carbon tax rate is relatively high. Higher carbon tax rate will result in higher CO2 emission reduction and higher marginal CO2 emission reduction of CTS. The carbon tax rate follows the "law of increasing marginal emission reduction". We also argue that the focus of taxation should be on energy enterprises. It is only in this way that the efficiency of the energy market can be fully implemented to conserve energy and reduce emissions. This paper suggests that China should adopt CTS that simultaneously imposes a higher tax on energy companies and energy-intensive enterprises. This will maximize emissions reductions and have only a small impact on GDP.

Yi Zheng, Qinyuan Xu, Qianrong Wang

G. Krishna, K. V. S. M. Babu, Divyanshi Dwivedi et al.

The rapid increase in Electric Vehicle (EV) adoption provides a promising solution for reducing carbon emissions and fossil fuel dependency in transportation systems. However, the increasing numbers of EVs pose significant challenges to the electrical grids. In addition, the number of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and Microgrids (MGs) is increasing on a global scale to meet the energy demand, consequently changing the energy infrastructure. Recently, energy-sharing methods have been proposed to share excess energy from DERs and EVs in Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure (EVCI) and MGs. Accommodating this sharing mechanism with the existing electrical distribution systems is a critical issue concerning the economic, reliability, and resilience aspects. This study examines the ever-changing field of EVCI and the critical role of peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading in mitigating the problems with grid management that result from unorganized EV charging and intermittency in DER. Also, the possibility of energy sharing in electrical distribution systems for microgrids and EVCI on various energy-sharing methods and algorithms are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the application of market clearing algorithms like game theory, double auction theory, blockchain technology, optimization techniques, machine learning algorithms, and other models from the existing literature are presented. This paper discusses the policies, economic benefits, environmental impacts, societal advantages, and challenges in distribution systems related to sharing in EVCI and MGs. A roadmap for future research and sharing strategies is provided to guide policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders toward a sustainable, resilient, and efficient energy market by integrating P2P technology into EVCIs and MGs.

Daniel Ilk, Viktoria Frick, Christopher Hänel et al.

Humidification of polymer electrolyte membranes in fuel cells is essential for high proton conductivity and lifetime, therefore often membrane humidifier modules are used. We report about the degradation of polyimide humidifier membranes under the influence of airborne ozone traces: during operation we tracked the membranes humidifier performance in 5 modules for up to 1000 h with trace levels of ozone (100 ppb) and conducted characterization tests at 200 h intervals. Operating the humidifier with ozone resulted in a linear decrease in the membrane's ability to transfer moisture over time. Moreover, the glass transition temperature of the membrane material decreases linearly with longer exposure to ozone, while the mechanical strength in terms of breaking force and elongation at break decreases too. Infrared spectra of the tested fibers showed no changes. The reduced water vapor flux would limit fuel cell performance, while the reduced mechanical properties of the membrane can lead to rupture.

A. Fronzetti Colladon, A. L. Pisello, L. F. Cabeza

The demand for research supporting the development of new policy frameworks for energy saving and conservation has never been more critical. As climate change accelerates and its impacts become increasingly severe, the need for sustainable and resilient socioeconomic systems is increasingly pressing. In response to this global challenge, the ten articles of this special issue seek to explore how advances in Artificial Intelligence and Data Science can drive the energy transition and enhance environmental sustainability.

Ana E. Comesana, Sharon S. Chen, Kyle E. Niemeyer et al.

Sustainable aviation fuels have the potential for reducing emissions and environmental impact. To help identify viable sustainable aviation fuels and accelerate research, several machine learning models have been developed to predict relevant physiochemical properties. However, many of the models have limited applicability, leverage data from complex analytical techniques with confined spectral ranges, or use feature decomposition methods that have limited interpretability. Using liquid-phase Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra, this study presents a structured method for creating accurate and interpretable property prediction models for neat molecules, aviation fuels, and blends. Liquid-phase FTIR spectra measurements can be collected quickly and consistently, offering high reliability, sensitivity, and component specificity using less than 2 mL of sample. The method first decomposes FTIR spectra into fundamental building blocks using Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) to enable scientific analysis of FTIR spectra attributes and fuel properties. The NMF features are then used to create five ensemble models for predicting final boiling point, flash point, freezing point, density at 15C, and kinematic viscosity at -20C. All models were trained using experimental property data from neat molecules, aviation fuels, and blends. The models accurately predict properties while enabling interpretation of relationships between compositional elements of a fuel, such as functional groups or chemical classes, and its properties. To support sustainable aviation fuel research and development, the models and data are available on an interactive web tool.

Francesco Giovanni Celiberto

Inspired by the recent finding that semi-inclusive detections of heavy hadrons exhibit fair stabilization patterns in high-energy resummed distributions against (missing) higher-order corrections, we review and extend our studies on the hadroproduction of light and heavy hadrons tagged in forward and far-forward rapidity ranges. We analyze the NLL/NLO+ behavior of rapidity rates and angular multiplicities via the JETHAD method, where the resummation of next-to-leading energy logarithms and beyond is consistently embodied in the collinear picture. We explore kinematic regions that are within LHC typical acceptances, as well as novel sectors accessible thanks the combined tagging of a far-forward light or heavy hadron at future Forward Physics Facilities and a of central particle at LHC experiments via a precise timing-coincidence setup.

O. Kuik, F. Branger, P. Quirion

Pioneering domestic environmental regulation may foster the creation of new eco-industries. These industries could benefit from a competitive advantage in the global market place. This article examines empirical evidence of the impact of domestic renewable energy policies on the export performance of renewable energy products (wind and solar PV). We use a gravity model of international trade with a balanced dataset of 49 (for wind) and 40 (for PV) countries covering the period 1995-2013. The stringency of renewable energy policies are proxied by installed capacities. Our econometric model shows evidence of competitive advantage positively correlated with domestic renewable energy policies, sustained in the wind industry but brief in the solar PV industry. We suggest that the reason for the dynamic difference lies in the underlying technologies involved in the two industries.

Arief Rahman, P. Dargusch, D. Wadley

A notable research gap in the Indonesian policy environment is the lack of discussion about its energy planning. This article addresses the problem by adopting a political economy approach to investigate the country's mix and security of energy supplies to 2050. A comprehensive review produces three project inquiries into the continued reliance on oil and implications of greater moves toward renewable sources of energy. A situation audit appraises Indonesia's place in the global politics of oil supply, its domestic logistics, its continuing oil subsidy, and positioning toward fossil fuel emissions and renewable energy. Shortcoming are identified in the nation's high dependency on fossil fuels and, in particular, oil imports; the extent of its oil subsidy; a lack of strategic oil buffers; insufficient attention to emissions; and contradictory policies towards renewable energy. The article concludes by presenting a research agenda to support the transition of Indonesia's energy mix and security to 2050.