Hasil untuk "Ecology"

Jianguo Wu

S. Newsome, C. M. Rio, S. Bearhop et al.

E. Paul

L. Romero

R. Ulanowicz

J. Rosenheim

C. Ray, M. Hoopes, I. Hanski et al.

J. Bardach, V. S. Ivlev, D. Scott

M. Lawton, L. Nahemow

D. Lodge

M. Whittingham, P. Stephens, R. Bradbury et al.

K. McGarigal, S. Stafford, S. Cushman

R. Oremland, J. Stolz

J. Etherington, H. Ellenberg, G. K. Strutt

G. Hays, L. Ferreira, A. Sequeira et al.

It is a golden age for animal movement studies and so an opportune time to assess priorities for future work. We assembled 40 experts to identify key questions in this field, focussing on marine megafauna, which include a broad range of birds, mammals, reptiles, and fish. Research on these taxa has both underpinned many of the recent technical developments and led to fundamental discoveries in the field. We show that the questions have broad applicability to other taxa, including terrestrial animals, flying insects, and swimming invertebrates, and, as such, this exercise provides a useful roadmap for targeted deployments and data syntheses that should advance the field of movement ecology.

Franziska Hoffmann

O. Paliy, Vijay Shankar

Andrew M. Allen, Navinder J. Singh

A common challenge in species conservation and management is how to incorporate species movements into management objectives. There often is a lack of knowledge of where, when and why species move. The field of movement ecology has grown rapidly in the last decade and is now providing the knowledge needed to incorporate movements of species into management planning. This knowledge can also be used to develop management strategies that are flexible in time and space and may improve the effectiveness of management actions. Therefore, wildlife management and conservation may benefit by strengthening the link with movement ecology. We present a framework that illustrates how animal movement can be used to enhance conservation planning and identify management actions that are complementary to existing strategies. The framework contains five steps that identify (1) the movement attributes of a species, (2) their impacts on ecosystems, (3) how this knowledge can be used to guide the scale and type of management, (4) the implementation, and (5) the evaluation of management actions. We discuss these five steps in detail, highlighting why the step is important and how the information can be obtained. We illustrate the framework through a case study of managing a highly mobile species, the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), a harvested species of conservation concern. We believe that the movement-management framework provides an important, and timely, link between movement ecology and wildlife management and conservation, and highlights the potential for complementary, dynamic solutions for managing wildlife.

Yejin Kang, Hyobin Lee, Deog-Kee Park et al.

Abstract Aphids (family Aphididae) are among the most species-rich groups of Sternorrhyncha in the order Hemiptera, and have a complex life cycle that can include several different phenotypes that are perfectly adapted to specific ecological niches. However, because aphids have a small body size, indistinct appearance, and cryptic adult behavior, their species level identification is often difficult and may be time-consuming. To overcome these limitations, DNA barcoding has been employed as an effective tool for species identification. In this study, we conducted a DNA barcoding test based on 566 specimens of Korean Aphididae, representing 125 morphospecies. Based on intraspecific genetic divergence, a threshold of 2% was estimated to efficiently differentiate the morphospecies. Only 87 morphospecies (69.6%) identified across four species delimitation methods (namely, automatic barcode gap discovery, assemble species by automatic partitioning, Poisson-tree-processes or PTP, and Bayesian implementation of the PTP) were consistent with the morphological identifications of the species. This indicates the presence of many cases of cryptic diversity among the other morphospecies, except the abovementioned 87 species. Careful morphological examination of morphospecies exceeding 2.0% intraspecific variability revealed cryptic diversity in three species (Eriosoma yangi, Tuberculatus kuricola, and Greenidea kuwanai). Two morphospecies, Sitobion avenae and Aphis craccivora, also exhibited high intraspecific divergence and comprised a single molecular operational taxonomic unit. Overall, our findings indicate that DNA barcoding can be a powerful tool for identifying species belonging to the family Aphididae, while also revealing cases of cryptic diversity.

Calum J. Pritchard, Nabeil K. G. Salama, Iain Berrill et al.

Abstract Minimum landing sizes are a fisheries management tool conventionally used to exclude juveniles from fisheries. Harvest slot limits (HSL) are an alternative fisheries management tool used to exclude both juveniles and larger individuals from a fishery through the implementation of both minimum and maximum landing sizes. However, fishery‐dependent data from HSL‐managed fisheries are only representative of a small portion of the population. These data do not meet the requirements for conventional stock assessments nor harvest control rules, so these fisheries cannot be assessed without additional and expensive fishery‐independent data. The objective of this research was to develop a novel harvest control rule able to produce catch advice for fisheries managed by HSL using fishery‐dependent data. The SlotLim method, and corresponding R package, were developed and applied to the data‐limited Scottish live ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta fishery. Within SlotLim, the advised catch is a product of the previous catch and two multipliers: the targeted biomass adjustment (TBA) and size adherence multiplier (SAM). The TBA assesses the rate of change in an abundance or biomass index, adjusted for the proportion of the population targeted by HSL. The SAM assesses fishers' compliance with HSL. The methodology follows a simple premise: the advised catch increases with increasing abundance/biomass indices and adherence to HSL. The minimum data requirements are two consecutive years of catch, length frequency and an abundance or biomass index (all from fishery‐dependent sources), species‐specific growth rate coefficients and the natural mortality rate. The SlotLim method advised catch for a reduction in catch by 17% for the Scottish ballan wrasse fishery due to an observed reduction in abundances indices and non‐adherence to maximum landing sizes. Solution. The SlotLim method allows HSL‐managed fisheries to be assessed at limited expense, contributing to the continued sustainable use of these resources. HSL may also be considered a viable strategy for other data‐limited fisheries upon the availability of this harvest control rule.