Hasil untuk "Civil law"

L. Kaplow, Steve Shavell

R. Porta, R. Porta, Florencio Lopez‐de‐Silanes et al.

J. Habermas, T. Burger, Frederick P. Lawrence

Josep Maria Argiles-Bosch, Josep Garcia-Blandon, Diego Ravenda

This study examines the relationship between Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) scores and labor costs per employee (LCE) in firms operating under different legal traditions, specifically comparing civil law (France) and common law (United Kingdom) countries. Utilizing data from the Orbis database for the period 2020–2022, the study employs random-effects estimations with robust standard errors. Results indicate that while the relationship between ESG and LCE is not significant in common law, it is positively significant in civil law. Results are robust to alternative ESG measures, such as the social pillar score (SOCP) estimations methods and samples. The findings suggest that the legal tradition moderates the ESG-LCE relationship, with stronger positive effects observed in civil law countries. The study highlights the importance of legal frameworks in shaping the economic impacts of ESG initiatives on labor costs. While ESG concerns may result in higher LCE, and thus increased employee compensation, implementing appropriate regulations to protect workers’ rights can foster a more effective ESG-LCE relationship than relying solely on market-based regulatory systems driven by stakeholder influence.

Charlotte E. Chong, Thi Mui Pham, Megan E. Carey et al.

The Antimicrobial Resistance - Genomes, Big Data and Emerging Technologies Conference explored key topics including measuring the burden of AMR, global public health pathogen genomics infrastructure and surveillance, translation and implementation of genomics for AMR control, use of techniques such as wastewater surveillance, mathematical and statistical modelling, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to aid understanding of AMR. This report describes research presented during plenary sessions and discussions, keynote presentations and posters.

Adam Ploszka

For strategic litigation, the existence of independent judicial institutions is a prerequisite. In this Article, based on the case of Poland, I analyze what happens when some domestic judicial institutions are weakened and how this affects the ability of different stakeholders to engage in strategic litigation. I argue that strategic litigation was an important tool used by civil society and crucial for countering democratic backsliding in Poland in 2015–2023. In addition to traditional actors involved in strategic litigation in Poland, new ones have joined—such as the Human Rights Commissioner (the “Ombudsman”) or increased their involvement—such as corporate actors. Also, the prosecution office, controlled by the populist government, became active in litigation conducted by right-wing NGOs. Paradoxically, the rule of law crisis also resulted in the popularization of strategic litigation before the Court of Justice of the European Union and some domestic courts, which began to apply the Constitution directly.

J. Sutinen, P. Andersen

This article addresses the interface between law and the morality of civil society. It starts with a review of the discourse between the utilitarian approach to rationality and perspectives which include normative action. It subsequently explores the ...

Ryszard Nowicki

Large private landed property in Lithuania. The Rietavas estate of Maria Ogińska (née Potulicka) during the First World War The source article presents problems related to the functioning of Maria Ogińska’s private estate in Rietavas, Lithuania, during the First World War. A handwritten report of Kazimierz Rzeszowski, the estate’s manager, found in the National Archives in Krakow, enabled the creation of this article. The estates were located in the territory of the Russian Partition. From 1915, they were under German occupation. For several years, the plenipotentiary took formal and informal measures to secure the Duchess’s assets. As a result of his personal intervention, a palace in Pojeziory, owned by Zygmunt Nagurski, was saved from being burned down. After the end of the war and the establishment of the Lithuanian state, the Rietavas estates were nationalized. The unique manuscript provides information about the fate of the cultural property gathered in the palace in Rietavas. It is a proof of the destruction and dispersion of cultural heritage valuable for Lithuanians and Poles, related to the large private landed property of Ogiński’s princes. Keywords: private property, Lithuania, war, cultural property, Maria Ogińska, Rietavas, 20th century Streszczenie: Artykuł źródłowy przedstawia problemy związane z funkcjonowaniem prywatnych dóbr retowskich Marii Ogińskiej na Litwie w okresie I wojny światowej. Podstawą jego powstania jest odszukane w Archiwum Narodowym w Krakowie rękopiśmienne sprawozdanie zarządcy tego majątku Kazimierza Rzeszowskiego. Posiadłości znajdowały się na terenie zaboru rosyjskiego. Od 1915 r. były pod okupacją niemiecką. Pełnomocnik przez kilka lat podejmował formalne i nieformalne działania, by zabezpieczyć majątek księżnej. W wyniku osobistej interwencji ochronił przed spaleniem pałac w Pojeziorach, stanowiący własność Zygmunta Nagurskiego. Po zakończeniu wojny i powstaniu państwa litewskiego dobra retowskie zostały upaństwowione. Unikatowy materiał rękopiśmienny dostarcza informacji o losach dóbr kultury zgromadzonych w pałacu w Retowie. Stanowi dowód zniszczenia oraz rozproszenia cennego dla Litwinów i Polaków dziedzictwa kulturowego, związanego z prywatną wielką własnością ziemską książąt Ogińskich.

Gabriel Hernández Paulsen

En el artículo se examinan, en general y con especial referencia al derecho chileno, primero, el error-vicio provocado por el incumplimiento de la obligación de informar al consumidor financiero, y segundo, los requisitos de dicho error, consistentes en que debe ser determinante y excusable (con énfasis en el comportamiento del proveedor y la situación del consumidor).

István Harkai, Péter Mezei

A 2019/790/EU irányelv (a CDSM irányelv) nemzeti átültetésének határideje 2021. június 7-ével lejárt. Az uniós tagállamok egy része elmulasztotta időre teljesíteni e feladatot, és az irányelv nem csak rájuk rótt terheket. Az uniós jogszabály 17. cikke a tartalommegosztó szolgáltatókra nézve is új, a végfelhasználói szerződéseikben megjelenítendő előírásokat tartalmazott, többek között az új korlátozások és kivételek érvényre juttatását, valamint az eltávolított tartalmak tekintetében a feltöltést végző végfelhasználó előtt nyitva álló, hatékony panasztételi és jogorvoslati mechanizmus kiépítését. Tanulmányunk egy folyamatban lévő uniós kutatás második állomásaként azt vizsgálta, hogy meghatározott tartalommegosztó szolgáltatók mennyiben feleltek meg ennek az uniós kötelezettségnek. Empirikus tapasztalataink szerint a kevés előrelépés mellett új konfliktusok forrásai is azonosíthatók, erre hívjuk fel a figyelmet.

J. Bayer, N. Bitiukova, Petra Bárd et al.

This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs and requested by the European Parliament’s Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, assesses the impact of disinformation and strategic political propaganda disseminated through online social media sites. It examines effects on the functioning of the rule of law, democracy and fundamental rights in the EU and its Member States. The study formulates recommendations on how to tackle this threat to human rights, democracy and the rule of law. It specifically addresses the role of social media platform providers in this regard.

MEHDI MUSAZADEH KOFI, alihosein najafiabrandabadi, bagher shamloo et al.

AbstractThe legitimacy and acceptability of punishment is dependent on the legitimacy of its constructive political structures. To legitimize the political structures, we need the rule of law. Governments acting according to law consider rationality as a measure of legitimacy and credit the values and moral, social, and cultural norms of society. In modern governments based on wisdom, the principle of preserving the natural rights of humans and freedom has been established on reason. Citizens have the right to protest against it when governments fail to do their duty in protecting citizens’ freedoms. The principle of the right of states to punish, the basis and its principled structure and its effects, are the questions of the present study which has been carried out in descriptive-analytic mode. The right of citizens to rehabilitation and justice desert, as well as the rights of citizens to civil disobedience, and the right not to be punished are the results of the application of the rational-based right to punishment. The consequences of rational punishment are the mitigation and humanization of punishment and providing reasonable benefits to victims, criminals, and citizens.

R. Duff

We are said to face a crisis of over-criminalization: our criminal law has become chaotic, unprincipled, and over-expansive. This book proposes a normative theory of criminal law, and of criminalization, that shows how criminal law could be ordered, principled, and restrained​. The theory is based on an account of criminal law as a distinctive legal practice that functions to define a set of public wrongs, and to call to formal public account those who commit such wrongs; an account of the role that such a practice can play in a democratic republic of free and equal citizens; and an account of the central features of such a political community, and of the way in which it constitutes its civil order. Criminal law plays an important, but limited, role in such a political community in protecting, but also partly constituting, its civil order. On the basis of this account, we can see how such a political community will decide what kinds of conduct should be criminalized—not by applying one or more of the substantive master principles that theorists have offered, but by considering which kinds of conduct fall within its public realm (as distinct from the private realms that are not the polity’s business), and which kinds of wrong within that realm require this distinctive kind of response (rather than one of the other kinds of available response). The outcome of such a deliberative process will probably be a more limited, and a more rational and principled, criminal law.

R. Alday

Sandra Cossart, Jérôme Chaplier, Tiphaine Beau de Loménie

T. Lindsey, S. Butt

This book explains Indonesia’s complex legal system and how it works. Covering a wide range of substantive topics from public to private law, including commercial, criminal, and constitutional law, it is the first comprehensive survey of Indonesian law in English. Offering clear answers to practical problems of current law, each chapter sets out relevant laws and leading court decisions, accompanied by an explanation of how the law works in practice, with an analytical critique. The book begins with an account of Indonesia’s Constitution and the key state agencies, before moving to the lawmaking process, decentralization, the judicial system and court procedure, and the legal profession (advocates, notaries, and legal aid). Part II covers traditional customary law (adat), land law, and environmental law, including forest law. Part III focuses on criminal law and procedure, including investigation, arrest, trial, sentencing, and appeals. It also covers human rights law and the law on corruption. Part IV deals with civil law, and covers civil liability, contracts, companies and other business vehicles, labour, foreign investment, taxation, insolvency, banking, competition, and media law. The book concludes in Part V with an account of Indonesia’s complex family law and inheritance system for both Muslims and non-Muslims. The book has an extensive glossary of legal terms, and detailed tables of legislation and court decisions, designed as unique resources for lawyers, policymakers, and researchers.

Muazu Ibrahim, P. Alagidede

Valesca Raizer Borges Moschen, Luiza Nogueira Barbosa

The fluidity of national borders, caused by the greater mobility of productive factors, promotes the transnationalization of social conflicts. In turn, the traditional hermetic structure of civil procedural law stands against the parties’ need for access to justice for the solution of conflicts that cross national boundaries. The codification of the procedural law in favor of its harmonization becomes, then, fundamental for the effectiveness of rights in the globalized world. In this sense, the ALI/UNIDROIT Principles represent the attempt to multilateral harmonization of the transnational civil process. the purpose of this article is to investigate to what extent the current Brazilian procedural system is compatible with this model of framework rules.

Agostina Lodde

La necessità che le informazioni detenute dai Registri Immobiliari possano liberamente circolare all’interno dello spazio dell’Unione rappresenta un obiettivo prioritario nell’ambito della strategia delineata dal Consiglio UE in materia di giustizia elettronica europea 2014-2018, la quale prevede di incentrare l’azione “sulla interconnessione dei registri che presentino un interesse per i cittadini, le imprese, gli operatori della giustizia e i magistrati”. Pertanto, si afferma che “si dovrebbero assicurare i presupposti tecnici e giuridici necessari per rendere possibile tale interconnessione”. La realizzazione dei “presupposti tecnici” di cui si parla, grazie agli sviluppi straordinari delle tecnologie informatiche, rappresenta il traguardo meno difficile da raggiungere, mentre è di gran lunga più complicato risolvere le difficoltà giuridiche derivanti dalla storica diversità dei Registri, tenendo anche in considerazione il limite posto dall’art. 345 del Trattato sul Funzionamento dell’Unione Europea, secondo il quale “I trattati lasciano del tutto impregiudicato il regime di proprietà esistente negli Stati membri”. Per meglio comprendere le suddette diversità e facendo seguito alla panoramica sui diversi sistemi europei di registrazione immobiliare illustrata da Lodde (2016), si è cercato di fornire un quadro comparato dei sistemi di registrazione italiano e spagnolo, sistemi che poggiano su tradizioni giuridiche comuni (quelle di civil law) ma che, per diversi percorsi evolutivi, sono pervenuti a una regolamentazione completamente differente dei rispettivi Registri.

Diogo Bacha e Silva

O presente trabalho aborda a valorização dos precedentes no sistema processual brasileiro. Passa pela análise da configuração histórica do civil law e common law, problematizando a diferença entre as famílias jurídicas tradicionais. Termina por afirmar um distanciamento do sistema processual brasileiro do common law, assumindo uma verdadeira differánce derridiana.