This study systematically investigates the impact of varying metakaolin contents on the compressive strength and microstructure of hardened limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) paste. The findings reveal that increasing metakaolin content intensifies the aluminum sulfate reaction peak and accelerates its onset, while decreasing metakaolin leads to higher total calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) levels in the system. A specific threshold of 70 % metakaolin content is identified as optimal for pozzolanic activity; excess metakaolin remains unreacted. The addition of metakaolin refines the pore structure, reduces harmful large pores, and promotes the formation of ettringite and other hydration products, enhancing mechanical properties. Notably, a sample with 70 % metakaolin content exhibits higher compressive strength than one with 100 % metakaolin, indicating that metakaolin containing 30 % impurities (referred to as sand powder) demonstrates superior mechanical performance. These results support the development of LC3 as a commercially viable and eco-friendly alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC).
Koti B.T. Vagdandam, Prathyusha T., Dilip K. Behara
Steel, coking and cement industries make up nearly 30% of global industrial CO2 emissions and are key to becoming net-zero. Although earlier research usually looked at each industry in isolation, this paper provides an overview of ULE strategies that examines both technology and policy together across the various industries. Recent improvements in hydrogen-based steelmaking, molten oxide electrolysis, coke dry quenching, catalytic reforming coke oven gas, alternative binders for cement and carbon capture are synthesized and evaluated for capacity, costs and environmental impact. The review uniquely compares what causes emissions in different sectors, how far away each technology is from being fully developed, how far digitization has advanced and what roadblocks stand in the way. The paper introduces new results on CO2 control, energy used in processes and marginal abatement costs to evaluate the practical feasibility of new technologies. AI controls, modular CCUS, hydrogen infrastructure and the industrial symbiosis framework are explored in terms of how they push the sector into transformation. Ultimately, the review suggests areas of research and policy such as combining electrification and CCUS into systems, creating free-to-use lifecycle tools and reforming institutions to support ULE use in SMEs and developing areas. This review sets out roadmaps using several approaches that show how ULE strategies could be applied across hard-to-abate sectors with both technical and institutional support.
The abstract describes the use of industrial sludges from tanneries, water treatment plants, and textile companies to make cement, concrete, and bricks. It emphasizes the potential of this methodology to deal with industrial sludge disposal difficulties and contribute to eco-friendly industrialization by discovering novel reuse ways for these by-products.
Motivation works differently among employees in an organisation. While it is generally acceptable that monetary incentive is preferable among employees but there is a debate regarding non–financial incentives such as recognition on whether they impact employee performance. This study examined the impact of recognition on employees` performance in the manufacturing industries in Tanzania by using a case of Tanga Cement Company. In conducting this study, the researchers employed a descriptive research design. Furthermore, a simple random sampling method was used to select 50 respondents which enabled the collection of quantitative data through the use of questionnaires. In analysis, the study employed descriptive and inferential statistics to analyse the data with the aid of the Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS). The study found that media representation boosts employees' desire to perform better, highlighting the importance of visibility and validation. Personal recognition fosters enhanced dedication, aligning with motivation theories. Receipt of recognition letters validates hard work, increasing job satisfaction and loyalty. Recognition programmes also lift employees' morale, influencing productivity and teamwork. Public recognition fosters commitment, and positive perceptions of work, workplace, and colleagues are crucial for a positive work environment. Furthermore, verbal appreciation from supervisors and co-workers is the most impactful form of recognition, as it is immediate and personal. Receiving a recognition certificate is also significant, as formal acknowledgement can enhance employees' work performance. The study recommends that implementing media representation strategies, establishing recognition programmes, and utilising tangible tokens of appreciation can be the best strategies to boost employee performance. This creates a positive work environment, enhances dedication, and boosts productivity by reinforcing appreciation and acknowledgement.
Objectives: Knowing the marketing trends for cement and phosphate factories, as Ramadi, Fallujah, and Hit districts accounted for (81%) the highest percentage of consumption of cement factory products, given the large population size and concentration of construction industries, along with the urban aspect in terms of population.
Method: Analytical, descriptive, and deductive approaches. The research relied on collecting information, data, and field study.
Results: The compound fertilizer product (N.p.) had the highest marketing rate in the governorates of Nineveh, Salah al-Din, and Wasit (11%), while Basra and Karbala governorates had the lowest percentage (1%). As for the marketing of the single superphosphate product, the highest percentage In the governorates of Baghdad and Wasit, at a rate of (14%), while the lowest rates were in the governorates of Karbala, Najaf, and Babil, at rates reaching (4%, 5%, and 6%) respectively, where the Ministry of Water Resources (30%) was the rate that contributed to preparing the bridges. Water projects, dam building, etc. While the percentage of the Ministry of Municipalities reached (15%), while the Ministry of Electricity reached (9%), while the percentage of all ministries benefited from the factory, while the percentage of the Ministry of Education reached (13%), while the Ministry of Commerce reached (14%), while the percentage benefited from The Ministry of Transport benefited from the factory products (5%) of the total beneficiary ministries, and the Ministry of Agriculture benefited from the factory products at a rate of (2%) of the total beneficiary ministries.
Conclusion: Rehabilitating and improving the production of Al-Qaim Cement Plant in terms of quantity and quality in order to compete with imported cement. This necessitates the need to improve the quality of production in a way that pleases consumers, as well as new production lines and design capacity characteristics, “in order to prove the worthiness of self-sufficiency, especially since Al-Qaim cement is distinguished by the quality of production.” Reasonable prices, in addition to the abundance of local raw materials in Al-Qaim district.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
Audrey Rose A. Velayo, Peter D. Suson, Maricar M. Aguilos
et al.
Iligan City has been the heart of major industries in steel, cement, and hydropower and is one of the highly urbanized coastal cities in Mindanao, Philippines. Due to its geological state, environmental challenges like flooding, natural disasters, and environmental degradation have been experienced by the city. With the climate crisis, these risks are being magnified. Recently, nature-based solutions (NBS) have gained significant attention worldwide, viewed as a key solution to the consequences of climate change. Yet implementation of strategies and policies regarding NBS, especially in developing countries, has received poor attention. Hence, this study aims to assess the awareness and perceptions of stakeholders in Iligan City regarding climate change, NBS, and willingness to engage in actions involving NBS. Stakeholder mapping and surveys were conducted through purposive sampling. A total of 187 respondents were interviewed from different sectors (LGUs, NGOs, the private sector, and academia) in Iligan City. Results revealed significant differences in awareness and perceptions across the distinct socio-economic backgrounds of stakeholders, where respondents with higher education and income have greater levels of awareness, perception, and willingness. The study recommends future targeted approaches and increased campaigns for climate change and sustainable solutions such as integrating NBS in adaptation strategies and mitigation plans to foster multi-level stakeholder collaboration.
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Social Sciences
The aim of this review was to assess the association between occupational exposure to silicon dioxide and chronic respiratory symptoms among workers in the cement manufacturing industries. Approximately 60 articles published from 2010 to 2021 were found and four independent reviewers extracted the data from each eligible study using PubMed, Google scholar etc. The following terms were used: exposure to cement dust, exposure to silicon dioxide etc. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were considered while searching for the studies. In this review, a total of 14 articles were included in this study. Chronic cough was the most prevalence exposure symptoms (OR 1.90; CI 9.90, 0.78), with wheezing reported to be the least experienced symptom (OR 1.34; CI 11.5, 0.50). Two studies reported exposure concentration ranging from 0.026 to 0.044 mg/m3, and 0.27 mg/m3 was also reported in one study. The FEV1 and FVC was lower in exposed workers when compared to the control group. Studies reported the crystalline silica quartz to be 21.5% in limestone, 22.5% in bauxite, 21.22% in clinker, and 21.22% in raw cement. Chronic cough, phlegm, wheezing, and shortness of breath or dyspnea was found to be significantly prevalence among workers, particularly cleaning personnel, in the cement manufacturing industries.
The Chinese government has announced its “carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals” for 2030 and 2060, respectively. All industry sectors are working toward developing carbon policies to support the national dual carbon goals. The transportation industry, which is one of the three major sources of CO2 emission in China, has indirectly contributed to the greenhouse effect and global warming and serves as a threat to human living spaces. Therefore, highway construction projects are the key targets for emission reduction in China. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the carbon emission inventories and carbon emission factor catalogs in the domestic and foreign transportation industries. The carbon emission factor data of China’s transportation industry are compiled and summarized based on the existing estimation indices for highway projects and the unit price calculation sheet of construction machinery and equipment in China’s traditional transportation industry. A “bottom-up” approach to measuring carbon emissions of highway projects, based on the attribution life-cycle assessment (ALCA) method, is adopted. In this method, the project activities are divided into subprojects, divisional projects, and unit projects during the construction period of the highway project, thereby establishing a carbon emission database and a carbon emission assessment model. Accordingly, intelligent assessment software for the carbon emission of highway projects was developed using MATLAB, and the carbon emissions of pavement projects for a certain mileage of two domestic highway feeders were estimated and analyzed. In general, our method enables the rapid assessment and statistical analysis of carbon emissions using information about the highway mileage, highway grade, and engineering volume. Moreover, it can intelligently track the carbon emission elements at each stage and identify the major carbon emitters during the construction of highway projects. Based on the assessment of two case studies of pavement projects, the software shows that the major carbon emitters that accounted for 75% of overall emissions were C32.5 cement, gravel, and modified asphalt in the different concrete layers. This implies that the construction phase is the dominant contributor to the overall carbon emissions. Among the machinery and equipment, the asphalt mixture mixing equipment is the major carbon emitter, with emissions of 380 t·h−1, accounting for roughly 30% of the overall carbon emissions from the machinery and equipment. In asphalt pavement engineering, the main source of carbon emissions is the stable soil base and the asphalt pavement layer, accounting for more than 99.6% of the total carbon emissions, while the emissions from the pavement cushion and sporadic engineering are almost negligible. Therefore, our intelligent assessment method can provide robust data and a theoretical basis for energy conservation and the reduction of emissions in the transportation industry.
V Venkataramanan, Shikhar Verma, Avadhut Samant
et al.
In the fields of metallurgy, mining, coking, rubber, ceramics, cement, grain, friction materials, and other industries, the batching process is crucial. It's sometimes referred to as the ''throat'' of industrial firms' manufacturing processes. It eloquently contrasts its significance throughout the entire production process. The first objective of the paper is to explain the workings of a dynamic control system for the process of automatic batch weighing and ingredient discharge. The control system is designed to provide maximum flexibility. It incorporates dual sensory mechanisms to more accurately monitor the density and amount of ingredients in a particular container and aid in the precise mixing of different ingredients as per the formula. Innumerable formulas can be added to the system. The second object of the paper is to compare the effects of incorporating NI LabVIEW in designing the control system. We have reviewed NI LabVIEW software with SCADA software on variables such as load handling capacity, computational ability, processing speed, flexibility of programming, and ease of use for the system and the users. The PLCs and process control systems (PCSs) are used to automate the production process. There are integrated system solutions available today for the automation hardware of PLCs and process control systems. It has been demonstrated that the system is inexpensive, highly reliable, and simple to use. It significantly reduces labour intensity and eliminates health risks from dust in the production line for friction materials. It is worthwhile to encourage use across relevant industries. The Auger mechanism is used for the precise discharge of ingredients.
Khater Hesham Moustafa, El Nagar Abdeen, Ezzat Mohamed
Sustainable development of technologies for the industrial waste utilization for building construction are-as are given considerable worldwide attention due to their advantages in reduction of greenhouse gases compared to Portland cement as well as conservation of raw materials resources used in cement produc-tion. Therefore, geopolymer materials are introduced, not only for the environmental issue, but also be-cause they can reduce carbon dioxide emission caused by Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) by 80% to 90% in building construction. In this paper, we aim to produce an eco-friendly one-part geopolymer ce-ment with low carbon dioxide emission as an alternative for traditional cements, as well as to conserve the natural resources. The current work focuses on the utilization of industrial wastes rather than natural raw materials with the just-add-water technique for pre-prepared one-part geopolymer cement, which can be applied in various building industries. In the current paper, different types of activators with various ratios and varying firing temperatures from 500 up to 1000°C are studied. The analysis showed that firing of nix at 800°C using 10 and 20% potassium carbonate results in better mechanical strength reaching 550 and 650 Kg/cm2 after 28 days of hardening.
Suryaningrat Edwin Romy, Kimsan Masykur, Pramono Bambang
et al.
Cement and nickel mining industries are facing challenges such as the depletion of natural resources and insufficient landfill disposals of ferronickel slag. These problems can be solved by upgrading the ferronickel slag in concrete production without loss of quality. In this research, the use of ferronickel slag as fine aggregate and cement replacement in concrete and mortar was investigated. The ferronickel slag was ground using a ball mill to achieve two levels of fineness. The performance of mortar was assessed under heat treatment at 75 °C as a comparison to that of the normal curing. The pozzolanic activity of ferronickel slag was determined by the Frattini test. The results showed that the strength of concretes increased with increasing of ferronickel slag content in the concrete mixture up to 40 %, beyond that the strength of concrete decreased. A positive effect on the compressive strength of mortar was achieved by using the slag with a higher fineness. The use of heat treatment at 75 °C enhanced the compressive strength of mortar. Assessment of the pozzolanic activity by means of the Frattini test indicates the non-pozzolanic reaction of the slag after 28 days. The use of heat treatment partially hydrated unhydrated cement grains.
Ali Hamieh, Feras Rowaihy, Mohammed Al-Juaied
et al.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is among the countries that committed to taking measures to cut greenhouse gas emissions in accordance with the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement. KSA has rolled out the 2030 Vision aiming at creating a more diverse and sustainable economy that cascaded into a series of initiatives, including the circular carbon economy, Saudi green initiative, and the national renewable energy program. Furthermore, KSA has recently announced an ambitious goal to reach net-zero goal by 2060. In its updated nationally determined contribution (NDC), the Kingdom committed to reducing its carbon emissions by 278 million tons of CO2eq (equivalent) annually by 2030. This ambition is more than a twofold increase versus the previously announced target (130 million tons of CO2eq). With no current plans to change its hydrocarbon production rates, this reduction in emissions would be achieved mainly through diversifying its energy mix, increasing the efficiency of industrial processes, and deploying carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS). To achieve this goal, it is vital to establish a detailed register for CO2 emissions from stationary industrial sources to design optimum and effective CCUS applications. This register includes details about the emission source locations, rates, and characteristics. For the first time, this paper provides a country-wide extensive study that maps out CO2 emissions from stationary industrial emitters associated with the leading six industries in the country, which are electricity generation, desalination, oil refining, cement, petrochemicals, and iron & steel. Moreover, CO2 concentrations within the emitted flue gas from these resources are estimated, which is crucial to determine the capture cost. This study aims to provide a vital resource for researchers and policymakers who seek to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by promoting renewable energy, improving the efficiency of existing fossil-fuel-based industries, and evaluating the potential of CCUS in KSA.
In the graphic and textile industries, liquid effluents are generated from the dyes used in the different processes. In these effluents, a heavy metal of great interest, such as Titanium (Ti), is found. This element is not currently contemplated in the environmental legal framework in Argentina, and there are no known diagnostic techniques that are responsible for its measurement. This work studied the feasibility of applying the Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)technique for detecting Ti in industrial effluents. In the assembly of samples, a possible stabilization method was established for their final disposal, considering the encapsulation in cement for construction. Based on this, four samples were assembled with Portland cement with the addition of ashes, obtained from subjecting the effluents of a graphicindustry to a series of physicochemical processes. For a possible quantification process by LIBS, the thin plasma modelwas proposed, which established the bestpost-breakdownand integration times for registering the 521.04 nm line ofTi I. As the study’s final results, apost-breakdowntime was 35μs and an integration time of 300 ns. With this, it isintended to optimize the measurement parameters for the analysis and calculation of concentrations, thus promoting theuse of the LIBS technique as feasible for this type of measurement.
Abstract The application of wastes and their recycled extractions to develop green construction materials attracts researchers worldwide owing to the high pessimistic environmental impact of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) industry. The current review manuscript represents an endeavour to reassess applications of abandoned electrical and electronic wastes, i.e. E-wastes, as supplementary material to develop a variety of green concretes for construction and infrastructure industries. The principal objective of this piece of review writing includes an existing and state of the art knowledge of these modern, complex, valuable but hazardous elements enclosing wastes by employing them as substitution of natural fine or coarse aggregates in concrete manufacturing. This is a new-fangled, an innovative and revolutionary concept in the direction of development of sustainable and cost-effective green concretes. Not only that, physical, chemical and metallurgical recycling processes of E-wastes, their advantages and disadvantages with thermal, strength, and durability parameters of E-wastes incorporated green concrete, as well as impacts of hazardous substances, have also been assessed. This paper also flashes a light not merely on an application of E-wastes glass of cathode ray tubes with cement paste, mortar and concrete but also an appraisal of the utilization of E-wastes materials in a bituminous mix. Also, the use of non-biodegradable recovered E-wastes plastics is reviewed as partial substitution of natural coarse or fine ingredients through this “Urban Mining” approach. This review will lend a hand to promote sustainable and affordable development of green concrete incorporating E-wastes in the construction industry and help to resolve the impasses of degradation of natural restricted aggregate resources as well as contaminations of environment, soil, and groundwater due to landfilling and of course, to safeguard the health of lives on the globe.