Hasil untuk "Cattle"

Temy Coppola, Olimpia Barbato, Laura Menchetti et al.

Kisspeptins are neuropeptides that play a key role in regulating reproductive function. They are also involved in maternal-fetal communication and the development of the placenta in several mammalian species. In humans and cattle, circulating kisspeptin concentrations increase during pregnancy, and the placenta has been proposed as their main source of production. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no data are currently available regarding serum kisspeptin concentrations during canine pregnancy. The aim of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, serum kisspeptin concentrations in pregnant bitches compared with non-pregnant diestrus bitches. Eight clinically healthy German Shepherd bitches were enrolled and divided into two groups: pregnant (n = 4) and non-pregnant diestrus (n = 4). Blood samples were collected from ovulation and every 15 days until the end of pregnancy or diestrus. Pregnancy was diagnosed using ultrasonography at 19 days post-ovulation and was monitored simultaneously with blood sampling. Median serum kisspeptin concentrations throughout the observation period tended to be higher in pregnant bitches, with a statistically significant difference between groups observed on Day 15 post-ovulation (p = 0.029). This early increase in serum kisspeptin concentrations suggests that kisspeptin circulating in the bloodstream deserves further investigation as a potential biomarker for the early detection of pregnancy in bitches. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution given the exploratory nature of the study and its small sample size.

Netsawang Prud, Huangsorn Padipan, Nathan Komkrish et al.

This study addressed the production challenges in high-fiber cattle feed pelleting, where conventional die design and low steam temperature led to die wear, excessive fines, and low throughput. The effects of the pellet die type and steam conditioning temperature on pellet quality, energy consumption, and throughput were evaluated using a full factorial experiment at a commercial feed null. Two die types (standard and counterdrilled) and five steam temperatures (65—85 °C) were tested. Key parameters included the pellet durability index (PDI). dust content, motor current, production rate, and nutritional composition. Results showed that steam temperature significantly influenced pellet quality (p < 0.05). with optimal PDI (-97%) and minimal dust (-1.5%) achieved at 80—85 °C. The die type significantly affected the energy efficiency and output (p < 0.001); the counterdrilled die reduced the motor current by up to 18% and increased the throughput by -20%. No significant differences were found in the protein, fiber, or fat content (p > 0.05). indicating nutritional stability'. The combination of high-temperature steam conditioning and a counterdrilled die offers an effective strategy for enhancing the pellet quality and reducing the energy load. This approach is suitable for high-capacity cattle feed mills, aiming for a consistent performance and improved operational efficiency.

S.J.R. Woodward, J.P. Edwards, K.J. Verhoek et al.

Heat stress events in dairy cows are associated with behavioral and physiological changes such as seeking shade, increased respiration rate and body temperature, reduced milk production, and psychological distress. Knowledge of the relationship between weather and animal responses to heat stress enables automated alerts using forecast weather, aiding early provision of shade or other mitigation practices. While numerous heat stress indices for cattle have been developed, these have limitations for cows exposed to wind and solar radiation (i.e., predominantly grazing outdoors or managed on pasture). To develop a predictive model for heat stress events in pasture-based dairy systems, rumen temperature data from smaXtec (smaXtec animal care GmbH, Graz, Austria) rumen boluses in 443 cows on 3 dairy farms in Northland, New Zealand, were used to identify heat stress events and these were matched with automated weather station data collected on or near the farm. Heat stress rate (HSR) was defined as the percentage of cows within an age-breed group having a rumen temperature greater than 3 standard deviations above an individual cow's mean and heat stress events were defined as HSR >25%. Single and multiple linear regression models, including published heat stress indices, were generally able to predict a high proportion of heat stress events (sensitivity 34%–68%), but were insufficiently discriminating, predicting also a high number of false positives (precision only 9%–27%). A machine learning algorithm, cubist, was the best performing model, predicting 79% of heat stress events with a precision of 52% for this dataset. Our proof-of-concept study demonstrates the potential of this approach, using climate data to predict and forecast heat stress events in pasture-based dairy systems. Further work should test the cubist model using independent data, refine dataset construction, investigate the value of including known animal variables such as cow age or breed, and incorporate other measures of heat stress such as respiration rate.

I Nyoman Ruja, Neni Wahyuningtyas, Khofifatu Rohmah Adi et al.

Desa Samar is a village with the potential to develop into a tourist village. The village located in the Pagerwojo District, Tulungagung Regency, East Java Province has various promising natural potentials. In order to realize a Tourism Village, the role of stakeholders is certainly an important element. This study aims to identify, map, and describe the roles and relationships among stakeholders involved in the development of Samar Village Tourism. This research employs a qualitative descriptive method with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, documentation, and literature review as supporting data. The analysis technique in this study uses the stakeholder analysis method approach. The stakeholders involved are divided into primary stakeholders, key stakeholders, and secondary stakeholders. Data collection was conducted using purposive sampling to ensure the accuracy of the data collected. The research results show that the success of developing a village tourism destination is greatly determined by the collaboration among the involved stakeholders. Through stakeholder mapping in Samar Village, it was revealed that there are primary, key, and secondary stakeholders, whose interrelated roles necessitate strong commitment, coordination, and cooperation among them. Samar Village, with its various tourism potentials such as orange agro-tourism, bee farming, cattle ranching, and watermills, if managed and organized well by the related stakeholders, will become a sustainable village tourism and provide positive impacts for the community. Active participation from BUMDES, youth organizations, local government, and the local community is crucial for the successful management of these potentials. The level of active participation among stakeholders determines the sustainability of tourism in Desa Samar.

Anna-Sophia Kruppenbacher, Elisabeth Müller, Matthew L. Aardema et al.

Abstract Background Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium that replicates in neutrophil granulocytes. It is transmitted by ticks of the Ixodes ricinus complex and causes febrile illness called granulocytic anaplasmosis primarily in humans, horses, dogs, sheep, cattle and goats. In comparison, clinically apparent disease has been described rarely in cats especially compared to dogs and horses. It is currently unknown whether cats are less susceptible to A. phagocytophilum or whether granulocytic anaplasmosis might be underdiagnosed in cats. Methods To address this question, we examined clinical signs and laboratory findings in seven A. phagocytophilum infected cats from Germany and Switzerland. We then genetically characterized feline A. phagocytophilum strains and compared them to those from other hosts showing clinically apparent disease. For this purpose, ankA-based, groEL-based and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were applied. Furthermore, the concordance between these typing methods was assessed. Results Fever, lethargy and anorexia were the most common clinical signs in cats suffering from granulocytic anaplasmosis. The most frequent laboratory finding was thrombocytopenia. All three typing methods consistently indicated that the A. phagocytophilum strains found infecting cats are the same as those that cause disease in humans, dogs and horses. In general, the three typing methods applied exhibited high concordance. Conclusions The genetic characterization of the feline A. phagocytophilum strains indicates that strain divergence is not the explanation for the fact that granulocytic anaplasmosis is much less frequently diagnosed in cats than in dogs and horses. Otherwise, it may be possible that cats are less susceptible to the same strains than dogs and horse are. However, due to the unspecific clinical signs, it should be considered that granulocytic anaplasmosis may be under-diagnosed in cats. Graphical Abstract

A.L. Kerwin, M.M. McCarthy, W.S. Burhans et al.

The objective was to evaluate a liver health index (LHI) by evaluating its association with negative health events, milk yield, and risk of pregnancy within 150 d in milk (DIM). In a retrospective cohort study, an LHI was calculated based on plasma albumin, cholesterol, and bilirubin concentrations for 265 primiparous and 611 multiparous cows 3 to 12 DIM enrolled across 72 farms in the northeastern United States. Mixed effects linear regression models were used to evaluate if (1) metritis (MET), (2) displaced abomasum (DA), (3) clinical ketosis (CK), (4) one or more of the 3 disorders (MET, DA, or CK), (5) 2 or more of the 3 disorders (MET, DA, or CK), or (6) culling within 30 DIM was associated with LHI. Mixed effects linear regression models were used to evaluate if LHI was associated with 305-d mature equivalent milk at the fourth test day (ME305; mean ± standard deviation: 114 ± 13 DIM) and a Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate if LHI was associated with pregnancy within 150 DIM. Cows that were diagnosed with MET, DA, CK, one or more of the disorders, 2 or more of the disorders, or were culled within 30 DIM had a lower LHI than cows that were not diagnosed with a disorder or culled. A 1-unit increase in LHI was associated with a 154 ± 38 kg increase in ME305 and a 8% increased risk of pregnancy within 150 DIM [hazard ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.08 (1.03 to 1.14)] for multiparous cows; however, we did not identify a relationship between LHI and ME305 or pregnancy within 150 DIM for primiparous cows. These results suggest that the LHI is associated with health, milk yield, and pregnancy within 150 DIM for multiparous cows and health for primiparous cows; therefore, the LHI can be used as a tool to evaluate transition cow success.

R. K. Kurbanov, B. M. Bahamaev, E. V. Gorchakov et al.

The purpose of the research is study of the animal's body clinical status and changes in hematological parameters before and after treatment against sarcoptoidosis of cattle. Materials and methods. The experiment was performed on bull calves and heifers aged 6–10 months, medium finish, of 100–120 kg of body weight. The test animals were divided into three groups: two test groups and one control group of 15 animals each. Before the experiment and at 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment with acaricides, scrapings from the affected skin and blood were taken from animals of all groups for research. The first test group animals were treated with ivermectin subcutaneously at a dose of 5 ml per animal, and the second test group was treated with cydectin subcutaneously at a dose of 5 ml per animal. The control animals were not treated. Results and discussion. The conducted hematological studies found a decrease in erythrocytes and hemoglobin in sarcoptoidosis, which indicated a decrease in oxygen supply to the body, and, consequently, organs and tissues. The white blood cell differential was observed to have a noticeable decrease in monocytes and lymphocytes.

Giovanni Niero, Tania Bobbo, Simone Callegaro et al.

Extensive summer grazing is a dairy herd management practice frequently adopted in mountainous areas. Nowadays, this activity is threatened by its high labour demand, but it is fundamental for environmental, touristic and economic implications, as well as for the preservation of social and cultural traditions. Scarce information on the effects of such low-input farming systems on cattle health is available. Therefore, the present case study aimed at investigating how grazing may affect the health status of dairy cows by using milk traits routinely available from the national milk recording scheme. The research involved a dairy herd of 52 Simmental and 19 Holstein × Simmental crossbred cows. The herd had access to the pasture according to a rotational grazing scheme from late spring up to the end of summer. A total of 616 test day records collected immediately before and during the grazing season were used. Individual milk yield was registered during the milking procedure. Milk samples were analysed for composition (fat, protein, casein and lactose contents) and health-related milk indicators (electrical conductivity, urea and β-hydroxybutyrate) using mid-infrared spectroscopy. Somatic cell count (SCC) and differential SCC were also determined. Data were analysed with a linear mixed model, which included the fixed effects of the period of sampling, cow breed, stage of lactation and parity, and the random effects of cow nested within breed and the residual. The transition from barn farming to pasture had a negative effect on milk yield, together with a small deterioration of fat and protein percentages. Health-related milk indicators showed a minor deterioration of the fat to protein ratio, differential SCC and electrical conductivity, particularly towards the end of the grazing season, whereas the somatic cell score and β-hydroxybutyrate were relatively constant. Overall, the study showed that, when properly managed, pasture grazing does not have detrimental effects on dairy cows in terms of udder health and efficiency. Therefore, the proper management of cows on pasture can be a valuable solution to preserve the economic, social and environmental sustainability of small dairy farms in the alpine regions, without impairing cows’ health.

Ali Hardan, Philip C. Garnsworthy, Matt J. Bell

The aim of this study was to investigate the use of signal processing to detect eructation peaks in CH₄ released by cows during robotic milking, and to compare recordings from three gas analysers (Guardian SP and NG, and IRMAX) differing in volume of air sampled and response time. To allow comparison of gas analysers using the signal processing approach, CH₄ in air (parts per million) was measured by each analyser at the same time and continuously every second from the feed bin of a robotic milking station. Peak analysis software was used to extract maximum CH₄ amplitude (ppm) from the concentration signal during each milking. A total of 5512 CH₄ spot measurements were recorded from 65 cows during three consecutive sampling periods. Data were analysed with a linear mixed model including analyser × period, parity, and days in milk as fixed effects, and cow ID as a random effect. In period one, air sampling volume and recorded CH₄ concentration were the same for all analysers. In periods two and three, air sampling volume was increased for IRMAX, resulting in higher CH₄ concentrations recorded by IRMAX and lower concentrations recorded by Guardian SP (<i>p</i> < 0.001), particularly in period three, but no change in average concentrations measured by Guardian NG across periods. Measurements by Guardian SP and IRMAX had the highest correlation; Guardian SP and NG produced similar repeatability and detected more variation among cows compared with IRMAX. The findings show that signal processing can provide a reliable and accurate means to detect CH₄ eructations from animals when using different gas analysers.

A. P. Rodionov, E. A. Artemeva, L. A. Melnikova et al.

Anthrax remains a global problem, both for veterinary and human medicine, due to the wide spread of its soil foci throughout the world. The ability to sporulate is the main feature of Bacillus anthracis, which allows the pathogen to persist in the environment for a long time. Understanding the ecology of B. anthracis is essential for successful control of this infection. This review analyzes the data from the global literature, reflecting the modern understanding of the vital functions of the anthrax agent in various ecological niches. As a result of the work, it was revealed that many links in the chain of B. anthracis lifecycle in the abiotic environment remain poorly understood. A more in-depth study is required for issues related to the mechanisms, ways of living and evolution of the anthrax causative agent outside the animal body. A separate section of the review describes the problems of anthrax foci in soil. It is shown that today there are no effective and environmentally friendly methods and means of their elimination. In addition, the question of the expediency of their use remains open. According to some researchers, the increasingly emerging initiatives for the elimination or conservation of anthrax burial sites are not only useless, but also harmful, since they exclude the possibility of further predicting the risks associated with soil foci that surround livestock burial sites and cannot be decontaminated. The study and new approaches to solution of the highlighted issues will make a significant contribution to solving the global problem of protecting animals and people from this infection.

Marcella Cândia D'Oliveira, Fábio Arguelo Biberg, Gabriela Facholi Bomfim et al.

The aim was evaluated the effect of reduce in protein-energy supplementation frequency on nutrients intake, forage digestibility and degradability, as well as, ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) concentration in beef cattle receiving low-quality hay. A 4 x 4 Latin square design were used. Four steers were fed with low-quality hay and subjected to four treatments: no supplementation (control); protein-energy supplementation with 0.82% of body weight (BW) offered three times per week (3WK); 0.49% of BW offered five times a week (5 WK), and 0.35% of BW offered seven times per week (7 WK). The use of protein-energy supplementation increased intake of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), ether extract (EE), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and the digestibility coefficients of CP, EE, and NFC. However, no differences in DM and NDF degradation were observed between treatments in the evaluated hay. Supplementation did not alter ruminal pH, but the N-NH3 concentration was highest in treatment 7WK. Reduction in protein-energy supplementation frequency of daily to 3WK or 5WK does not negatively affect intake, digestibility and degradability of nutrients in beef cattle receiving low quality hay. Keywords: beef production, nutrients degradability, ruminal pH, ruminal ammonia nitrogen

Mark A Caudell, Alejandro Dorado-Garcia, Suzanne Eckford et al.

The nutritional and economic potentials of livestock systems are compromised by the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. A major driver of resistance is the misuse and abuse of antimicrobial drugs. The likelihood of misuse may be elevated in low- and middle-income countries where limited professional veterinary services and inadequately controlled access to drugs are assumed to promote non-prudent practices (e.g., self-administration of drugs). The extent of these practices, as well as the knowledge and attitudes motivating them, are largely unknown within most agricultural communities in low- and middle-income countries. The main objective of this study was to document dimensions of knowledge, attitudes and practices related to antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in livestock systems and identify the livelihood factors associated with these dimensions. A mixed-methods ethnographic approach was used to survey households keeping layers in Ghana (N = 110) and Kenya (N = 76), pastoralists keeping cattle, sheep, and goats in Tanzania (N = 195), and broiler farmers in Zambia (N = 198), and Zimbabwe (N = 298). Across countries, we find that it is individuals who live or work at the farm who draw upon their knowledge and experiences to make decisions regarding antimicrobial use and related practices. Input from animal health professionals is rare and antimicrobials are sourced at local, privately owned agrovet drug shops. We also find that knowledge, attitudes, and particularly practices significantly varied across countries, with poultry farmers holding more knowledge, desirable attitudes, and prudent practices compared to pastoralist households. Multivariate models showed that variation in knowledge, attitudes and practices is related to several factors, including gender, disease dynamics on the farm, and source of animal health information. Study results emphasize that interventions to limit antimicrobial resistance should be founded upon a bottom-up understanding of antimicrobial use at the farm-level given limited input from animal health professionals and under-resourced regulatory capacities within most low- and middle-income countries. Establishing this bottom-up understanding across cultures and production systems will inform the development and implementation of the behavioral change interventions to combat antimicrobial resistance globally.

Dewa K.S Swastika, Nyak Ilham, Ikin Sadikin

The Indonesian Dairy Industry wa.s well developed until mid 1997, due to some government protective policies, such as credit far imported dam cattle. and domestic market security. (;orernment determined the Milk Ratio (the ratio between domestic fresh milk and imported milk) that should he satisfied/ by the multinational milk processors (IPS) to run their milk processing lactories. However, the domestic .fresh milk production was not sufficient to meet the raw material far their Jactories. Therefore, in 1996, about 67% of raw materials has w he imported, especially from Australia and New Zealand, At least there were m.o/actors resulting a high import of dairy product. First, the domestic dairy production capacity was limited: second the Indonesian dairy industry was considered as inefficient, so that the price of domesticfresh milk was claimed to be more expensive compared to imported milk. The economic crisis starting from mid 1997, resulting in a high price of imported dairy cattle and feed. On the other hand, this crisis also resulting in a significant increase in price of imported milk. Therefore, the demand for domestic fresh milk by IPS was significantly increased The observations in 6 milk cooperatives (in East and West Java) showed that since economic crisis, all fresh milk offered by all cooperatives to IPS was absorbed. Even IPS provided some incentives (higher price and bonus).* the farmers who have a better quality of milk. There was also price adjustment given by IPS from about Rp. 600 hr in 1996 97 to about Rp. 900 and then about Rp. 1100 ltr in 1998 99. However, the farmers was still complaining. because if they compare milk price to rice price, they recognize that before crisis I liter milk was equivalent to 0.6 kg rice, but after crisis 1 liter milk was equivalent to only 0.4 kg rice. The most important issue that should be anticipated is that "if exchange rate of Rupiah to US Dollar is increased, then imported milk will be cheaper, and IPS will tend to import milk rather than buying domestic fresh milk If this case is happening, it will be a nightmare to farmers who do dairy farm. Therefore, the development and transfer of the more efficient technology in dairy industry should be given a high priority.

W. Ouweltjes, J.J. Windig, M.L. van Pelt et al.

Death of calves around parturition is a matter of concern for dairy farmers. Relatively high stillbirth rates and unfavourable trends have been reported for Holstein heifers in the Netherlands and several other countries. In our study, we investigated herd differences, genetic parameters and genotype by environment interaction for heifer calf livability. A large dataset with data from calvings between 1993 and 2012 of Dutch dairy farms was used. There were considerable differences between herds in livability of calves from heifers, with averages ranging from 74% to 95%. Both herds with relatively high and low averages showed the same negative trend between 1993 and 2012, with largest declines in herds with the lowest averages. We found that heritability and genetic variation of first parity livability were substantially larger in herd environments where the likelihood of stillbirth was high v. environments where stillbirth was at a low level. The genetic correlations between herd environment levels were all very close to unity, indicating that ranking of sires was similar for all environments. However, for herds with a relatively high stillbirth incidence selecting sires with favourable breeding values is expected to be twice as profitable as in herds with a relatively low stillbirth incidence.

Salama Al-Hamidhi, Mohammed H Tageldin, William Weir et al.

<h4>Background</h4>Theileriosis, caused by a number of species within the genus Theileria, is a common disease of livestock in Oman. It is a major constraint to the development of the livestock industry due to a high rate of morbidity and mortality in both cattle and sheep. Since little is currently known about the genetic diversity of the parasites causing theileriosis in Oman, the present study was designed to address this issue with specific regard to T. annulata in cattle.<h4>Methods</h4>Blood samples were collected from cattle from four geographically distinct regions in Oman for genetic analysis of the Theileria annulata population. Ten genetic markers (micro- and mini-satellites) representing all four chromosomes of T. annulata were applied to these samples using a combination of PCR amplification and fragment analysis. The resultant genetic data was analysed to provide a first insight into the structure of the T. annulata population in Oman.<h4>Results</h4>We applied ten micro- and mini-satellite markers to a total of 310 samples obtained from different regions (174 [56%] from Dhofar, 68 [22%] from Dhira, 44 [14.5%] from Batinah and 24 [8%] from Sharqia). A high degree of allelic diversity was observed among the four parasite populations. Expected heterozygosity for each site ranged from 0.816 to 0.854. A high multiplicity of infection was observed in individual hosts, with an average of 3.3 to 3.4 alleles per locus, in samples derived from Batinah, Dhofar and Sharqia regions. In samples from Dhira region, an average of 2.9 alleles per locus was observed. Mild but statistically significant linkage disequilibrium between pairs of markers was observed in populations from three of the four regions. In contrast, when the analysis was performed at farm level, no significant linkage disequilibrium was observed. Finally, no significant genetic differentiation was seen between the four populations, with most pair-wise FST values being less than 0.03. Slightly higher FST values (GST' = 0.075, θ = 0.07) were detected when the data for T. annulata parasites in Oman was compared with that previously generated for Turkey and Tunisia.<h4>Conclusion</h4>Genetic analyses of T. annulata samples representing four geographical regions in Oman revealed a high level of genetic diversity in the parasite population. There was little evidence of genetic differentiation between parasites from different regions, and a high level of genetic diversity was maintained within each sub-population. These findings are consistent with a high parasite transmission rate and frequent movement of animals between different regions in Oman.

Humberto Esquivel-Mimenza, M. Ibrahim, C.A. Harvey et al.

The study conducted in a tropical dry ecosystem at Cañas, Guanacaste, Costa Rica (10o 11´ N and 84o15´W) measure the standing herbage biomass (SHB) availability and quality under six isolated tree species of different canopy architecture dispersed in active Brachiaria brizantha pastures and compare it to that growing at full sun light. Standing herbage biomass (HB) harvesting and Photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) readings were taken at three different periods in a paired sample scheme. Of the six tree species studied, Enterolobium cyclocarpum had the largest mean crown cover while Acrocomia aculeata had the smallest. Significant differences were observed between species (P = 0.0002) and seasons (P<0.008) for the percentage of PAR transmitted under the canopy but PAR levels obtained under all species were consistent throughout seasons since the interaction between species and season was not significantly different (P=0.98). Lower PAR readings (<50%) were taken under the canopies E. cyclocarpum and Guazuma ulmifolia (21.7 and 33.7 % respectively). Standing herbage biomass (SHB) harvested under the crown of isolated mature individual tree species was significantly lower (P<0.001) than in open pasture areas for all tree species except that of A. aculeate but SHB crude protein content, was higher underneath all tree canopies. It can conclude that light reduction caused by tree canopies reduces SHB availability and increases the quality underneath tree canopies compared to areas of full sun but these varies accordingly to tree species and seasons.

S. Hartono, T.W. Widayati

The main objective of this research is to present an alternative approach to meet beef self-sufficiency in West Papua, Indonesia. It mainly focuses on calculating the needed number of productive cows to enhance beef production in the province. Out of the total farmer households in Manokwari, Indonesia, 189 farmer-respondents were selected as samples of the study. Selection of the sample was based on the number of cattle kept in every age group (less than one (<1) year old; one to two (1-2) years old, and more than two (>2) years old and the number of productive cows. Secondary data came from the time series data of the number of slaughtered cattle vis-à-vis the population of all districts in West Papua Province from 1980-2008. Data were analyzed using the Partial Adjustment Model (PAM) and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method. Results of the study showed that beef self-sufficiency in West Papua depend on the availability of the number of productive cows to produce ready-slaughtered-bull in the previous year. Particularly for West Papua, to produce one unit of bull in the tth –year, with the assumption that cattle mortality is 4.92%, a number of 2.38 animal units AU of productive cows must be provided in the previous two (2) years.

Milagro Valentina León Toro, Emma Elena Rueda de Arvelo, María Virginia Castañeda Delgado et al.

Con el propósito de determinar el efecto de la Concanavalina A (Con A) sobre la actividad de las enzimas _-amilasa pancreática y tripsina en pollos de engorde de 3 y 6 semanas de edad, se realizaron dos experimentos bajo condiciones in vitro. En el primero, la actividad de la enzima _-amilasa pancreática fue determinada en muestras de mucosa duodenal, para lo cual se diseñaron 5 tratamientos: ausencia de Con A (T0), presencia de Con A (T1), Con A preincubada durante 30 minutos con la enzima (T2) o con el sustrato (T3) y Caseína (T4). En el segundo experimento se evaluó el efecto de la Con A sobre la actividad de la tripsina en homogenados de páncreas, aplicando 2 tratamientos: presencia de Con A (T0) y ausencia de Con A (T1). La Con A se utilizó a una concentración semejante a la del sustrato correspondiente para cada enzima. Los resultados fueron analizados a través del Análisis de Varianza de Kruskal-Wallis. La Con A inhibió significativamente la actividad específica de la enzima _-amilasa pancreática, tanto en la tercera como en la sexta semana de edad. No hubo diferencia en la actividad de la enzima entre semanas. La preincubación de la lectina con la enzima afectó significativamente la actividad de la _-amilasa pancreática. No hubo efecto de la preincubación de la lectina con el sustrato. La tripsina no fue inhibida por la Con A bajo las condiciones del ensayo, posiblemente asociado al efecto inhibitorio de la actividad biológica que ejerce la caseína sobre la Con A.

U. Brehme, U. Stollberg, R. Holz et al.

Without sensor-aided animal data measuring systems far fewer oestrus cycles are recognized because cycle length, oestrus duration and oestrus intensity have developed negatively at high animal performance rates. This development makes it eminently clear that observation of the mating season in the dairy cattle sector is even more important than assumed so far if the financial losses due to insufficient herd fertility are not to become a business problem. Electronic identification and measuring systems represent key technologies for progressive automation in animal husbandry in modern, future-oriented livestock farming. Suitable objective measuring systems are needed in animals husbandry to quickly and safely recognize animal illness, normal oestrus cycle, silent heat or suffering from stress. Pedometer and transponder from different companies play an important role for measuring from animals data and statements in animals health and oestrus monitoring. Modern sensors (sensors, bio sensors), increasingly non-invasive measuring and transfer methods make crucial improvements in the potential for measuring animal data. A new type of pedometer, called ALT pedometer, for three measurement parameters (activity, lying time, temperature), a real time watch and a change measuring time interval was developed. With this system it is possible to select different time intervals between 1 and 60 min for continuous measuring. The results for oestrus detection are excellent. The high correspondence between the measuring parameters activity and lying time allow a statement to be made early and safely on animal illnesses and the time of the oestrus cycle.

B.H. Savitha, R. Praseeda, G. Ajitkumar

Investigation carried out to estimate the incidence of subclinical endometritis among crossbred cows and heifers using white side test revealed an overall incidence of 30 per cent.