Hasil untuk "By religion"

W. C. Roof

K. Pargament

R. Scott Appleby

Lynda H. Powell, L. Shahabi, C. Thoresen

S. Atran, A. Norenzayan

N. Foner, R. Alba

Hidde Makimei, Shuai Wang, Willem van Peursen

The past years witnessed a significant amount of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools that can generate images from texts. This triggers the discussion of whether AI can generate accurate images using text from the Bible with respect to the corresponding biblical contexts and backgrounds. Despite some existing attempts at a small scale, little work has been done to systematically evaluate these generated images. In this work, we provide a large dataset of over 7K images using biblical text as prompts. These images were evaluated with multiple neural network-based tools on various aspects. We provide an assessment of accuracy and some analysis from the perspective of religion and aesthetics. Finally, we discuss the use of the generated images and reflect on the performance of the AI generators.

Wajdi Zaghouani, Md. Rafiul Biswas

Identifying hate speech content in the Arabic language is challenging due to the rich quality of dialectal variations. This study introduces a multilabel hate speech dataset in the Arabic language. We have collected 10000 Arabic tweets and annotated each tweet, whether it contains offensive content or not. If a text contains offensive content, we further classify it into different hate speech targets such as religion, gender, politics, ethnicity, origin, and others. A text can contain either single or multiple targets. Multiple annotators are involved in the data annotation task. We calculated the inter-annotator agreement, which was reported to be 0.86 for offensive content and 0.71 for multiple hate speech targets. Finally, we evaluated the data annotation task by employing a different transformers-based model in which AraBERTv2 outperformed with a micro-F1 score of 0.7865 and an accuracy of 0.786.

Adel Khorramrouz, Sharon Levy

Safety guardrails in large language models(LLMs) are developed to prevent malicious users from generating toxic content at a large scale. However, these measures can inadvertently introduce or reflect new biases, as LLMs may refuse to generate harmful content targeting some demographic groups and not others. We explore this selective refusal bias in LLM guardrails through the lens of refusal rates of targeted individual and intersectional demographic groups, types of LLM responses, and length of generated refusals. Our results show evidence of selective refusal bias across gender, sexual orientation, nationality, and religion attributes. This leads us to investigate additional safety implications via an indirect attack, where we target previously refused groups. Our findings emphasize the need for more equitable and robust performance in safety guardrails across demographic groups.

Jasril, Asmawati

This study aims to describe multiculturalism as reflected in the novel Mengurai Rindu by Nang Syamsudin. Data was collected using observation, reading, and note-taking techniques and analyzed through content analysis methods with heuristic and hermeneutic reading approaches, interpreted using the sociology of literature theory. The findings reveal that Mengurai Rindu by Nang Syamsuddin is a literary work that: (1) highlights the diversity of society—including ethnicity, culture, and religion; (2) contains multicultural elements such as (a) solidarity and brotherhood, (b) gender equality, (c) family values, and (d) sharing and power control; (3) in addition to promoting multicultural values, it also presents anti-multicultural values, such as prejudice and stereotypes against other groups, particularly in interethnic relations; (4) the emergence of anti-multicultural values is influenced by the desire to preserve the purity of lineage; and (5) diversity as a form of multiculturalism can bring happiness and peace if managed well and if mutual respect for differences is maintained.

Phil Zuckerman, Sophie Myers

How and why do individuals who do not believe in God, and were raised by nonbelieving parents, and grew up in majority nonbelieving societies engage in prosocial, altruistic behavior? Based on in-depth interviews with seventeen individuals who engage in such endeavors and are 1) atheistic in orientation, 2) were raised by people who did not believe in God, and 3) live in a society where the majority of people lack a belief in God (Estonia), this qualitative analysis explores the motivations, values, reflections, and experiences of thoroughly secular, godless people who engage in voluntary activities that help other sentient beings, alleviate their suffering, or increase their well-being. These non-believers do not draw from religion in any sense as they engage in altruistic activities; most have a difficult time articulating their values, as they are taken for granted and seldom if ever need to be explained or justified; all find their altruistic activities rewarding.

Limin Zhu, Wenlei Yu

Abstract This study explores how superstition, specifically China’s “zodiac year” belief predicting bad luck, influences corporate charitable donations, addressing the unexplored psychological mechanism behind religion’s impact on CSR. Using a sample of Chinese listed firms from 2007 to 2022, we find that before their zodiac year, the chairperson tends to increase the firm’s charitable donations due to their anticipation of bad luck, which highlights the impact of managers’ nonstandard beliefs on CSR. This effect is more pronounced in regions with a strong Taoist atmosphere and within family firms. Mechanism tests indicate that the impact intensifies when firms underperform or face negative media coverage, reflecting heightened insecurity. Additionally, chairpersons tend to engage in quiet giving and purchase extra insurance before their zodiac year, highlighting self-enhancement and self-protection motivations. Our findings reveal a mechanism of egoistic motivation behind CSR, that is, executives make donations for personal psychic gratification for themselves. This study contributes to the research on both religion and motivation of charitable donations by providing a novel perspective to explain the motivation behind corporate charitable donations.

Geoffrey W. Sutton

Aishik Rakshit, Smriti Singh, Shuvam Keshari et al.

Embeddings play a pivotal role in the efficacy of Large Language Models. They are the bedrock on which these models grasp contextual relationships and foster a more nuanced understanding of language and consequently perform remarkably on a plethora of complex tasks that require a fundamental understanding of human language. Given that these embeddings themselves often reflect or exhibit bias, it stands to reason that these models may also inadvertently learn this bias. In this work, we build on the seminal previous work and propose DeepSoftDebias, an algorithm that uses a neural network to perform 'soft debiasing'. We exhaustively evaluate this algorithm across a variety of SOTA datasets, accuracy metrics, and challenging NLP tasks. We find that DeepSoftDebias outperforms the current state-of-the-art methods at reducing bias across gender, race, and religion.

Amelia LM Tan, Rafael S Gonçalves, William Yuan et al.

Objective: Integrating EHR data with other resources is essential in rare disease research due to low disease prevalence. Such integration is dependent on the alignment of ontologies used for data annotation. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is used to annotate clinical diagnoses; the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) to annotate phenotypes. Although these ontologies overlap in biomedical entities described, the extent to which they are interoperable is unknown. We investigate how well aligned these ontologies are and whether such alignments facilitate EHR data integration. Materials and Methods: We conducted an empirical analysis of the coverage of mappings between ICD and HPO. We interpret this mapping coverage as a proxy for how easily clinical data can be integrated with research ontologies such as HPO. We quantify how exhaustively ICD codes are mapped to HPO by analyzing mappings in the UMLS Metathesaurus. We analyze the proportion of ICD codes mapped to HPO within a real-world EHR dataset. Results and Discussion: Our analysis revealed that only 2.2% of ICD codes have direct mappings to HPO in UMLS. Within our EHR dataset, less than 50% of ICD codes have mappings to HPO terms. ICD codes that are used frequently in EHR data tend to have mappings to HPO; ICD codes that represent rarer medical conditions are seldom mapped. Conclusion: We find that interoperability between ICD and HPO via UMLS is limited. While other mapping sources could be incorporated, there are no established conventions for what resources should be used to complement UMLS.

Murtadho's Word, Fujiama D. Silalahi

The try out process is an exam simulation exercise every year before the National Examination conducted by school institutions. The main objective of this exercise is as an effort of school institutions to prepare students to get maximum scores on the National Examination.Madrasah Working Group (KKM) of MTs 2 Demak is a body within the Ministry of Religion which fosters coordinative cooperative relations between Demak MTs 2 and private Madrasahs in the area of ​​Demak 2 MTs. So far the Try Out system at the KKM level still uses manual procedures and is still off line using paper. As a result of this system, there are still delays in the distribution of questions and reports at the central level. In making Try Out questions, randomization of questions only uses the package method questions A, B and C, so there are still students who give each other answers.LCM (linear congruent method) is a method of generating random numbers on the Try Out. The principle of this method is where the form of the LCM number as the scrambler of the question, including increament (c), modulus (m), multiplier (a), and initial value (Z0), which has provisions: c = 0 ≤ c <m, m = 0 <m, a = 0 <a <m, and Z0 = 0 ≤ Z0 <m. Making this application using the PHP programming language and database used is MySql with the R & D system development method according to Borg and Gall, including: Research and information collecting, Planning, Develop prelminary form of product, Preliminary field testing, Main product revision, Main field testing , Operational product revision, Operational field testing, Final product revision, Dissemination and implementation.Madrasah Working Group (KKM) Demak MTs 2 in conducting a try out system still uses the manual offline method and the problem scrambler is only limited to packages A, B, and C, then with the Try Out Information System the web-based KKM level is expected to facilitate parties KKM and tighten students to avoid fraud.

abbas jafarinia, mohsen moradian, Nader Torkashvand

Abstract One of the most important factors of sedition in the Islamic world is the emergence of Salafist thought. This current, as a system (belief and religion), has a special identity that, by polarizing the Islamic world, while distorting Islamic unity, can upset the stability and balance of Islamic societies and thus the security of Islamic countries by Faces a challenge. Iraq with its sensitive and geoplotical of position of deep interdependencies with Iran. According to the results, the situation of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the face of takfiri currents in a state of aggression is mild and shows that; it is necessary to take maximum advantage of environmental opportunities and rely on strengths to deal with emerging environmental threats and improve the current state of regional defense performance. This study aims to achieve strategies to deal with the impact of salafism threats in Iraq on the military security of the Islamic republic of Iran. The present study is an application-developmental and descriptive method. Components of the impact of salafism threats in Iraq on military security, after studying the library and compiled for approval by experts, the components and indicators have been evaluated. Then, in order to evaluate the current situation and their importance, a questionnaire was prepared and distributed among the members of the community and the required data were collected. The descriptive statistics and inferential statistics section were analyzed and then using the SWOT method. Strategies are determined and finally prioritized using TOPSIS method.

Ieva Kristinaitytė

The article discusses the manuscript poem Kastītis ir Juraite (1889) by Andrius Vištelis and the vision of an imagined utopian Lithuanian culture emerging in the poem. Vištelis was a then-known poet of the 19th-century Lithuanian national movement who, in the current historiography, is perceived as a marginal writer. The poem has not been analysed until now, although it is one of the earliest texts in Lithuanian about the myth of Jūratė and Kastytis. The poem can be considered as an attempt to create the missing Lithuanian national epic for the emerging modern Lithuanian national community. The cultural tensions and negotiations that appear in the poem are reviewed. The images appearing in the poem that was destined to unite the community are also analysed. The first part of the article discusses the paradigm of poetic and linguistic reconstruction and its significance for the creative program of one of the initiators of Auszra, thus including Vištelis in the significant field of the romanticism, which was manifested in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, whereas the second part analyses the idea of a new egalitarian society proclaimed in the poem Kastītis ir Juraite in the 19th century through the context of utopias. In the analysed poem, a new religion emerges, which was supposed to combine pagan and Christian ‘traditions’. The circulation of Hugues Felicité Robert Lamennais philosophy on the work of Vištelis is discussed, the circumstances of the poem’s creation are specified, and the possible narrative of the poem is reconstructed from the drafts, thereby supplementing the discourse of the first national Lithuanian paper Auszra.

Mathieu Gomes, Sylvain Marsat, Jonathan Peillex et al.

We analyze the influence of religious social norms on corporate greenwashing behavior. Specifically, we focus on a specific form of greenwashing: selective disclosure. Using a large sample of US firms between 2005 and 2019, we show that firms located in counties where religious adherence is high are less likely to engage in greenwashing. We also find that a stronger religious adherence within the county in which a company is located reduces the magnitude of greenwashing, when observed. We further analyze the mechanism underlying this relationship and show that religious adherence impacts greenwashing behaviors through the channel of risk aversion. A comprehensive set of robustness tests aimed at addressing potential endogeneity concerns confirms that religion is a relevant driver of corporate greenwashing behavior.

Auwais Rafudeen

This article employs an internal logics approach, developed in a recent work by Sher Ali Tareen, to the study of the Barelwi school in South Africa. This approach ties metaphysics to practice. Specifically, the article addresses some works of the school’s founder, Ahmad Raza Khan, as translated by South African Islamic scholar Abdul Hadi Qadiri, in the light of this approach. It then extrapolates the insights of this approach to a recent article by Sepetla Molapo, which highlights the importance of appreciating the metaphysical role of ancestors in any academic approach to understanding traditional African worldviews and African self-concept. Taken together, the article suggests that the internal logics approach is helpful in bringing to the surface the crucial, but often obscured, metaphysical presuppositions concerning the nature of time-presuppositions that inform not only the worldview of the object being studied, but, equally, the often different ones that shape the perspective of the researcher. Contribution: This article wishes to underscore the importance of metaphysical considerations in the study of religion, advocating an approach that highlights such considerations and examining some of its broader academic implications. While it specifically focuses on a theological contestation in Islam, it extends the implications of this contestation to the academic study of traditional African worldviews and to world religions more generally.