Mariana Nabais, Mariana Nabais, Mariana Nabais
et al.
This study examines the ungulate and carnivore remains recovered from the Middle Palaeolithic site of Gruta da Figueira Brava, Portugal, to assess Neanderthal subsistence strategies in the region during late Marine Isotope Stage 5 (MIS-5). The site, now facing the Atlantic Ocean, was located up to 2 km inland at the time of occupation, providing access to both terrestrial and coastal environments. Despite extensive fragmentation and carbonate encrustation of the faunal assemblage, zooarchaeological and taphonomic analyses reveal a diversity of prey species, dominated by red deer (Cervus elaphus) and ibex (Capra pyrenaica), with lesser contributions from aurochs (Bos primigenius) and horses (Equus caballus). The skeletal element representation, along with cut marks, percussion marks and burning evidence suggest a complex and flexible approach to resource transport, processing and consumption. Neanderthals exploited both high-yield and marginal bone portions, maximising nutritional intake through cooking, defleshing and marrow extraction. The assemblage suggests that whole deer carcasses were occasionally transported to the site, while selective transport strategies were applied to larger taxa. The presence of carnivore remains, including bears (Ursus arctos), hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta), wolves (Canis lupus) and wild cats (Felis silvestris), with no evidence of human-carnivore interactions, suggests intermittent use of the cave by non-human predators during periods of human absence (e.g., for cat denning and bear hibernation or as a hyaena latrine).
Autor powieści historycznych ukazujących Kraków w XVI w. korzysta z licznych opracowań ukazujących ówczesne życie mieszkańców i funkcjonowanie władz miejskich. Pisząc o Krakowie okresu Młodej Polski przełomu XIX/XX w., mimo popularności tej epoki, autor zmuszony jest sprawdzić w archiwaliach realia pracy c.k. policji, których autentyczność jest walorem powieści.
Alexander Whitehead, Anthony Sinclair, Christopher Scott
The pathogenic environment has been a constant shaping presence in human evolution. Despite its importance, this factor has been given little consideration and research. Here, we use experimental archaeology and microscopic analysis to present and support a novel hypothesis on the pathogenic properties of bifacial butchery tools during the Middle Pleistocene. Use-wear evidence from the Acheulean site of Boxgrove, Sussex suggests that a sample of flint bifaces were used for butchery tasks for a remarkably limited duration. Circumstantial evidence from other Acheulean sites, such as the apparent discard of bifaces at single-episode butchery sites, and biface caching sites, also suggest limited-use, and extend this interpretation beyond Boxgrove. There is no current utilitarian explanation for why such an apparently over-engineered tool would be discarded after such a limited duration of use. This pilot study demonstrates, via experimental investigation, that residual animal tissue from performing butchery tasks cannot be completely removed from the flake scars of flint bifaces using prehistorically available cleaning methods. It is argued that the animal tissue is likely to begin spoiling within hours of butchery, which poses a significant risk of introducing pathogens into foodstuffs if the biface is reused, resulting in foodborne illness. Subsequently, hominins likely learned to minimise this risk by discarding each flint bifacial tool after a single episode of butchery.
Emily F. Kerrison, Ron D. Ekers, John Morgan
et al.
Recent observations of interplanetary scintillation (IPS) at radio frequencies have proved to be a powerful tool for probing the solar environment from the ground. But how far back does this tradition really extend? Our survey of the literature to date has revealed a long history of scintillating observations, beginning with the oral traditions of Indigenous peoples from around the globe, encompassing the works of the Ancient Greeks and Renaissance scholars, and continuing right through into modern optics, astronomy and space science. We outline here the major steps that humanity has taken along this journey, using scintillation as a tool for predicting first terrestrial, and then space weather without ever having to leave the ground.
The author was encouraged to write this review by numerous enquiries from researchers all over the world, who needed a ready-to-use algorithm for the inversion of confluent Vandermonde matrices which works in quadratic time for any values of the parameters allowed by the definition, including the case of large root multiplicities of the characteristic polynomial. Article gives the history of the title special matrix since 1891 and surveys algorithms for solving linear systems with the title class matrix and inverting it. In particular, it presents, also by example, a numerical algorithm which does not use symbolic computations and is ready to be implemented in a general-purpose programming language or in a specific mathematical package.
This is an English (annotated) translation of the German paper by Max Planck (1943) about "The history of the discovery of the physical quantum of action"
The paper presents a sufficiently simple technique for designing a low-energy flight trajectory of a spacecraft (SC) from the Earth to the Moon with insertion into a low circular orbit of the latter. The proposed technique is based on the solution and subsequent analysis of a special model problem, which is a variant of the restricted circular four-body problem (RC4BP) Earth-Sun-SC-Moon; for which it is assumed that the planes of the orbits of all considered bodies coincides. The planar motion of the center of mass of the SC relative to the Earth is considered as perturbed (Sun, Moon). To describe it, equations in osculating elements are used, obtained by using the method of variation of constants based on the analytical solution of the planar circular restricted problem of two bodies (RC2BP)—Earth-SC, for which the rotation of the main axes of the coordinate system (the main plane) is synchronized with the motion of the Sun. The trajectory problem of designing a SC flight from a low circular near-Earth orbit to a low circular selenocentric one (“full” motion model—a restricted four-body problem (R4BP), an ephemeris model) is considered as an optimization one in the impulse formulation. The solution of the main problem is carried out in few (three) stages, on each the appropriate solution of the current variant of the auxiliary problem is determined, which is subsequently used as the basis of the initial approximation to the main one.
Abordar a produção literária sobre o Contestado pressupõe discutir categorias como testemunho, memória e arquivo, bem como considerar o papel dos autores com relação ao passado e à história. Este trabalho mapeia o acervo literário sobre a Guerra do Contestado para identificar o que Leonor Arfuch chama de “temporalidades da memória”, mostrando que há peculiaridades na forma de se escrever sobre um evento traumático nos períodos que lhe sucedem.
Palavras-chave: literatura; arquivo; memória; Guerra do Contestado.
Diplomatics. Archives. Seals, Bibliography. Library science. Information resources
In the context of a monograph on proxenia in the Black Sea area, the author embarked on investigating into the awarded privileges. This article provides him with the opportunity to expand on this topic, starting with a brief reference to the historiographical aporia about the contradiction between the understanding of proxenia as a quasicontractual office, involving an obligation on the proxenos to perform particular duties, and the honorific aspect of this status which seemed prominent in the rapidly expanding epigraphic record of proxeny decrees for the Hellenistic
period. Next, the research is structured according to the main stages encountered in the available documents: I. Ateleia (kai proxenia); II. Proxenia kai ateleia; III. Proxenia kai politeia; IV. Awarded privileges in Hellenistic time; V. Proxeny decrees from Chersonesos in Roman time. However, at each stage, the research approach takes into account
the existence of an ‘Ionian Pontic space’, a ‘Dorian Pontic space’, and of the peculiarities of the Bosporan decrees. In the final remarks, the author points out the previous omissions regarding the awarded privileges to proxenoi in the Black Sea area. As an annex to this study two tables, based on an exhaustive catalogue of documents, provide a
synthesis of the diachronic and comparative perspectives.
Bracelets with “projections”, “knobs”, “bulges”, etc. are quite often terms used in the literature. Moreover, the items called in this way have different decor and different dates. Researchers often cite completely different types of things as analogies. There is a need for a more detailed study of these bracelets. This paper deals with the selection of bracelets with projections from the territory of Eastern Europe. It is proposed to divide these items into types corresponding to the period of their existence: Hallstatt, La Tène and late Classical.
Following a series of programed archaeological work and survey-inventories, the Cerdagne basin, which was the focus of many public works projects, has seen a vigorous development of preventive archaeology. This development is based on scientific specifications favouring collaboration between various institutions, around shared issues and the outlining of presumed areas for archaeological legal statutes. Measures permit an adaptation of methods to the specifics of mountainous cultivated landscapes, in particular by associating various specialities and frequently resorting to radiocarbon dating. The numerous and diversified remains, in function of altitude levels and slope, are testimonies of human actions and works over a very long time, extending from the Mesolithic to the modern era. Altitude prairies appear as a heritage conservatory of paramount importance in a fragile ecological context subjected for long periods to the pressure of human communities.
The article studies the history of a small timber-harvesting colony that was created in the times of the GULAG labor camps, outlived the period of being a political colony, and was transformed into a museum, the Museum of the History of Political Repression Perm–36, in the 1990s. Based on the analysis of publications of the 1990s–2000s, an attempt was made to recreate the history of comprehension of the era of political repression using the example of a certain museum. From the active study of the topic in the early 1990s and establishment of a public museum with support from the Perm Oblast administration, Perm–36 moved on to undergo severe criticism from the local and federal press, deprivation of financing and administrative support and, finally, rather rough dismissal of the museum administration and appointment of top managers from the Ministry of Culture. The public museum had a powerful creative and scientific potential that allowed it to develop, implement new forms of work, and attract the international museum and human rights community, but, unfortunately, the State Memorial Museum of the History of Political Repression Perm–36 has become an ordinary regional museum in fact. In the first years of being a state museum (2015–16), the administration of Perm-36 tried to revise the directions of work of the public museum. This was expressed in its attempts to justify the authorities and the cruel laws of the time when the colony existed and to find some incriminating evidence against its political prisoners. New exhibitions of the museum (e.g. “Broken by windfalls”) highlighted the state’s need for the prisoners’ work, in particular in harvesting timber needed for the reconstruction of war-ravaged cities, the successes in mechanization of camp production, and so on. The public outcry forced the leadership of the museum to adjust its course. Now, according to the development concept adopted in 2019, the activities of the reserve museum are aimed at preserving the memory of victims of political repression in order to prevent such tragedies in the future. The state museum Perm–36 continues to open new exhibitions and expositions that tell the story of the colony through the stories of people from the GULAG camps, dissidents, and human rights activists. However, the activities of the state memorial museum, which is deprived of public initiative and creative potential of the first directors, cannot yet rise to the level of international recognition and significance that its predecessor, the public museum, used to have.
History of Civilization, History (General) and history of Europe
Natural language processing is a branch of computer science that combines artificial intelligence with linguistics. It aims to analyze a language element such as writing or speaking with software and convert it into information. Considering that each language has its own grammatical rules and vocabulary diversity, the complexity of the studies in this field is somewhat understandable. For instance, Turkish is a very interesting language in many ways. Examples of this are agglutinative word structure, consonant/vowel harmony, a large number of productive derivational morphemes (practically infinite vocabulary), derivation and syntactic relations, a complex emphasis on vocabulary and phonological rules. In this study, the interesting features of Turkish in terms of natural language processing are mentioned. In addition, summary info about natural language processing techniques, systems and various sources developed for Turkish are given.
The article describes the features and finds from the Hallstatt period burial mound at Erlangen -Kriegenbrunn (Germany). Hermann Hornung excavated this mound in 1930 after non -professionals had destroyed the central grave. Shortly after the excavation, Hornung published his results in two small articles. In the 1970s Bernhard Hänsel started collecting all available information about the burial mound and initiated anthropological analyses. Although Michael Hoppe had discussed the mound in his work about the Hallstatt period in Central Franconia (1986), Hänsel was convinced that it needed further investigation. Long after his retirement, he gave all his documents about Kriegenbrunn to the author in order to publish the mound again, make corrections and particularly ascertain the number of persons in the several graves at Kriegenbrunn.
The author uses the results of previous studies and experience of his own field research to problematize the study of the «Khatam-ash» ritual as a part of the local Islamic context in the Tyumen Region. A. Shahab was followed in understanding of the local Islamic context (Con-Text in loco) as a complex of meanings and practices that was formed as a result of previous hermeneutic interactions with the Revelation to the Prophet Muhammad. The «Khatam-ash» ritual is understood as a prescription/script (written or not) that includes sacrifice (depending on the occasion), uttering of Niyyah, recitation of Qur’an, collective supplication, giving of Sadaqah, and a collective meal. Fieldwork materials gathered by the author in towns and rural settlements of the Tyumen Region in the second decade of the 2000s served as the main sources for the article. The author also analyzed publications by historians, ethnographers and social anthropologists, who studied similar phenomena in Russian, Central Asian, and North African regions. We conclude that Khatam-ash is the main ritual that makes up the local Tatarian Islamic context in the Tyumen Region. This prescription underlies most of the home collective prayer meetings to commemorate one's passing away or to wish for the happiness of the living ones. The local people are familiar with this ritual since early childhood, because, through its ceremonies, they get acquainted with and constantly witness manifestations of Islam among their dear and close ones. Khatam-ash is the most affordable and comfortable way to satisfy the existential needs of the people who consider themselves Muslims, but who do not know how to behave in mosques and doubt if they have a right to attend a mosque. Through Khatam-ash, Tatars maintain and establish relations with their relatives. In the long term perspective, the author considers a detailed description and comparison of regional and local features of the performance of the ritual.
Klement'eva Tatiana Yu., Pogodin Andrey A., Dubovtсeva Ekaterina N.
Early Neolithic in the basin of the Konda River, the left tributary of the Irtysh River, is characterized by a large number of sites, a variety of their types and the original artifacts. Among the early Neolithic sites two cultural types: the Shoushma and the Umytia types have been justified based on an extensive number of sources. The Shoushma antiquities date back to the turn of the 7000–6000 BC – 3rd quarter of 6000 BC. The construction of two pits connected by a passage was studied on the basic Shoushma type site. The ceramics is original in composition. It includes vessels of the Shoushma type, one Umytia vessel and the pottery with features of both types. Stone tools were made from the local pebble-boulder of various rock types. The stone flaking and processing was conducted in striking and counter-striking, pressure, abrasive techniques and picketage. On the opinion of the authors, the presence of the Umytia vessel and vessels with mixed features in the ceramics reflected on contacts among the local population during the first half of the VI millennium BC.
As the History of Science Society, which is based in America, holds its annual meeting in Utrecht, one of the key academic centers on the European continent, one may surmise that the field has returned home. Yet, this hardly reflects how today's world of scholarship is constituted: in the historiography of science, 'provincializing Europe' has become an important theme, while the field itself, as is the case across the world of academia, is centered around a predominantly American literature. At the same time, ever since historians of science have emancipated themselves from the sciences a long time ago, they often have appeared, in the public eye, to question rather than to seek to bolster the authority of the sciences. How has this situation come about, and what does it tell us about the world we live in today? What insight is sought and what public benefit is gained by the historical study of science? As we try to answer these questions, we will follow a number of key mid-twentieth century historians--Eduard Dijksterhuis, Thomas Kuhn and Martin Klein--in their Atlantic crossings. Their answers to debates on the constitution of the early modern scientific revolution or the novelty of the work of Max Planck will illustrate how notions of 'center' and 'periphery' have shifted--and what that may tell us about being 'in Europe' today.