Hasil untuk "Asian. Oriental"

Anahit Kartashyan

Henrikus Joko Yulianto

Indigenous poetry correlates with oral form. It signifies shamanic mantra but embodies ecological wisdom since it mostly depicts human’s relationship with nature. This paper deals with contemporary English poems especially those of Australian-Aboriginal and Southeast Asian poems which make use of indigenous aspects in the form and content. The purpose of this research is to identify how the use of holophrasis is beneficial in highlighting the indigenous aspects in the poems. Among these poems include Evelyn Araluen and Lionel Fogarty, two contemporary Aboriginal poets who adopt Aboriginal phrases in their poems; Quintin Jose V. Pastrana, a young Philippine poet who was inspired by the Ambahan or the indigenous poetic form of the Hanunuo Mangyan people’s in Oriental Mindoro, the Philippines; and Mario F. Lawi, a young Indonesian poet from East Nusa Tenggara who illustrates the initiation rite of Nappu Pudi tribe in that island. This research used qualitative method by referring to holophrasis as the method and praxis in reading the native poems. By means of the holophrastic reading, I found that the use of indigenous elements in their poems serves as methods to aestheticize and indigenize the poems in order to assert native identity in the hegemony of English as the colonial language.

Radhika Bhargava Gajre, Stefano Barchiesi, Daniel A Friess et al.

The Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) aims to halt biodiversity loss by 2030, with Targets 1 and 3 focusing on reducing forest loss and expanding protected areas. Mangroves, as biodiversity hotspots offering crucial ecosystem services, have seen some conservation gains, yet key drivers of high-value mangrove loss remain unaddressed in intergovernmental policy frameworks. It is the first global assessment linking GBF Targets 1 & 3 to mangrove loss drivers and ecosystem assessment. We apply an interdisciplinary approach—combining global-scale geospatial analysis of mangrove loss trajectories between 2000 and 2016 and ecosystem value distribution, and thematic policy analysis. We classify all 120 countries where mangroves are present by their short- and long-term mangrove loss management strategies and evaluate the inclusion of relevant actions under Targets 1 and 3 of National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs). Between 2000 and 2016, 78% of mangrove loss occurred in areas rich in biodiversity, biomass, and coastal protection, mostly outside protected zones. Of 120 mangrove-holding countries, 30 (25%) experienced significant loss. Among them, 11 have the potential to implement short-term mitigation by expanding or managing protected areas, though only 5 included these strategies in national targets. Four countries referenced broader measures like indigenous rights and the prioritisation of ecosystem service hotspots. Only Cameroon, Colombia, Gabon, Panama, and Tanzania are positioned to address major loss drivers within the GBF timeline. This paper is the first global assessment of GBF-aligned national targets to mitigate mangrove loss, contributing to SDGs 14 and 15. We show that mangrove loss cannot be halted by 2030 under the current level of national targets. Policy amendments at national scales can include short-term (area-based protection) and long-term strategies (restoration, rehabilitation and ecosystem-based approaches) to halt mangrove loss.

Mark Turin, Lava Deo Awasthi

This contribution is an edited version of a wide-ranging conversation between linguistic anthropologist and past co-editor of HIMALAYA, Mark Turin, and Lava Deo Awasthi, the first Chairperson of Nepal’s Language Commission. In the course of the interview, Turin and Awasthi discuss the Commission’s role and establishment, Awasthi’s appointment to the position of Chairperson, his intellectual training and administrative preparation for the task, and the strategic goals and objectives that he brought to the portfolio. The conversation then moves on to a critical reflection of the challenges and achievements of Awasthi’s term as Chairperson, concluding with his vision for mother tongue instruction and linguistic justice in Nepal.

Xiao Di Tong

In the introduction to her influential work on Asian American cultural studies and feminist materialist critique, <i>Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics</i>, Lisa Lowe shatters the contradictions manifested in Asian immigration, wherein Asians’ entry into the United States marked them either as marginalized from “within” the national political sphere or as linguistically, culturally, and racially “outside” of the national polity For Asian immigrants, the debate of being simultaneously needed and excluded is no more evidenced historically than using Chinese labor during the California Gold Rush in the mid-nineteenth century. Their migratory relocation was hardly met with ease and public enthusiasm, however. Evoking anxiety in their Anglo counterparts, the Chinese were characterized as foreign noncitizens: barbaric, alien, and dangerous, the quintessential “yellow peril” threatening to displace white European immigrants such as the Irish. The irrational fear of the “Oriental” from the Far East led to a succession of immigration exclusion laws passed by Congress that denied the Chinese from entering the U.S. and their rights to naturalization in 1882. Passed by Congress and signed by President Chester A. Arthur, the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act suspended the entry of Chinese laborers into the U.S. based on their nationality for ten years. This paper argues that the possibility of agency for Chinese workers existed throughout the exclusionary period. Specifically, this site of agency resides with Chinese women and is expressed through a literary mode. For instance, Lin Yutang’s <i>Chinatown Family</i> (1948) captures this moment of immigrant agency in the post-exclusion era. Lin, a pioneering Chinese writer and inventor who wrote texts such as <i>My Country and My People</i> (1935), <i>The Importance of Living</i> (1937), and <i>Moment in Peking</i> (1939), often utilized his narratives to bridge the clash between the East and West. Identifying what I see as the inadequacy of probing one of the earliest Chinese American texts from a rigid literary mode, I move to reconsider the novel as a legal counternarrative to the three exclusionary laws: the Page Law of 1875, the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, and the Cable Act of 1922. To direct my critical reorientation of Lin’s novel <i>away from</i>, though not necessarily <i>against</i>, literary castings of this early immigrant tale, I take the narrative as a strategic literary re-imagination that structures itself around these three legislative pieces to critique restrictive practices enacted upon the Chinese. The novel showcases how Chinese immigrants maneuvered and manipulated the legal system in their favor during assimilation. In this context, critical reappraisal is needed in scrutinizing how the Exclusion Act generated a wave of domestic-based diasporic relocation of Chinese workers from California to New York. Due to acute anti-Chinese sentiments on the West Coast, resetting Chinese workers in the northeast in search of a new Gold Mountain led to a unique phenomenon. This dispersal elevated Chinese women as valuable social capitals who transformed metropoles like New York City and redefined their views as nationalist subjects of the “about-to-be” in industrial capitalist modernity. Through a legal framework, then, Lin’s portrayal of the Fong clan suggests the emergence of a gendered Sino-immigrant agency, one that enabled the Chinese woman/mother to situate herself as the locus of the traditional patriarchal Chinese entrepreneurial family and the forefront of the northeast industrial capitalist scene.

Kameliya Atanasova

This paper explores the functions of Persian poetry in Ottoman Sufi İsmāʿīl Ḥaḳḳī Bursevī’s most well-known work, his encyclopaedic tafsīr, the Rūḥ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān (The Spirit of Elucidation in Qurʾānic Interpretation). I argue that Bursevī (Ar. Burūsāwī) uses Persian poems alongside traditional sources for Qurʾān exegesis and teachings in his own order to ‘translate’ complex Sufi concepts to a broad audience of interested in both Persian literature and Sufism, and by doing so, bolsters his own religious authority in his order and beyond. I build on Shahab Ahmed’s argument that through Rūmī’s Maỿnavī ‘the meaning of the Qurʾān is perceived and produced and illuminated by fiction, and the meaning of fiction is perceived, produced and illuminated by the Qurʾān,’ by demonstrating that Bursevī extends this intertwining of fiction and the Qurʾān to a recognizably Sufi, Persian literary corpus which highlights his multilingualism and erudition and positions him and his order within an established canon. This paper has four parts. In part one, I briefly sketch Bursevī’s life and education. In part two, I introduce his tafsīr, the Rūḥ al-bayān and Bursevī’s method of interpretation. In part three, I analyse examples of his use of Persian poetry in the commentary. In part four, I assess these findings with a view of Bursevī’s authority construction and questions about his audience.

Yaoran Fan, Yaoran Fan, Xiao Wu et al.

Salinity is an ecological factor affecting the physiology, survival, and distribution of crustaceans. Additionally, salinity fluctuation detrimentally affects the composition and biological process of crustaceans. As a significant commercial aquaculture species in China, Japan, and Southeast Asian countries, the oriental river prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense, can tolerate a wide range of salinity. The transcriptome, proteome, histology, and physiology analysis were utilized to explore the physiological responses and molecular mechanisms of salinity tolerance in M. nipponense. Through the three-month culture, the statistic of growth trait illustrated the relatively excellent performance of M. nipponense in low salinity, and the higher salinity exposure significantly affected the growth of M. nipponense. In terms of the histological analysis, the gills and hepatopancreas of M. nipponense suffered varying degrees of damage. Besides, the activities of the digestive, immune-related, and metabolic enzymes were calculated. These results indicated that salinity significantly influenced trypsin and amylase in hepatopancreas, especially in 14 ppt. The immune-related enzymes were activated in high salinity. Notably, the activity of metabolic enzymes was significantly low in 7 and 14 ppt, which testified that the 7 ppt to 14 ppt were near the isotonic point of M. nipponense. In gills, hepatopancreas, and muscle, high-throughput mRNA sequencing revealed 11356, 2227, and 1819 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by comparing the 7, 14, and 21 ppt groups with the 0ppt group, respectively. The TMT-labeling proteome identified 439 and 230 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in gills and hepatopancreas through the comparison of the 7, 14, and 21 ppt groups to the 0 ppt group, respectively. Additionally, through the integration of transcriptome and proteome, several pathways related to salinity adaptation were enriched, including protein export, cGMP-PKG signaling pathway, Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, and Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism. Besides, 16 up and down-regulated proteins and related DEGs were detected through KEGG enrichment analysis, including ETHE1, BIP, chitinase (E3.2.1.14), and SARDH. Notably, no significantly regulated proteins and related DEGs were recorded by the correlation of transcriptome and proteome of 0 ppt and 7 ppt in hepatopancreas. Thus, the optimum survival salinity of M. nipponense may range from 0 ppt to 7 ppt. Overall, these results may provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the culture of M. nipponense in different salinity.

Jovo Miladinović

Harmandeep Kaur Gill

Hands bear memories, embodying the weight of personal histories. The hands of the first generation of Tibetans escaping into exile carry stories of hardship and struggle. In old age, these hands are finally allowed to rest. However, many of the elderly Tibetans find themselves aging in the absence of love and support from family members. Hands that had once cared for others and the world, have for many, been left to themselves in old age. This photo essay hopes to connect the readers to the stories of my elderly Tibetan friends who are lay women and men, and monastics of a lower rank living in the Tibetan exile capital of Dharamsala, northern India. During my fieldwork, I reached out to them with my hands by massaging their legs and feet on a daily basis for 14 months. Through the act of massaging – touch – physical and emotional, connected us to one another. By combining words and photography on hands and the elderly’s surroundings, I also hope to aid the reader with getting in touch with the silence or loneliness that surrounded the elderly’s everyday lives. Note: To have Tibetan script correctly displayed, please download the PDF file and open it in a desktop application.

Gül Şen

Mădălina Dana RUCSANDA, Noémi KARÁCSONY

One of the most important figures of the 20th century, avant-garde composer, artist, writer, and theorist John Cage was deeply influenced by various philosophical orientations from South and East Asia, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, Zen, and I-Ching. He studied various doctrines and the works of several Asian philosophers, which resulted in the reorientation of his philosophical and aesthetic ideas. At the same time, this influenced his musical style, the conception of his compositions, as well as his thoughts on the functions of art – discernible in his music. Cage identified himself with certain ideas he encountered in the philosophical texts he studied, but he refrained from describing himself as representative of any of these orientations. Unlike other Western composers inspired by oriental art and music, Cage was rather influenced by the philosophical dimension of Asia. He avoided the use of Asian music sources in his works and was not interested in using new sounds for the sake of creating a novel musical discourse but aimed to evoke or emphasize certain philosophical ideas through his composition. The aim of the present paper is to present the Asian philosophical influences that marked the figure of John Cage, his perspective on life and art, and influenced his rhetoric, as well as the ideas that he employed within his compositional process. REZUMAT. PARTICULARITĂȚI COMPONISTICE ȘI INFLUENȚE ASIATICE ÎN CONCEPȚIA ȘI CREAȚIA LUI JOHN CAGE. Una dintre cele mai importante personalități ale secolului XX, compozitorul avangardist, artistul, scriitorul și teoreticianul John Cage a fost profund influențat de diferite orientări filozofice de origine sud sau est Asiatică, precum Hinduismul, Budismul, Taosimul, Zen sau I-Ching. Cage a fost fascinat de lucrările mai multor filozofi orientali și le-a studiat doctrinele, rezultatul fiind schimbarea și reorientarea ideilor sale filozofice și estetice referitoare la funcțiile artei și implicit ale muzicii. În același timp, a fost influențat stilul său muzical și concepția asupra compozițiilor sale, Cage s-a identificat cu unele idei întâlnite în textele filozofice pe care le-a studiat, dar a evitat să se descrie ca fiind reprezentantul uneia dintre aceste orientări. Spre deosebire de alți compozitor occidentali inspirați de arta și muzica Asiei, Cage a fost mai degrabă influențat de dimensiunea filozofică a acestei lumi. A evitat utilizarea surselor muzicale asiatice în lucrările sale și nu a fost interesat de utilizarea unor sonorități neobișnuite doar cu scopul de a concepe un discurs inovativ, ci a dorit evocarea sau sublinierea anumitor idei filozofice în creațiile sale muzicale. Scopul acestei cercetări este prezentarea doctrinelor filozofice de origine asiatică, ce au marcat personalitatea lui John Cage, perspectivele sale asupra vieții și artei, care au influențat retorica sa, precum și ideile utilizate în cadrul procesului de compoziție muzicală. Cuvinte cheie: John Cage, Asia, Avangardă, Hinduism, Budism, Zen, I-Ching, nedeterminare

T. Miyake

The COVID-19 pandemic has put in the foreground the dramatic actuality of global and local inequalities, undermining neo-liberal, communitarian, democratic or cosmopolitan projects of collective identity. In the light of intersecting inequalities such as class, race/ethnicity and gender, an explosion of Sinophobia, social stigma and physical attacks targeting people of East Asian and Southeast Asian appearance or heritage has been widely reported in Euro-American media. This article will focus on the case of Italy during the initial stage of the pandemic in early 2020. Italy has not only been the first European country to be exposed to the pandemic and to undergo national lockdown but also a country where the wave of racist assaults started in late January 2020, even before the first clusters have been detected. The critical investigation of Italian media discourses will highlight how deep-rooted, colonialist and ambivalent assumptions about the ‘Oriental’, ‘Asian’, ‘Chinese’ and ‘yellow’ other may have been crucial to the reproduction of racism against specific people, cultures and civilizations, regardless of nationality, class and gender. It will refer in particular to the concept of ‘yellowness’, resulting from a process of bio-cultural racialization within the hegemonic frame of ‘Western’, ‘White’ or ‘Italian’ identity. Furthermore, it will indicate how this process of racialized othering has emerged, but has also been contested, within the specific context of citizenship, Asian immigrants and governmental actions in contemporary Italy. The overall aim is not so much to denounce higher levels of racism in Italy compared to other Euro-American countries; rather, this article refers to the Italian case to stress how both global and local trajectories do mutually overlap to shape, and eventually to transform, a national context, offering further insights on the glo-calization of the civilizational ‘West’/’East’ divide in the 21st century.

Judith Justice

Choi Y, Kim AR, Lee JY et al.

Yujin Choi,1 Ae-Ran Kim,2 Ji-Yoon Lee,3 Hae Sook Kim,3 Changsop Yang,1 Jae Kwang Kim,4 Younghoon Go,4 In Chul Jung3 1KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; 2R&D Strategy Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; 3Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; 4KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Republic of KoreaCorrespondence: In Chul JungDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, 75 Daedeok-daero 176beon-gil, Seo-gu, Daejeon, Republic of KoreaTel +82-42-470-9129Fax +82-42-470-9005Email npjeong@dju.krPurpose: The potential effects of herbal medicine for patients with cognitive disorders have been reported in various human and animal studies. This study aimed to explore the effect of herbal medicine treatment according to the Korean Medicine (KM) pattern identification for patients with mild cognitive impairment and early dementia.Patients and Methods: Twenty patients with mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia who planned to receive herbal medicine treatment were enrolled. Herbal formulae were prescribed based on the KM pattern for 12– 24 weeks. Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery II (SNSB-II) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were assessed at the baseline, after 12 weeks, and after 24 weeks (Trial registration: cris.nih.go.kr, KCT0004799).Results: Herbal medicine products, including Yukmijihwang-tang, Samhwangsasim-tang, Palmul-tang, Banhasasim-tang, and Yukgunja-tang, were prescribed to the patients. Among the SNSB-II five cognitive function domains, the T scores for language, visuospatial function, memory, and frontal/executive function increased over time. The MoCA score also improved following the treatment (mean difference 4.23 [95% CI: 2.60, 5.86], p < 0.0001 at 12-week follow-up compared to the baseline). Considering the KM pattern scores, phlegm-dampness and fire-heat scores tended to improve after the treatment. No serious adverse events related to the intervention were reported.Conclusion: The potential effect of herbal medicine formulae products on improving cognitive functions in patients with cognitive impairment was observed. Further research is needed to objectify the KM pattern identification process and evaluate the KM pattern-related signs and symptoms.Keywords: mild cognitive impairment, mild dementia, herbal medicine, Korean medicine, traditional east Asian medicine, observational study

Deniz Dağ, Charlotte Binder, Sevgi Uçan Çubukçu et al.

Following the second wave feminist movement, Women’s and Gender Studies (WGS) started to institutionalise at universities in Turkey in the late 1980s. The first ‘Women’s Studies Centre’ was established at Istanbul University in 1989. By 2017, there were around a hundred Women’s and Gender Studies Centres (WGSCs) in Turkey, scattered throughout the whole country, both in public and private universities. This article is based on thirteen expert interviews and institutional material collection from theoretically selected seven cases of WGSCs. In the study, we show the significance of several nationally and internationally influential actors, processes, and institutions that altogether prepped the political setting for the institutionalisation and transformation processes of the WGSCs in Turkey in the time span from late 1980s to 2017. We conclude that the field was influenced by international networks and processes up until the 2010s and in the post-2010 period, the main source of political influence having an impact on the institutional landscape of WGSCs becomes domestic political factors. We interpret this as 1) the discovery of ‘gender’ as a political and scientific category in international outlets and its adaptation to the national level; and 2) a growing interest in making the discovery of ‘gender’ visible in the field of higher education. This paper is based on findings of the empirical project ‘Women’s and Gender Studies in Turkey: Institutionalisation and Transformation’ (Jan. 2017-Dec. 2019).

Taylor-Robinson SD, De Sousa Lopes PA, Zdravkov J et al.

Simon D Taylor-Robinson,1 Paulo A De Sousa Lopes,2 Jey Zdravkov,3 Rachel Harrison4 1Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK; 2Department of Medicine, UAI Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Buenos Aires, Argentina; 3Dean Street Sexual Health Clinic, London, UK; 4Department of South East Asian Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, London, UKCorrespondence: Simon D Taylor-Robinson Email Str338333@gmail.comAbstract: Bullying of whatever form should have no place in the Medical Profession. Reforms to junior doctor training and reduction in working hours have helped to control most of the individual bullying which may have existed in the past. However, the complexities of institutional bullying still exist. In the United Kingdom, centralised monitoring systems, such as Athena SWAN, are designed to reward academic and medical institutions for positive steps to introduce equality and mitigate bullying. However, the reality is that such processes may be conducted in healthcare or educational establishments that have little intention to address the problem thoroughly. We report the personal experience of both individual and institutional bullying in the medical career of a medically-qualified interviewee and reflect on ways to mitigate the problem. We also consider whether unconscious bias affects our relationships with patients. In a caring medical profession, there should be no room for intolerance, unconscious bias or bullying.Keywords: bullying, institutional bullying, personal bullying, unconscious bias

Jiekun He, Siliang Lin, Jiatang Li et al.

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) and surrounding regions have one of the most complex biotas on Earth. However, the evolutionary history of these regions in deep time is poorly understood. Here, we quantify the temporal changes in beta dissimilarities among zoogeographical regions during the Cenozoic using 4,966 extant terrestrial vertebrates and 1,278 extinct mammal genera. We identify ten present-day zoogeographical regions and find that they underwent a striking change over time. Specifically, the fauna on the TP was close to the Oriental realm in deep time but became more similar to the Palearctic realms more recently. The present-day zoogeographical regions generally emerged during the Miocene/Pliocene boundary ( ca . 5 Ma). These results indicate that geological events such as the Indo-Asian Collision, the TP uplift, and the aridification of the Asian interior underpinned the evolutionary history of the zoogeographical regions surrounding the TP over different time periods. Using species range data, phylogenies, and fossil records of thousands of extinct and extant terrestrial vertebrates, He et al. quantify temporal changes in beta dissimilarities among zoogeographical regions surrounding the Tibetan Plateau during the Cenozoic era. This study shows how geological events underpin the evolutionary history of zoogeographical regions.

Zahra Rahmani, Ehsan Rakhshani, James Michael Carpenter

231 species of the family Vespidae (Hymenoptera, Vespoidea) of Iran, in 55 genera belonging to 4 subfamilies Eumeninae (45 genera, 184 species), Masarinae (5 genera, 24 species), Polistinae (2 genera, 17 species) and Vespinae (3 genera, 6 species) are listed. An overall assessment of the distribution pattern of the vespid species in Iran indicates a complex fauna of different biogeographic regions. 111 species are found in both Eastern and Western Palaearctic regions, while 67 species were found only in the Eastern Palaearctic region. Few species (14 species – 6.1%) of various genera are known as elements of central and western Asian area and their area of distribution is not known in Europe (West Palaearctic) and in the Far East. The species that were found both in the Oriental and Afrotropical Regions comprises 11.7 and 15.6% the Iranian vespid fauna, respectively. Many species (48, 20.8%) are exclusively recorded from Iran and as yet there is no record of these species from other countries. The highest percentage of the vespid species are recorded from Sistan-o Baluchestan (42 species, 18.2%), Alborz (42 species, 18.2%), Fars (39 species, 16.9%) and Tehran provinces (38 Species 16.5%), representing the fauna of the Southeastern, North- and South Central of the country.

Renée L. Ford