Hasil untuk "Asia and Eurasia, Africa, Pacific Area, and Antarctica"

Alexandre Haym, Dylan Motin

Why did Meiji Japan succeed in modernizing its state apparatus while Qing China failed? According to neorealists, states respond to threats by balancing. Successful balancing requires an efficient bureaucracy to extract enough resources from society to sustain a formidable military. Yet not all states are equal when it comes to modernizing. We argue that a state’s ability to adopt best practices depends on its past position in the international system. States suffering from a longstanding material weakness will tend to adopt new practices from abroad more quickly than states that have enjoyed a dominant position for a long time. Embeddedness decides whether or not the state perceives its model’s crisis. Therefore, we propose a theory of neorealist imitation success or failure that counts three variables: embeddedness as the independent variable, political leadership’s willingness to adopt best practices, and elite cohesion as intervening variables.

Yoshida Noriaki

The article is devoted to the study of the Japanese-language newspaper Urajio Nippo, published in Vladivostok from 1917 to 1930. The newspaper was founded by Izumi Renosuke and became the only periodical for the local diaspora during the revolutionary events and the Siberian expedition. The print run ranged from 180 to 442 copies and was funded by local entrepreneurs from the community. The newspaper covered the life of the Japanese diaspora, published news from Russia and Japan, as well as analytical materials on the political situation. Special attention was paid to the Siberian expedition, relations with the Far Eastern Republic, and the withdrawal of Japanese troops. The periodical served as a platform for shaping public opinion among local residents and organized large-scale community gatherings. The study examines the newspaper's connections with the Japanese military and intelligence services, and shows its role in the information confrontation and communication between the diaspora and the government during the complex period of revolutionary transformations in the Russian Far East.

Verchenko A.L.

The article examines the channels of Soviet-Chinese cooperation in cinematography in the 1950s. As in other sectors of the national economy, in the film industry Soviet specialists assisted Chinese colleagues in restoring work in the first years after the formation of the PRC. They established professional contacts and a mechanism of bilateral cooperation, which took place in the form of joint filming of documentary, feature, scientific and educational films, mutual exchanges of films, newsreels, festivals and film weeks, and delegation exchanges. In the shortest possible time China managed to establish its film production and join the global film business. The Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China shared an ideological platform and an understanding of the importance of cinema as an essential tool for propaganda and education of the people. Cinema helped Soviet and Chinese viewers get acquainted with each other’s history and modern life, to deepen mutual understanding and friendly relations, which have undoubtedly benefited inter-State relations. However, under the influence of political factors by the end of the 1950s the cooperation began to decline and came to the end in 1962.

Portyakov V.Ya.

The foreign historiography of China's foreign policy is dominated by the works of American scholars. This situation did not develop immediately and can be explained by several reasons. First, the defeat of Chiang Kai-shek and the victory of the Chinese Communists were perceived by the US authorities as a “loss of China”. Responsibility for it was not least assigned to American sinologists, who often provided consulting services to the Kuomintang. In addition, Americans, including officials and scholars, had no direct contacts with Chinese citizens until the early 1970s.The first such contacts appeared in 1971–1972, including among some journalists (in the context of R. Nixon's visit to China in February 1972) and a small number of China’s scholars (for example, John Fairbank in 1972, received by Zhou Enlai). After the establishment of diplomatic relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China on January 1, 1979, American sinologists received full access to the country of study, and the quantity and quality of sinological works began to grow exponentially. The article examines the main works by the most famous experts on the foreign policy of the PRC. It can be stated that before the presidency of Donald Trump, the United States had a predominantly positive attitude towards China and its foreign policy, and only later did the point of view about the growing contradictions between Beijing and Washington prevail.

Belozerov V.V.

Japanese poster is an integral element of modern graphic culture, which has become famous due to the professional skills of its authors and recognisable visual appearance. This is also how it is perceived in Russia, where since the mid-1960s Japanese poster art and its creators have occupied a special place. The article reconstructs the historiographical trajectory of the description of Japanese posters in the USSR on the basis of reviews of international graphic biennales in the socialist republics. Based on archival materials and periodicals, the author reconstructs the event field of representation of Japanese contemporary posters in the USSR and Russia, including all the main exhibitions of local and international significance, as well as the key features of the Soviet and post-Soviet periods of perception of this phenomenon. The appendix to the article contains a list of exhibitions of Japanese poster art in the USSR and Russia from 1974 to 2021.

Xu Bo, Wu Hao

Current international relations are facing “profound changes unseen in a century” . The evolution of the international order is the most important characteri stic of this process. As a representative thought of China's understanding of the evolution of the international order, “Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy” is considered the main guiding principle of contemporary Chinese diplomacy. It prominently reflects China’s fundamental views on international relations, major-country politics, and international institutions, and will also have a significant impact on the development of China-Russia relations. The main characteristics of the current evolution of the international order are the formation of a complex bipolarity in the power structure, changes in dominant ideas, and diversification of multilateral cooperation systems. Faced with major changes in the international order, China believes that the world is enter ing a period of turbulence in which the process of power transition will continue, during which China needs to further participate in global governance. The Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy advocates the leadership role of the party in China’s foreign policy decision-making and points out three core concepts: a community with shared future for mankind, major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics, and a new type of international relations. In the future development of China-Russia relations, both countries will continue to uphold a comprehensive strategic partnership and coordination for the new era. At the same time, when faced with changes in dominant ideas, China and Russia can engage in closer cooperation on how to build “a community of shared future” in the new era. In response to the changes in multilateral systems, China and Russia can promote further alliance, thereby developing “new types of international relations” at the multilateral level. As major countries in the international system, the effective expansion of China-Russia cooperation will bring great geopolitical and geo-economic benefits to the Eurasian region. In addition, the interaction and cooperation between the two countries will inevitably shape the new pattern of the international politics in the 21st century.

Hartanto Hartanto, Dwi Astuti

As a new legal product, Omnibus Law was designed as a breakthrough to answer the overlapping and disharmony issues of law in Indonesia. This study used a normative research method, namely statutory approach (Statute Approach) and conceptual approach (Conceptual Approach). The results of the study indicated that the establishment of the Omnibus Bill on Family Resilience was intended to contribute to creation of a better order, protect families and build a harmonious and successful society, raising a better generation. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the Omnibus Law on Family Resilience which presages the existence of private rights and also creates legal uncertainty in the society, causing legal chaos. The study identified several problems that emerged from this bill. Firstly, there is no valid data related to the reasons for its necessity. Secondly, the bill contradicts the above regulations, especially related to private rights. To address these two problems, there is a need for a reconsideration of this law.

Kucherenko G.N.

Thailand's foreign policy approach is currently characterized by international experts as “bamboo diplomacy”. This concept implies that just as bamboo is both strong and flexible, Thai policy is consistent and adaptable, responsive to changes in the world. The conflict between China and the United States over influence in Southeast Asia and the Russia-Ukraine crisis have put Thailand under severe pressure, forcing the kingdom to be even more attentive to its policy of balancing between the sides, potentially altering the Thai position on the global stage. This article will examine the factors influencing Thai foreign policy strategy and its future prospects after the 2014 coup d'état. The main scholarly methods used in the article are comparison and analysis.

Aslam Abd Jalil, Gerhard Hoffstaedter

This paper focuses on the largest group of refugees in Malaysia, the Rohingya. Many Rohingya have made Malaysia their home over recent years, even though they have no official legal status in the country. Refugees more broadly are often tolerated as workers but treated as undocumented migrants by the law. When Covid-19 was detected in Malaysia, the government followed a strategy of suppression with targeted lockdowns in areas of Covid-19 outbreaks. As most refugees are forced to work to survive, they hold important front-line jobs. As a result, they were exposed to Covid-19 at higher rates of infection than Malaysians. In this paper we trace the way the Malaysian government, Malaysian people and refugees encountered Covid-19 and how refugees especially became the subject of enhanced securitization and surveillance based on prejudice. We show how the state enacted securitization first on the borders, before it inverted this process and focused on domestic border work, wherein neighborhoods, mosques and markets became central places of immigration control and exclusion for refugees. Based on data collected during ethnographic fieldwork in peninsular Malaysia between 2020 and 2021, we argue that the securitization of refugees and migrant workers, their surveillance and even expulsion and eviction demonstrates continued and heightened scapegoating of refugees and migrants for all Malaysia’s ills. These actions reinforced the stigma and stereotype of refugees being legally undocumented and therefore outside of and too often unwelcome in the Malaysian body politic.

Yi Sheng Goh, Pek Yen Teh

Festivals play a vital role in catalyzing inclusive development through their ability to in-crease social capital. They can enhance social ties through creating shared knowledge, building trust, and forming networks. In the Malaysian context, few studies have been done on how festivals promote inclusive development. Hence, this paper seeks to present a case study on Pangkor Island Festival (PIF), which is a Malaysian arts and culture festival, concerning the process, opportunities, and challenges of inclusive development from the perspectives of the festival organizer. In-depth interviews with the festival organizer and curator and field observations were conducted. Findings show that festivals promote inclusive development through a five-phase process, from establishing relationships with residents and exploring local assets to the sustainability of PIF and inclusive development. This study also suggests three-fold opportunities that include community cohesiveness, revitalization, and cultural value restoration as well as challenges of securing suitable stakeholders.

Lepere Kumba Kwambanda

Il est question d’une étude qui propose une réflexion autour de l’effectivité de l’obligation de motivation des arrêts de la Cour constitutionnelle en République Démocratique du Congo (RDC). Depuis la constitution du 18 février 2006, la motivation des décisions de la Cour constitutionnelle est apparue comme une obligation constitutionnellement garantie par l’article 21. En effet, la motivation est perçue comme la garantie d’une justice constitutionnelle transparente, impartiale et indépendante. Et par ailleurs, elle est gage de la paix sociale et de la recherche de l’État de droit en RDC. Toutefois, la présente contribution visera à démontrer qu’en dépit de sa consécration constitutionnelle, cette obligation semble avoir un caractère aléatoire. En effet, la pratique du juge constitutionnel n’apparaît pas élever la motivation des décisions au rang « d’obligation » de telle manière que sa mise en œuvre n’est pas totalement effective. Par ailleurs, à l’aune des exemples étrangers, il sera également question d’appréhender la manière dont la justice constitutionnelle est rendue afin d’apporter des solutions dynamiques favorisant l’effectivité d’une telle obligation.

Kulneva P.V.

The article assesses the impact of the first year of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic on the state of economic relations between the two leaders of East Asia – China and Japan. The author points out the problems that affected economic indicators of the two countries, compares the consequences of the pandemic for their economies and analyzes the dynamics of bilateral economic cooperation. The analysis of statistical data and recent publications suggests that thanks to the close bilateral ties that had developed by the beginning of the pandemic, the main areas of Sino-Japanese cooperation have demonstrated surprising resilience. Moreover, due to the global nature of the problems that have arisen and rapid economic recovery of the PRC, China is becoming a territory of relative stability for Japanese entrepreneurs and even a locomotive for the recovery of Japanese economy. In conclusion, the author notes that the pandemic is not over yet and the state of international economic relations in the new reality requires further monitoring.

Amitabh Kundu

Sachin Chaturvedi, Priyadarshi Dash

Manmohan Agarwal

Jean-Michel Kumbu Ki Ngimbi, Justin Monsenepwo

The Congolese Code Civil Livre I (Civil Code Book I) was adopted in 1895. Although its material scope was confined to family law, it encompassed the most important conflict of laws provisions in Congolese private international law. When the new Congolese Family Code was adopted in 1987, its Article 915 repealed the provisions of the Code Civil Book I, except for its conflict of laws provisions (Articles 8 to 15 of the Civil Code Book I). Therefore, Article 915 of the Family Code was the only provision that ensured the survival of the main conflict of laws provisions in Congolese private international law. However, the 2016 revision of the Family Code repealed Article 915, thereby suppressing Articles 8 to 15 of the Civil Code Book I. This paper analyses the origin and the provisions of the conflict of laws rules which the Civil Code Book I encompassed. Furthermore, it highlights the urgent need to adopt a new Congolese code of private international law. Moreover, it recommends that the Democratic Republic of Congo adopts private international law conventions on family law, commercial law, and civil procedure. Pending the adoption of such a new Code of private international law and of private international law conventions, this paper suggests the application of general principles of private international law for the determination of the applicable law in international situations.

Roje Tadjie

In Cameroon, urban problems are fundamentally land problems. In fact, land needs caused by urban growth are considerable. Therefore, land problems are in the center of city plan- ning. However, city planning cannot make abstraction of the crucial problems of soil. Ac- cording to urban planning specialists “land is the first material of city planning”.1 In this regard, town planning and land problem are intimately linked. The rapid growth of urban population increases grievous land problems in Cameroon (according to the population census of 2010, one of two Cameroonians reside in the city). Citizens coming from rural areas to urban areas need land to have a habitation. Face to this situation, the Cameroon State must elevate the challenge by assuring legally the control of land.

Letlhokwa George Mpedi

The South African social protection system makes provision for all the nine standard branches contained in the International Labour Organisation (ILO) Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention 102 of 1952, namely: medical care, sickness, unemployment, old age, employment injury, family, maternity, invalidity, and survivors’ benefit. Provision for the aforementioned branches is established and regulated by law. The article critically assesses the social protection legislative framework in the Republic of South Africa. It does that by largely focusing on the constitutional foundation of the social protection system, the design of the legal entitlements to social benefits, and pertinent administrative procedures and accountability mechanisms. This is followed by some concluding observations.

Magdalena Sylister, Balingene Kahombo

After Stuttgart (Germany) and Lubumbashi (Democratic Republic of Congo - DRC) meetings, another round of conference was organized by the Robert Bosch Foundation, in collaboration with the African Law Association (Germany), in Nairobi (Kenya), from 11 to 14 February 2016. Participants were now invited to identify and discuss matters relating to ‘requirements for an independent and effective judiciary’. Discussions focused on six coun- tries of the African Great Lakes Region (Burundi, DRC, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda and Tan- zania) and Germany. Professor Hartmut Hamann coordinated the conference which was at- tended by some twenty young lawyers and professionals in all: seven from Germany (judges and public prosecutors who welcomed their African colleagues in Stuttgart in Octo- ber 2014), five from the DRC, three from Rwanda, two from Burundi (advocates, judges, prosecutors or/and university assistant lecturers), and three young lawyers graduated at the Tanzanian-German Centre for Eastern African Legal Studies (respectively from Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania).Their exchange was nourished by participation of two experienced judges of the East African Court of Justice, two other practicing jurists in Kenya, including one university lecturer, and Professor Matthiesen Kalala Ilunga from the University of Lubumbashi (DRC).The current report summarizes the content and the outcomes of this conference. Part one sets out the activities accomplished during the conference (1), while part two elaborates on its materials, which include participants’ conclusions and recommendations (2).