Hasil untuk "American literature"

Lauren Benjamin Mushro

This paper examines gender stratification in the Latin American data annotation gig economy, with a particular focus on the "triple burden" shouldered by women: unpaid care responsibilities, economic precarity, and the volatility of platform-mediated labor. Data annotation, once lauded as a democratizing force within the global gig economy, has evolved into a segmented labor market characterized by low wages, limited protections, and unequal access to higher-skilled annotation tasks. Drawing on an exploratory survey of 30 Latin American data annotators, supplemented by qualitative accounts and comparative secondary literature, this study situates female annotators within broader debates in labor economics, including segmentation theory, monopsony power in platform labor, and the reserve army of labor. Findings indicate that women are disproportionately drawn into annotation due to caregiving obligations and political-economic instability in countries such as Venezuela, Colombia, and Peru. Respondents highlight low pay, irregular access to tasks, and lack of benefits as central challenges, while also expressing ambivalence about whether their work is valued relative to male counterparts. By framing annotation as both a gendered survival strategy and a critical input in the global artificial intelligence supply chain, this paper argues for the recognition of annotation as skilled labor and for regulatory interventions that address platform accountability, wage suppression, and regional inequalities.

Reina Camacho, Melissa Cruz, Salvatore Mele et al.

This document collects input from Latin America as a contribution to the Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics. It emerges from a survey of members of the Latin American Association for High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics (LAA-HECAP) that collected data in February and a subsequent town-hall meeting, inspired by the ECFA guidelines for national communities. This contribution first reviews the Latin American participation at CERN, provides background on LAA-HECAP, and then presents the survey methodology and its results. Some conclusions are drawn based on the results of the survey.

Polina Yu. Rybina

One of the narrators in Henry James’s “The Turn of the Screw”, the governess at Bly Manor, is aware of the weirdness of the situation in general (the ghostly apparitions) as well as her interactions with the children. She feels that strangeness permeates the environment — “the air in which we moved”. The unnamed and the untouched — those elusive phenomena — determine their lives, dominate all conversations and capture their attention. The paper examines the significance of applying the idea of atmosphere to the analysis of James’s prose, as well as its transmedia adaptations (filmic or theatrical). Offering commentary on the concepts of atmosphere and atmospheric effects, I rely upon the works of neo-phenomenologists (Herman Schmitz, Gernot Böhme, Tonino Griffero), performance theorists (Richard Schechner, Erika Fischer-Lichte), and narratologists (Steffen Hven, Rick Warner). The primary focus is on the concept of “atmospheric perception” introduced by Hven to refer to the viewer’s pre-reflexive apprehension of the affective charge of the film narrative. Ideas on atmospheres are relevant in contemporary adaptation studies (Linda Hutcheon, Thomas Leitch). When literary sources migrate to different media (film, theatre, video games), we respond not only to the transformations of themes and plots but the variations of atmospheres and moods (David Richard). The importance of what performance theorist Fischer-Lichte has dubbed “the re-enchantment of the world” — that is, the influence of the many phenomena that defy our volition and knowledge — is revealed when discussing atmospheric effects, whether in literature or film. Exploring atmospheres helps us stay mentally sharp and emotionally fresh while comprehending the limits of our control over the environment.

Brad Vice

For most of his career, Mississippi author Barry Hannah was deemed the postmodern heir to William Faulkner and is best known for the short fiction in his landmark collection Airships (1978), which begins with the muchanthologized story “Water Liars.” Like many of the meta-fictionalist masters of the 1970s (Barth, Coover, etc.), Hannah stepped inside/outside the frame of his fictions, often in his case by using highly elevated language, and syntax to depict a rogue’s gallery of down-and-out characters, as well as the construction of numerous autobiographical personas, which wink and wave to his initiated readers. Thus, Hannah’s fiction is not only funny, it is playful, as if to invite the reader into some fictional game. As Hannah’s career developed, this sense of gamesmanship only seemed to increase as the characters and settings of many fictions began to reappear or return for cameo appearances. The characters first introduced in “Water Liars” reappear intermittently throughout Hannah’s thirty-year career and populate the community we come to know as Eagle Lake, the setting for Hannah’s final novel Yonder Stands Your Orphan (2001). While other critics have examined Hannah’s passions for tennis and golf as having thematic significance, this article will focus on the pastime of fishing as well as many other intertextual games played inside/outside the frame of Hannah’s Eagle Lake Stories, to reckon with how they inform his swan song, Yonder Stands Your Orphan. Ultimately, the paper will consider to what extent writing itself is a literary game on a meta level, a dynamic in which writers and tellers of tall tales strive against not only their peers but also their forbears.

Marlid Cruz-Ramos, Dorian Yarih García-Ortega, Renata Becerra-Herrera et al.

PURPOSESoft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are rare malignant neoplasms posing significant public health challenges globally, especially in Latin America with limited research resources. This systematic review provides an overview of the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of STSs in Latin America, emphasizing the impact of insufficient investment in research and health care infrastructure.MATERIALS AND METHODSFollowing Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, we conducted a systematic literature review of clinicopathologic characteristics of STSs in Latin American patients. Studies published between January 1986 and August 2024 were included. A comprehensive search across multiple databases yielded 502 papers, refined to 18 publications and three national records included in the study. A meta-analysis was done for survival evaluation.RESULTSData from 2,931 patients with mean age 47 years were analyzed, and 340 patients had pretreatment biopsy. The most common sarcoma types were liposarcoma (23.2%) and synovial sarcoma (21.2%), with high-grade tumors (52%) predominating. Treatment primarily involved surgery (863 patients), often combined with radiotherapy (559 patients) and chemotherapy (307 patients). Five-year overall survival was 61%.DISCUSSIONThe findings highlight challenges in managing STSs in Latin America, including advanced disease at diagnosis and high-grade tumors. Survival rates correlate with local advanced disease reported by other countries. Barriers include limited access to specialized centers and inadequate use of preoperative biopsies. Improved diagnostic and treatment strategies and collaborations to enhance research and clinical practices are needed.CONCLUSIONThis review underscores critical gaps in STS management in Latin America. Increased investment in research, a cohesive network of specialized care centers, and a multidisciplinary approach are essential to improve outcomes and quality of life for patients in the region.

Wing Lam Tock, Yujia Tang, Lise Gauvin

Abstract Background Cancer survivors are at higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and face worse morbidity and mortality outcomes than the general population. The American Heart Association (AHA) introduced the Life’s Essential 8 framework, encompassing eight modifiable risk factors and lifestyle behaviors for maintaining ideal cardiovascular health (CVH). Although this framework is well-established for predicting CVH in the general population, studies on its association with cardiovascular outcomes among cancer survivors remain scattered across the literature. Objective This review maps existing literature surrounding modifiable risk factors, lifestyle behaviors, CVH, and cardiovascular outcomes among cancer survivors to take stock of what is known, identify methodological strengths and weaknesses, and propose promising research directions. Methods A scoping review was conducted to identify studies examining different dimensions of ideal CVH in adult cancer survivors. Measurement methods of ideal CVH metrics, and determinants associated with CVH were examined. Results Twenty-two articles met eligibility criteria. Of which, 82% (n = 18) were published in or after 2020. Fourteen studies (about 64%) followed the AHA’s framework to conceptualize ideal CVH. Higher scores on ideal CVH are linked to better cardiovascular outcomes among cancer survivors with associations noted for social inequalities and neighborhood environmental factors, underscoring the complexity of CVH determinants in this population. Conclusions Research on ideal CVH among cancer survivors appears to have accelerated in recent years, yet many gaps remain to orient clinical and public health practice. Promising research directions include expanding investigations into pre-diagnosis CVH, addressing disparities in CVH across diverse populations, and conducting longitudinal studies to clarify causal pathways between lifestyle behaviors, cancer treatments, and cardiovascular outcomes.

Timucin Bugra EDMAN, Hacer GOZEN

The people of Africa were dragged to the New World, where they were enslaved and put to work and starved to death. The atrocities that African people witness are ongoing even today. This paper aims to take a journey through the history of African people. The article is divided into two parts: the first part is a concise history of the Atlantic Slave Trade and of its cultural and sociological aftermath in the New World, where the struggle between the South and the North exploited African Americans even after the Civil War. The second part focuses on the literary production of the African people, in order to connect these with experiences defined by pain, agony and nostalgia.

Ignas Gasparavičius, Andrius Grigutis

This survey article is dedicated to the life of the famous American economist H. Markowitz (1927--2023). We do revisit the main statements of the portfolio selection theory in terms of mathematical completeness including all the necessary auxiliary details.

Marzieh Abdoli, Elisabeth Schiechtl, Marco Scotto Rosato et al.

Introduction & Purpose Eating disorders, body image, self-esteem, and emotional issues affect psychological and physical health and often co-occur. Disturbances in body image can trigger and worsen disordered eating behaviours. Emotions and self-esteem are influential factors in both eating disorders and body image issues, impacting their severity and manifestation. The interconnection of eating disorders, body image, emotions, and self-esteem has mostly been studied in adolescents, while there has been less research on the adult population. This systematic review seeks to synthesise existing literature on the comorbidity and coexistence of eating disorders, body image disturbance, emotion, and self-esteem in the adult population. Methods Following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted in scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) for articles published between 2010 and 2024 (Figure 1). The selected studies focused on the connections between eating disorders, body image, emotion, and self-esteem in adult populations. Six studies were selected from an initial collection of 1,117 articles, with most female participants representing different racial backgrounds. The study participants were required to be over 18 years old and use standard tools to measure the variables, and only original research with significant results was included. Results Individuals with eating disorders showed higher levels of body dissatisfaction, which was linked with lower self-esteem and emotional dysregulation. Women with bulimia nervosa displayed higher emotion-oriented coping strategies compared to controls, resulting in low self-esteem (Wölfges et al., 2011). Obese patients with binge-eating disorders (BED) had more negative attitudes towards obesity compared to obese individuals without BED, correlating with higher levels of depression and disordered eating behaviours (Barnes et al., 2014). The African American participants reported lower weight bias than white participants (Lewer et al., 2015). Furthermore, body image disturbances were a consistent theme, particularly their role in worsening eating disorders, with findings showing that body dissatisfaction indirectly influenced disordered eating behaviours through its effects on self-esteem and depression (Brechan & Kvalem, 2015). The findings revealed that women are more vulnerable to the negative impacts of body image dissatisfaction and emotional dysregulation on eating disorders (Barnes et al., 2014; Brechan & Kvalem, 2015). Additionally, the impact of weight bias and dissociative experiences during sexual activities, which were linked to binge eating and sexual dissatisfaction, was highlighted (Castellini et al., 2017). Discussion The findings emphasise the connections between self-esteem, body image, emotion, and eating disorders. Professional interventions for eating disorders should consider improving self-esteem and providing adaptive emotion techniques to enhance body image perception. The importance of self-compassion in improving body image and managing eating disorders was also noted (Kelly et al., 2014). More research on adult populations in non-Western countries is needed. Conclusion This review emphasises the relationships between eating disorders, body image, self-esteem, and emotion in adults. Moreover, the combination of strategies that improve emotional regulation, self-esteem, and body image perception within clinical interventions could lead to more practical management of eating disorders in adults. Future research should explore these variables across different cultures with varied research strategies. References Barnes, R. D., Ivezaj, V., & Grilo, C. M. (2014). An examination of weight bias among treatment-seeking obese patients with and without binge eating disorder. General Hospital Psychiatry, 36(2), 177–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.10.011 Brechan, I., & Kvalem, I. L. (2015). Relationship between body dissatisfaction and disordered eating: Mediating role of self-esteem and depression. Eating Behaviors, 17, 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.12.008 Castellini, G., Lo Sauro, C., Ricca, V., & Rellini, A. H. (2017). Body esteem as a common factor of a tendency toward binge eating and sexual dissatisfaction among women: The role of dissociation and stress response during sex. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 14(8), 1036–1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.06.001 Kelly, A. C., Vimalakanthan, K., & Miller, K. E. (2014). Self-compassion moderates the relationship between body mass index and both eating disorder pathology and body image flexibility. Body Image, 11(4), 446–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.07.005 Lewer, M., Nasrawi, N., Schroeder, D., & Vocks, S. (2015). Body image disturbance in binge eating disorder: A comparison of obese patients with and without binge eating disorder regarding the cognitive, behavioral and perceptual component of body image. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 21, 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-015-0200-5 Wölfges, R., Legenbauer, T., & Hiller, W. (2011). Überprüfung des aktuellen Stressbewältigungsverhaltens bulimischer Frauen in einer sozialen Interaktion [Examination of the current stress management behaviour of bulimic women in a social interaction]. Verhaltenstherapie, 21(1), 23–29. https://doi.org/10.1159/000324255

Lee Kezar, Aryan Shukla

Multiword expressions present unique challenges in many translation tasks. In an attempt to ultimately apply a multiword expression detection system to the translation of American Sign Language, we built and tested two systems that apply word embeddings from GloVe to determine whether or not the word embeddings of lexemes can be used to predict whether or not those lexemes compose a multiword expression. It became apparent that word embeddings carry data that can detect non-compositionality with decent accuracy.

Andrew Na, Justin Wan

We propose a deep Recurrent neural network (RNN) framework for computing prices and deltas of American options in high dimensions. Our proposed framework uses two deep RNNs, where one network learns the price and the other learns the delta of the option for each timestep. Our proposed framework yields prices and deltas for the entire spacetime, not only at a given point (e.g. t = 0). The computational cost of the proposed approach is linear in time, which improves on the quadratic time seen for feedforward networks that price American options. The computational memory cost of our method is constant in memory, which is an improvement over the linear memory costs seen in feedforward networks. Our numerical simulations demonstrate these contributions, and show that the proposed deep RNN framework is computationally more efficient than traditional feedforward neural network frameworks in time and memory.

Mookgo Solomon Kgatle

Pentecostalism in Africa has many expressions, types, and shadows contributing to the challenge of categorisations in the movement. There are some forms of Pentecostalism in Africa that resemble the American context in terms of theology and practice. However, the literature review also demonstrates that other forms are uniquely indigenous, meaning, non-American. In this article, the indigenous force of Pentecostalism was studied through the indigenous knowledge system approach. This was done by making links between indigenous Pentecostalism in Africa and the early indigenous forces. The indigenous Pentecostal liturgy characterized by a song, prayer, and sermon was discussed in detail. The article also demonstrated how the indigenisation of the gospel of Jesus Christ within the Pentecostal movement in Africa has made the movement relevant to Africans. The aim was to demonstrate that the indigenous force of Pentecostalism is relevant to the decolonisation of Westernized Christianity. The article proposes the acknowledgement of the indigenous knowledge system in the Pentecostal tradition which is relevant to the decolonization of the religious sphere in the African context.

Kristina Seefeldt

This paper offers an insight into the efforts made by war memorial organizations to remember those who served in the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) and how the war is manifested in US cultural memory. To exemplify the ways the war is already being remembered by smaller communities and what upcoming plans to memorialize the GWOT in a nation-wide context look like, several memorials are analyzed according to the emotions they elicit and how these influence the memorials’ narratives. The article is concluded by examining which elements of the memorials’ war narratives are highlighted, and which are omitted.

Hanna Masslich

In this article, I will investigate the entanglement of water and memory in Jesmyn Ward’s novel Salvage the Bones (2011). To analyze the multiplicity of literal and figurative references to water, I will refer to posthumanist and new materialist water scholarship as well as Black Studies. I argue that the narrated water scales up the time and space of the story and thereby situates Hurricane Katrina in the history of transatlantic slavery and the Middle Passage. By functioning as a keeper of memory and archive in the novel, water evolves as a substance that enables the concurrent examination of racialized histories and contemporary environmental disasters.

Abel Azze, Bernardo D'Auria, Eduardo García-Portugués

We study the barrier that gives the optimal time to exercise an American option written on a time-dependent Ornstein--Uhlenbeck process, a diffusion often adopted by practitioners to model commodity prices and interest rates. By framing the optimal exercise of the American option as a problem of optimal stopping and relying on probabilistic arguments, we provide a non-linear Volterra-type integral equation characterizing the exercise boundary, develop a novel comparison argument to derive upper and lower bounds for such a boundary, and prove its Lipschitz continuity in any closed interval that excludes the expiration date and, thus, its differentiability almost everywhere. We implement a Picard iteration algorithm to solve the Volterra integral equation and show illustrative examples that shed light on the boundary's dependence on the process's drift and volatility.

Zhuoshu Wu, Libo Li

We study the valuation of an American put option with a random time horizon given by the last exit time of the underlying asset from a fixed level. Since this random time is not a stopping time, the problem falls outside the classical optimal stopping framework. Using enlargement of filtrations and the associated Azéma supermartingale, we transform the problem into an equivalent optimal stopping problem with a semi-continuous, time-dependent gain function whose partial derivatives exhibit singular behaviour. The resulting formulation introduces significant analytical challenges, including the loss of smoothness of the optimal stopping boundary. We develop new arguments to characterise the continuation and stopping regions, establishing monotonicity of the free boundary under suitable conditions, and analyse the regularity of the value function. In particular, we derive nonlinear integral equations that uniquely characterise both the free-boundary and the value function. Our results extend the classical theory of American options to a class of problems with random horizons and provide a framework for incorporating default-type features modelled by last exit times.

Wisal Khan, Teerath Kumar, Zhang Cheng et al.

Context: The efficient processing of Big Data is a challenging task for SQL and NoSQL Databases, where competent software architecture plays a vital role. The SQL Databases are designed for structuring data and supporting vertical scalability. In contrast, horizontal scalability is backed by NoSQL Databases and can process sizeable unstructured Data efficiently. One can choose the right paradigm according to the organisation's needs; however, making the correct choice can often be challenging. The SQL and NoSQL Databases follow different architectures. Also, the mixed model is followed by each category of NoSQL Databases. Hence, data movement becomes difficult for cloud consumers across multiple cloud service providers (CSPs). In addition, each cloud platform IaaS, PaaS, SaaS, and DBaaS also monitors various paradigms. Objective: This systematic literature review (SLR) aims to study the related articles associated with SQL and NoSQL Database software architectures and tackle data portability and Interoperability among various cloud platforms. State of the art presented many performance comparison studies of SQL and NoSQL Databases by observing scaling, performance, availability, consistency and sharding characteristics. According to the research studies, NoSQL Database designed structures can be the right choice for big data analytics, while SQL Databases are suitable for OLTP Databases. The researcher proposes numerous approaches associated with data movement in the cloud. Platform-based APIs are developed, which makes users' data movement difficult. Therefore, data portability and Interoperability issues are noticed during data movement across multiple CSPs. To minimize developer efforts and Interoperability, Unified APIs are demanded to make data movement relatively more accessible among various cloud platforms.

Gideon JW Cheok, Akshay Padki, Kinjal V Mehta

Aims/Background: Current literature recommends that unstable Lisfranc joint fracture-dislocations be treated with open reduction and internal fixation. There are limited regional data regarding the outcomes of surgical management of these injuries. The primary aim of our study is to explore patient-reported outcomes of surgically managed unstable Lisfranc injuries as limited locoregional data are detailing such outcomes. Secondarily, we aim to compare differences in outcomes between patients who had implants removed and those who retained their implants. Materials and methods: We performed a single-center, single-surgeon, retrospective review of 17 cases diagnosed with Lisfranc injuries treated surgically at our center from 2016 to 2017. Seventeen patients were followed up for an average of 24 months (range 21–34 months). Thirteen patients had their implants removed at an average of 5.9 months. Patients were assessed using Patient-reported Outcome Measures (SF-36), American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Midfoot score, and Foot Function Index (FFI). Results: In our review, we found that the commonest type of repair was with transarticular screws. Of the 17 patients assessed, we derived a mean FFI score of 13.7% (scale of 0–100%, with a higher percentage indicating worse function and increased disability). Most patients showed decreased function with more strenuous activities. The average AOFAS midfoot score was 81.5, with most patients losing points for mild pain and limitations with recreational activities. The average SF-36 physical functioning score (PFS) was 80.9 (scale of 0–100, higher scores indicating better physical function), and the average SF-36 mental health score (MHS) was 95.8. Conclusion: In relation to available literature, the vast majority of our patients showed comparably good outcomes as measured using functional outcome and quality of life assessment scores.

Yury Stepanyants

The article reflects the author's point of view on the disasters that occurred with American atomic submarines Thresher and Scorpion in 1960th and Indonesian diesel submarine Nanggala-420 in April 2021. A possible role of giant internal waves in such tragic events is discussed. Parameters of large-amplitude internal solitary waves, their shapes and speeds of propagation are presented. The author's reconstruction of the disasters is given.

Mingji Liu, Jinyao Li, Tianlang Xiong et al.

This exploration is mainly performed to study the role of corporate culture accepted by employees in enterprise development and its impact on employees themselves. First, the influence of employee participation, cross-cultural management, and corporate culture on the enterprise is realized through the relevant literature. Then, investigation and analysis are carried out with American I Industrial Group as the research object to determine the impact of cross-cultural management on mergers and acquisitions and organizational performance. The results show that the total impact of trust on reuse is 0.264 before mergers and acquisitions; the difference is not statistically significant, and so is the overall impact of mergers and acquisitions. This means that there is no correlation between trust and reuse. However, when the merger is done, the total effect of trust on reuse rises to 1.594, indicating that the difference and the total effect are statistically significant. The data calculation and analysis for the direct impact of trust on reuse and the indirect impact of trust on reuse are 0.667 and 0.926, respectively, which means that the difference is statistically significant. This proves the role of satisfaction in the impact of trust on reuse once mergers and acquisitions are completed. Therefore, in the process of mergers and acquisitions in the future, enterprises must consider the different cultures of employees and company locations and employee participation, which will further affect the organizational performance of enterprises.