Hasil untuk "Advertising"

Fatemeh poorbafarani, aboozar vafaei, Esmaeil Mazroui Nasrabadi

1. IntroductionToday, creative tourism is one of the most important ways to improve the economic status of cities, but despite the benefits of developing this model of tourism, its implementation is not easy and there are numerous challenges to its realization. In this regard, the city of Nain is one of the urban areas that, despite benefiting from various forms of tourism, namely historical, agricultural, natural, handicrafts and physical, and allocating a share of the city's economy to this activity, faces challenges in various dimensions in realizing creative tourism. Therefore, the present study aims to identify and model the challenges of creative tourism in the city of Nain, to form the basis for proper policy and decision-making by the authorities in this field, and ultimately to remove the obstacles to realizing creative tourism in the city.2. Research MethodologyThe research type is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population of the research consists of two levels including officials, city managers and city tourism activists, and academic experts and specialists. The sampling method is judgmental and the sample size for the first group is 17 people in the form of semi-structured interviews based on theoretical saturation and for the second group, 10 people in the form of questionnaires. The data collection method is field-based and its tool is semi-structured interviews in the field of creative tourism challenges and a questionnaire developed by the researcher in the field of modeling creative tourism challenges. To design the interview protocol, after reviewing the relevant literature, the PESTEL technique was used to design questions. Pairwise comparisons between factors were used to design researcher-made questionnaires. Thematic analysis was used to analyze data in the stage of identifying creative tourism challenges and interpretive structural modeling (ISM) was used to model creative tourism challenges.3. Results and discussionThe results of the interviews revealed 39 challenges of creative tourism in the city, which were divided into 17 subcategories, including "presence of various types of pollution in the city's tourism space", "excessive use of the city's pristine and natural space", "ignorance of local customs and traditions", "lack of use of traditional elements in the recreation of urban spaces", "lack of motivation and willingness to invest", "weakness of government finances in supporting various tourism sectors", "lack of concerned managers in the tourism sector", "divergence of tourism sector managers and lack of teamwork", "lack of necessary tools for guidance and advertising", "lack of primary tourism infrastructure", "weakness of executive management of the tourism sector", "lack of training, preparation and accompanying the host community in tourism activities", "lack of necessary preparation for tourists to familiarize themselves with the culture of the local community", "lack of educational and specialized centers in the tourism sector", "lack of interactions and communications with tourism sector activists in all parts of the country and the world", "ignorance of the city's tourism capacities", "Lack of planning to implement traditional and local ceremonies continuously throughout the year" and 9 main categories including "Existence of environmental pollutants and damage to nature tourism", "Forgetting the original culture and identity of the city", "Lack of a sustainable tourism economy", "Lack of a unified policy and strategy in the field of tourism", "Lack of facilities, equipment and services in the field of tourism", "Lack of creative and convergent management", "Lack of culture and trust building for the local community and tourists", "Lack of specialized and practical training", "Lack of a comprehensive tourism package to offer" were categorized. Next, in order to more accurately analyze the challenges of the city's creative tourism, their interpretative structural model was drawn and the position of each challenge was examined in it.4. ConclusionThe present study has identified and modeled the challenges of creative tourism in the city of Nain. The results of the theoretical study of the research show that creative tourism is a type of tourism that distinguishes and develops the creative experiences of tourists and prioritizes sustainability. However, there have always been obstacles and challenges to the sustainability of this type of tourism, which include infrastructure challenges such as the lack of adequate and suitable accommodation and amenities, as well as a weak structure for creating jobs, inadequate education, lack of smart technologies, lack of guidelines, and inadequate training. On the other hand, comparing the research findings with theoretical foundations shows that Nain city is one of the urban areas that, despite benefiting from various forms of tourism and allocating a share of the city's economy to this activity, faces challenges in the field of creative tourism, including the lack of specialized training centers in various fields of tourism, a shortage of specialized personnel in the field of tourism, the lack of facilities and equipment necessary for the development of city tourism, lack of investment in various tourism affairs, and the weakness and incompetence of tourism sector managers. These challenges can hinder the path of creative and dynamic economic formation and ultimately the sustainable development of the city's tourism. Therefore, the results of the present study show that there are several challenges in the development of creative tourism in this city. The output of the structural model showed that the challenge of lack of creative and convergent management is the most important of all challenges; Because experts believe that the lack of creative and convergent management in the city of Nain has led to the lack of support from senior city managers for the tourism sector, the lack of alignment between executive institutions and the private sector in this area, the lack of a real and concerned custodian in the city's tourism sector, and the inability of executive managers to actualize the city's existing capacities and capabilities in the tourism sector.

Nancy Satpathy, Nancy Satpathy, Pratap Jena et al.

BackgroundTobacco use among youth remains a significant public health challenge, particularly in India, where vendor accessibility plays a crucial role in initiation and consumption. This study examines tobacco vendor density around schools in Bhubaneswar City, Odisha, utilizing advanced geo-spatial mapping techniques to provide evidence for regulatory enforcement.MethodsA geo-spatial mapping approach was employed using ArcMap 10.8 and Google Maps to identify tobacco vendors within a 100-yard radius of 15 selected high schools. Data collection was conducted through a structured questionnaire with 53 closed-ended questions via the Epicollect5 platform. The study adopted a probability proportional-to-size sampling method to ensure representative vendor distribution.ResultsThe study identified 107 tobacco vendors surrounding the selected schools, with an average vendor density of approximately seven per school vicinity. Pan vendors and grocery/convenience stores were the most prevalent vendor types. Despite existing regulations, widespread tobacco advertising, brand displays, and promotional activities were observed. Additionally, violations related to smoking near schools and sales to minors indicated gaps in regulatory compliance.ConclusionThe high density of tobacco vendors near schools underscores the need for strengthened enforcement mechanisms and policy interventions. Enhancing regulatory compliance through stricter zoning laws, targeted monitoring, and community-driven initiatives is essential to reducing youth exposure to tobacco products and mitigating associated health risks.

Farangis Mansoori

Today, protecting privacy in cyberspace is a major concern for the people of the world. The lack of a single organization that can manage the online space with its restrictive and strict rules has caused some websites to use small text files called cookies to collect data from users and use them for marketing in advertising networks and use third-party websites with the help of different technologies... Although it can be argued that this is a kind of marketing strategy and in most cases, it is not dangerous. However, this can lead to security concerns and privacy violations because most websites do not ask permission to use cookies and set them in the user's browser. The main question in this article is how and to what extent cookies can violate users' privacy. In response, we will say that although cookies play an essential role in enhancing the user experience and facilitating personalized interactions on the web in the broad digital technology landscape, they also come with risks that users should be aware of them. In general, there are two main risks; the first risk is a violation of users' privacy and the second risk is a security vulnerability. 1. Introduction In cyberspace, privacy is the most important concern. Everyone who is online likes to keep their privacy safe. One of the things that can violate this privacy is internet cookies, which are designed to exchange information between the user's browser and the website Cookies contain all kinds of information needed to navigate the desired website. For this reason, they are very important for e-commerce companies and advertising agencies. Almost in most web browsing, we are given a notification that "This website uses cookies to improve your experience. Do you agree with that? or a phrase like this. We usually click " yes" without thinking because we want to see the content. but should we accept cookies? Accepting cookies can create serious security risks; since cookies are stored on the hard disk as text files, any intruder can easily open these files and view the information. Additionally, all sites that collect information from cookies are not legitimate. Some of them can use cookies for hacking purposes. However, in this article, we are looking for an answer to the question of whether the use of cookies can violate our privacy. And how? 2. Methodology The present research has been done using the descriptive-analytical method and by studying various documents and sources. Data collection was through library research, legal research centers, and access to books, articles, theses, journals, and websites. 3. Results and Discussion Nowadays, cyberspace has made it easier than ever to violate privacy, which is closely related to the personality of people; In such a way that criminals attack human life in all parts of the world, regardless of geographical boundaries, away from the controlling eyes and gaze of others and free from the inspection and surveillance of others. With the advent of computer technology, it is possible to plan and violate privacy and steal private and confidential information of individuals more than in the past with very high accuracy and clarity. (Qanad and Alighli, 2020, 306) Cookies play an essential role in enhancing user experience and facilitating personalized interactions on the web. However, behind their harmless appearance, there is a domain full of possible dangers and harms that may endanger the user's privacy and security. Although cookies can be blocked as said earlier some websites become not as effective when we don’t accept them. Some of us simply use the websites and to get the full functionality accept the cookies unwillingly and are concerned about our privacy and tracking. (Jegatheesan, 2013, p. 2) Cookies are set by the websites we visit or even sometimes by the third-party websites that involve in marketing, ad serving. There are even chances that we get cookies from websites we have never heard of or never visited but those websites are associated with the websites we visit. These websites do various activities like advertising, help in marketing the brand or product, increase revenue or even track the users. These websites may set cookies that can track the movement of users from one website to another website and can consolidate the personal data and sometimes making it available for anyone with commercial interest. And this is where we have to worry about the invasion of privacy, because the information collection cookies are not nearly as obvious, and the websites don’t simply stop at tracking, they start showing adverts, campaigns are done around you to force you to buy or look at something for the fact that you had once of frequently interested in something. This eliminates the ability for us to look for new things, in simple ways we are restricted from being shown something new and we are always shown the same things, given preferences of something we did already. (Ibid, 2013, p. 3) Tracking cookies can actually be a threat to user privacy. Because tracking cookies collect data about people's behavior on the Internet, it is absolutely essential for website owners to allow their users control over which cookies they accept. According to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), every web user must have the option to accept or reject cookies when browsing the Internet. And if any website does not provide this option to its users, it violates the general data protection regulations. Also, according to the general data protection regulations, users have rights in relation to their personal data, such as the right to access, modify, limit, withdraw consent, protest, portability, and erasure. In addition, they have the right to object to automatic decision-making profiling, and processing of their personal data for direct marketing. (Article 15-22) Another concern with cookies is security issues with cookies. When they are manipulated by malicious entities, they also pose a significant threat. Attackers can use various techniques such as session hijacking, cross-site scripting, cross-site request forgery, etc. to abuse cookies in malicious activities. (Layeeq, 2024, p. 3) The current uses of cookies tell us why users should be concerned about their privacy being violated. When a user enters the Internet and registers his name or fills out a form online, he actually makes a profile of his personal information available to various companies. Many companies also use cookies to collect personal information of users and make profiles. In fact, companies do not use personal information only to provide products or services, they also use this information in various political and social cases. Awsat et al., (2020, 1354) "The author of “Four Ethical Issues of the Information Age,” talks about how profiling violates privacy when he states: “You or I may have contributed information about us freely to each of the separate databases but that by itself does not amount to giving consent to someone to merge the data. (Mason, 1986, pp. 5 - 12) Websites and companies that conduct online marketing through cookies must have clear policies and provide clear options to individuals on how to store, use, or transfer personal information. This increases the informed choice of users regarding their consent for any activity, correct and free use of the Internet space. Providing clear opt-outs allows people to exercise control when using online web services. Some people may want to visit a website without any record of their online behavior being kept. So it's a good idea to provide a simple tool to opt out of ad targeting using behavioral data. It's a legal requirement under privacy and electronic communications laws to tell a person when information is going to be stored on their device, For example, in the form of a regular cookie, or a flash cookie, and give him the opportunity to refuse this. It is also a good idea to give users relevant advice on how to use their web browser settings or the choices provided on the website itself to allow the user to maintain their online anonymity. For example, by ensuring that their identifying information is deleted at the end of a session or any other similar solution. 4. Conclusion In the broad landscape of digital technology, cookies play an essential role in enhancing the user experience and facilitating personalized interactions on the web. However, behind their harmless appearance, there is a large volume of potential risks and harms such as tracking and profiling, challenges related to cookie management, and security risks that can endanger the privacy and security of users. As discussed so far, there are two main risks from cookies that affect all other risks; One risk is invasion of privacy and the second risk is security vulnerability. Cookies can track our online activities on different websites over time and create a profile of our interests and preferences. This information can be used by advertisers to target us with personalized ads, or the data can be sold to third parties without our consent. Personal data and its processing are not permitted without obtaining the express consent of the person, and if permission is obtained, it can be used only for the purpose of the person's consent. Regarding security vulnerabilities, it should be said that in some cases user data and communications may be used by governments for the benefit of national security or any other similar concern. But there are other ways that our data may be misused and stolen. Where cybercriminals and hackers can exploit cookies to access our account information or steal sensitive data through a process called cross-site scripting. Additionally, hackers execute or inject malicious scripts into a trusted program or file, such as a cookie, to do their nasty work. However, when viewing cookies, users always have a concern and a feeling of insecurity about violating their privacy and stealing their information. In general, it seems that there is a possibility of violating privacy and compromising personal data with cookies on a small scale.

Takashi Ushio, Kazuhiro Onishi, Hideyoshi Yanagisawa

Emotional responses during advertising video viewing are recognized as essential for understanding media effects because they have influenced attention, memory, and purchase intention. To establish a methodological basis for explainable emotion estimation without relying on external information such as physiological signals or subjective ratings, we have quantified "pleasantness," "surprise," and "habituation" solely from scene-level expression features of advertising videos, drawing on the free energy(FE) principle, which has provided a unified account of perception, learning, and behavior. In this framework, Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLD) has captured prediction error, Bayesian surprise (BS) has captured belief updates, and uncertainty (UN) has reflected prior ambiguity, and together they have formed the core components of FE. Using 1,059 15 s food video advertisements, the experiments have shown that KLD has reflected "pleasantness" associated with brand presentation, BS has captured "surprise" arising from informational complexity, and UN has reflected "surprise" driven by uncertainty in element types and spatial arrangements, as well as by the variability and quantity of presented elements. This study also identified three characteristic emotional patterns, namely uncertain stimulus, sustained high emotion, and momentary peak and decay, demonstrating the usefulness of the proposed method. Robustness across nine hyperparameter settings and generalization tests with six types of Japanese advertising videos (three genres and two durations) confirmed that these tendencies remained stable. This work can be extended by integrating a wider range of expression elements and validating the approach through subjective ratings, ultimately guiding the development of technologies that can support the creation of more engaging advertising videos.

Chujie Zhao, Qun Hu, Shiping Song et al.

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) necessitates novel monetization strategies, among which LLM-native advertising has emerged as a promising paradigm by naturally integrating advertisement within LLM-generated responses. However, this paradigm fundamentally shifts the auction object from discrete ad slots to the distribution over LLM outputs, posing new challenges for designing auction mechanisms. Existing mechanisms for LLM-native advertising adopt frameworks that decouple auction and generation, which either ignore externalities or require multiple LLM inferences for ad allocation, rendering them impractical for industrial scenarios. To address these challenges, we propose LLM-Auction, which to the best of our knowledge is the first learning-based generative auction mechanism that integrates auction and LLM generation for LLM-native advertising. By formulating the allocation optimization as a preference alignment problem between LLM outputs and the mechanism's objective which reflects both advertisers' expected value and user experience, we introduce Iterative Reward-Preference Optimization (IRPO) algorithm that alternately optimizes the reward model and the LLM. This approach enables the LLM to inherently model allocation externalities without any extra inference cost. We further identify the allocation monotonicity and continuity of LLM-Auction, which allows us to prove that a simple first-price payment rule exhibits favorable incentive properties. Additionally, we design an LLM-as-a-judge simulation environment to facilitate large-scale data construction and enable comprehensive quantitative evaluation of the mechanism's performance. Extensive quantitative and qualitative experiments demonstrate that LLM-Auction significantly outperforms existing baselines in allocation efficiency, while achieving the desired mechanism properties.

Junyan Qiu, Ze Wang, Fan Zhang et al.

Modern industrial advertising systems commonly employ Multi-stage Cascading Architectures (MCA) to balance computational efficiency with ranking accuracy. However, this approach presents two fundamental challenges: (1) performance inconsistencies arising from divergent optimization targets and capability differences between stages, and (2) failure to account for advertisement externalities - the complex interactions between candidate ads during ranking. These limitations ultimately compromise system effectiveness and reduce platform profitability. In this paper, we present EGA-V1, an end-to-end generative architecture that unifies online advertising ranking as one model. EGA-V1 replaces cascaded stages with a single model to directly generate optimal ad sequences from the full candidate ad corpus in location-based services (LBS). The primary challenges associated with this approach stem from high costs of feature processing and computational bottlenecks in modeling externalities of large-scale candidate pools. To address these challenges, EGA-V1 introduces an algorithm and engine co-designed hybrid feature service to decouple user and ad feature processing, reducing latency while preserving expressiveness. To efficiently extract intra- and cross-sequence mutual information, we propose RecFormer with an innovative cluster-attention mechanism as its core architectural component. Furthermore, we propose a bi-stage training strategy that integrates pre-training with reinforcement learning-based post-training to meet sophisticated platform and advertising objectives. Extensive offline evaluations on public benchmarks and large-scale online A/B testing on industrial advertising platform have demonstrated the superior performance of EGA-V1 over state-of-the-art MCAs.

Sébastien Lahaie, Benjamin Schaeffer, Yuanjun Zhou

In first-price auctions for display advertising, exchanges typically communicate the "minimum-bid-to-win" to bidders after the auction as feedback for their bidding algorithms. For a winner, this is the second-highest bid, while for losing bidders it is the highest bid. In this paper we investigate the generalization of this concept to general combinatorial auctions, motivated by the domain of video advertising. In a video pod auction, ad slots during an advertising break in a video stream are auctioned all at once, under several kinds of allocation constraints such as a constraint on total ad duration. We cast the problem in terms of computing bid updates (discounts and raises) that maintain the optimality of the current allocation. Our main result characterizes the set of joint bid updates with this property as the core of an associated bicooperative game. In the case of the assignment problem--a special case of video pod auctions--we provide a linear programming characterization of this bicooperative core. Our characterization leads to several candidates for a generalized minimum-bid-to-win. Drawing on video pod auction data from a real ad exchange, we perform an empirical analysis to understand the bidding dynamics they induce and their convergence properties.

Melanie Jane Nicholls, Alexandra Almeida, Justin Castello et al.

BackgroundMedications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), such as methadone and buprenorphine, are the gold standard for opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment. Owing to various barriers, MOUD access and retention are low in the United States. The internet presents a digital solution to mitigate barriers, but a comprehensive and reliable resource is lacking. We present a user-friendly, web-based resource, the MOUD Hub, that provides reliable information on MOUD. ObjectiveThis study aims to assess the safety, acceptability, feasibility of dissemination, and reach of the MOUD Hub using focus groups and advertising on 1 key search engine and 1 social media platform. MethodsThis protocol describes the development of the MOUD Hub and the descriptive observational feasibility study that will be undertaken. The MOUD Hub uses motivational interviewing principles to guide users through the stages of change. The website provides evidence-based information from national health and substance use agencies, harm reduction organizations, and peer-reviewed literature. First, pilot focus groups with 10 graduate students who have lived experience with OUD will be conducted to provide feedback on safety concerns. Then, focus groups with 20-30 potential MOUD Hub users (eg, people with OUD with and without MOUD experience, friends and family, and health care providers) will be conducted to assess safety, acceptability, reach, and usability. Data will be analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. The website will be advertised on Google and MOUD-specific Reddit forums to assess dissemination, reach, and user acceptability based on the total user volume, sociodemographic characteristics, pop-up survey responses, and 1-year engagement patterns. This information will be collected through Google Analytics. Potential differences between users from Google and Reddit will be assessed. ResultsThe MOUD Hub will be launched in January 2025. Data collected from 5 focus groups (approximately 30-40 participants) will be used to improve the website before launching it. There is no target sample size for the second stage of the study as it aims to assess dissemination feasibility and reach. Data will be collected for a year, analyzed every 3 months, and used to improve the website. ConclusionsThe MOUD Hub offers an innovative theory-based approach, tailored to people with OUD and their family and friends, to increase access to and retention in MOUD treatment in the United States and provides broader harm reduction resources for those not currently in a position to receive treatment or those at risk of resuming illicit opioid use. Findings from this feasibility phase will serve to better tailor the MOUD Hub. After modifying the website based on our findings, we will use a randomized controlled trial to assess its efficacy in increasing MOUD access and retention, contributing to growing research on web-based interventions for OUD. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)PRR1-10.2196/57065

Dritjon Gruda, Jim A. McCleskey

Recent research has shown a particularly positive association between Machiavellianism and academic major choices, namely Economics, Law, and Politics. Interestingly, previous findings indicated that the academic major Business – usually portrayed as power-hungry and greedy in mainstream media and movies – was not positively associated with Machiavellianism. In this paper, we posit that these prior results are incomplete since Business is a college major encompassing several sub-fields (e.g., Advertising, Finance, Human Resources). Using a sample of 2630 participants from 110 countries and nine business majors, we found overall support for a significant association between Machiavellianism and specific business specializations, with Finance majors scoring highest on Machiavellianism. We compare these findings to prior results and break down results by gender.

Dina Zilbershtein, Francesco Barile, Daan Odijk et al.

Limited transparency in targeted advertising on online content delivery platforms can breed mistrust for both viewers (of the content and ads) and advertisers. This user study (n=864) explores how explanations for targeted ads can bridge this gap, fostering transparency for two of the key stakeholders. We explore participants' preferences for explanations and allow them to tailor the content and format. Acting as viewers or advertisers, participants chose which details about viewing habits and user data to include in explanations. Participants expressed concerns not only about the inclusion of personal data in explanations but also about the use of it in ad placing. Surprisingly, we found no significant differences in the features selected by the two groups to be included in the explanations. Furthermore, both groups showed overall high satisfaction, while "advertisers" perceived the explanations as significantly more transparent than "viewers". Additionally, we observed significant variations in the use of personal data and the features presented in explanations between the two phases of the experiment. This study also provided insights into participants' preferences for how explanations are presented and their assumptions regarding advertising practices and data usage. This research broadens our understanding of transparent advertising practices by highlighting the unique dynamics between viewers and advertisers on online platforms, and suggesting that viewers' priorities should be considered in the process of ad placement and creation of explanations.

Ruize Wang, Hui Xu, Ying Cheng et al.

Advertising platforms have evolved in estimating Lifetime Value (LTV) to better align with advertisers' true performance metric. However, the sparsity of real-world LTV data presents a significant challenge to LTV predictive model(i.e., pLTV), severely limiting the their capabilities. Therefore, we propose to utilize external data, in addition to the internal data of advertising platform, to expand the size of purchase samples and enhance the LTV prediction model of the advertising platform. To tackle the issue of data distribution shift between internal and external platforms, we introduce an Adaptive Difference Siamese Network (ADSNet), which employs cross-domain transfer learning to prevent negative transfer. Specifically, ADSNet is designed to learn information that is beneficial to the target domain. We introduce a gain evaluation strategy to calculate information gain, aiding the model in learning helpful information for the target domain and providing the ability to reject noisy samples, thus avoiding negative transfer. Additionally, we also design a Domain Adaptation Module as a bridge to connect different domains, reduce the distribution distance between them, and enhance the consistency of representation space distribution. We conduct extensive offline experiments and online A/B tests on a real advertising platform. Our proposed ADSNet method outperforms other methods, improving GINI by 2$\%$. The ablation study highlights the importance of the gain evaluation strategy in negative gain sample rejection and improving model performance. Additionally, ADSNet significantly improves long-tail prediction. The online A/B tests confirm ADSNet's efficacy, increasing online LTV by 3.47$\%$ and GMV by 3.89$\%$.

Xiaoxin Shen, Eman Alashwali, Lorrie Faith Cranor

When companies release marketing materials aimed at promoting their privacy practices or highlighting specific privacy features, what do they actually communicate to consumers? In this paper, we explore the impact of privacy marketing on: (1) consumers' attitudes toward the organizations providing the campaigns, (2) overall privacy awareness, and (3) the actionability of suggested privacy advice. To this end, we investigated the impact of four privacy advertising videos and one privacy game published by five different technology companies. We conducted 24 semi-structured interviews with participants randomly assigned to view one or two of the videos or play the game. Our findings suggest that awareness of privacy features can contribute to positive perceptions of a company or its products. The ads we tested were more successful in communicating the advertised privacy features than the game we tested. We observed that advertising a single privacy feature using a single metaphor in a short ad increased awareness of the advertised feature. The game failed to communicate privacy features or motivate study participants to use the features. Our results also suggest that privacy campaigns can be useful for raising awareness about privacy features and improving brand image, but may not be the most effective way to teach viewers how to use privacy features.

Nermeen Nuno, Wael Galil

Epidemiological problems around the world, especially the emerging corona virus epidemic, COVID-19, have produced many challenges related to various areas of design, many design fields have turned towards benefiting from the new global culture related to sterilization and personal protection, and one of the areas that tries to benefit from that trend is the field of advertising, from the promotion of the institution products and services, whether at the local or global level. The sterilization cabins are one of the models that can respond effectively to this pattern of promotion of various institutions, as it represents one of the types of metal cabinets that are made of metal materials that do not interact with viruses and bacteria and are not affected by sterile materials, and they are also suitable for multiple design employment according to the definition of ergonomic controls and standards that Conform to the user. Therefore, with the current crisis, it was necessary to search for new ways to provide care, such as the use of sterilization cabins and health self-service, and support for health care efficiency and inclusiveness, sterilization cabins provide this possibility, but there is a need for design and ergonomic solutions that meet medical standards and are compatible with society and its culture. Therefore, this research aims to explore the constructive design of sterilization cabins as stereoscopic advertising means according to ergonomics controls at the physiological, psychological and environmental levels. The research problem lies in the need to develop sterilization booths as a three-dimensional advertising medium that effectively achieves promotion and attracts the recipient to interact with and respond to them, and at the same time, these cabins are structurally stable and according to multiple ergonomic controls. The research was divided into three axes. The first axis was concerned with studying the criteria for designing sterilization cabins from The formal aspect and the ergonomics, while the second axis discussed the title of visual communication through sterilization cabins as a stereoscopic advertising medium, and the research ended with the third axis which dealt with the mechanisms of designing sterilization cabins as three-dimensional advertising means according to ergonomics controls

M. D. Magomedov, E. Yu. Alekseycheva

The article considers regional development trends in the context of economic activity and price processes, shows data on material well-being of families in Russian regions, and presents the ratings of the Russian regions by dynamics of wages and family welfare. The dynamics of sectoral production (agro-industrial complex, logging and wood processing, extractive industry, oil and oil products transshipment, chemical industry, motor transport, marine transportation, furniture production, construction materials, housing construction, machine building, shipbuilding, tourism, and education) in the Russian regions has been shown, and diffrentiation of regions by industries development revealed. The dynamics of consumer demand has been presented and main factors affcting consumer activity from the cost of living crisis and escapism manifested in diffrent forms revealed. A signifiant trend is also a decrease in concentrating attention. Main trends in online commerce development in Russia have been shown as it has been growing in 2022 even against the background of general decline in consumer demand. These trends include orientation of most players to sustainable development and ethics: increasing market share and capitalization, as well as reducing concentration of activities on profi. Global and local factors of consumer goods sales development in the Internet have been identifid.

Carles Llorens, Mercedes Muñoz-Saldaña

This study analyses the extent to which European legislation and, in particular, the latest regulatory initiatives for audiovisual media and for digital markets and services affect the regulation of public service media (PSM) in Spain. A three-fold analysis is performed using a document review methodology. Firstly, the influence of European competition policies on the origin, development and adaptation of PSM to the digital market is studied. Secondly, the transposition into Spanish law of the 2018 Audiovisual Media Services Directive (EU, 2018) is evaluated. Third and lastly, the impact of the draft European Acts referring to digital platforms on PSM in Spain and the European Union (European Commission, 2020a; 2020b) is analysed, as is that of the European Media Freedom Act (European Commission, 2022). The concept of Europeanisation (Harcourt, 2002) is taken as the basis for the assessment of such impact. The conclusions show that while the European regulatory umbrella is a necessary and influential framework, it is insufficient when it comes to understanding the regulatory and political development of PSM in Spain. The path dependence and circumstances of each country are crucial to understanding the why and how of specific regulation. There is European convergence on economic and competition policy protection issues, but not on political and cultural issues, such as the definition of PSM governance or structure, where the European Union’s influence is much weaker.

Inbal Livni Navon, Charlotte Peale, Omer Reingold et al.

Many companies rely on advertising platforms such as Google, Facebook, or Instagram to recruit a large and diverse applicant pool for job openings. Prior works have shown that equitable bidding may not result in equitable outcomes due to heterogeneous levels of competition for different types of individuals. Suggestions have been made to address this problem via revisions to the advertising platform. However, it may be challenging to convince platforms to undergo a costly re-vamp of their system, and in addition it might not offer the flexibility necessary to capture the many types of fairness notions and other constraints that advertisers would like to ensure. Instead, we consider alterations that make no change to the platform mechanism and instead change the bidding strategies used by advertisers. We compare two natural fairness objectives: one in which the advertisers must treat groups equally when bidding in order to achieve a yield with group-parity guarantees, and another in which the bids are not constrained and only the yield must satisfy parity constraints. We show that requiring parity with respect to both bids and yield can result in an arbitrarily large decrease in efficiency compared to requiring equal yield proportions alone. We find that autobidding is a natural way to realize this latter objective and show how existing work in this area can be extended to provide efficient bidding strategies that provide high utility while satisfying group parity constraints as well as deterministic and randomized rounding techniques to uphold these guarantees. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed solutions on data adapted from a real-world employment dataset.

Yohan Beugin, Patrick McDaniel

Today, targeted online advertising relies on unique identifiers assigned to users through third-party cookies--a practice at odds with user privacy. While the web and advertising communities have proposed solutions that we refer to as interest-disclosing mechanisms, including Google's Topics API, an independent analysis of these proposals in realistic scenarios has yet to be performed. In this paper, we attempt to validate the privacy (i.e., preventing unique identification) and utility (i.e., enabling ad targeting) claims of Google's Topics proposal in the context of realistic user behavior. Through new statistical models of the distribution of user behaviors and resulting targeting topics, we analyze the capabilities of malicious advertisers observing users over time and colluding with other third parties. Our analysis shows that even in the best case, individual users' identification across sites is possible, as 0.4% of the 250k users we simulate are re-identified. These guarantees weaken further over time and when advertisers collude: 57% of users with stable interests are uniquely re-identified when their browsing activity has been observed for 15 epochs, increasing to 75% after 30 epochs. While measuring that the Topics API provides moderate utility, we also find that advertisers and publishers can abuse the Topics API to potentially assign unique identifiers to users, defeating the desired privacy guarantees. As a result, the inherent diversity of users' interests on the web is directly at odds with the privacy objectives of interest-disclosing mechanisms; we discuss how any replacement of third-party cookies may have to seek other avenues to achieve privacy for the web.

Liang Dai, Kejie Lyu, Chengcheng Zhang et al.

Guaranteed display (GD) advertising is a critical component of advertising since it provides publishers with stable revenue and enables advertisers to target specific audiences with guaranteed impressions. However, smooth pacing control for online ad delivery presents a challenge due to significant budget disparities, user arrival distribution drift, and dynamic change between supply and demand. This paper presents robust risk-constrained pacing (RCPacing) that utilizes Lagrangian dual multipliers to fine-tune probabilistic throttling through monotonic mapping functions within the percentile space of impression performance distribution. RCPacing combines distribution drift resilience and compatibility with guaranteed allocation mechanism, enabling us to provide near-optimal online services. We also show that RCPacing achieves $O(\sqrt{T})$ dynamic regret where $T$ is the length of the horizon. RCPacing's effectiveness is validated through offline evaluations and online A/B testing conducted on Taobao brand advertising platform.

Varun Nagaraj Rao, Aleksandra Korolova

Targeted advertising platforms are widely used by job advertisers to reach potential employees; thus issues of discrimination due to targeting that have surfaced have received widespread attention. Advertisers could misuse targeting tools to exclude people based on gender, race, location and other protected attributes from seeing their job ads. In response to legal actions, Facebook disabled the ability for explicit targeting based on many attributes for some ad categories, including employment. Although this is a step in the right direction, prior work has shown that discrimination can take place not just due to the explicit targeting tools of the platforms, but also due to the impact of the biased ad delivery algorithm. Thus, one must look at the potential for discrimination more broadly, and not merely through the lens of the explicit targeting tools. In this work, we propose and investigate the prevalence of a new means for discrimination in job advertising, that combines both targeting and delivery -- through the disproportionate representation or exclusion of people of certain demographics in job ad images. We use the Facebook Ad Library to demonstrate the prevalence of this practice through: (1) evidence of advertisers running many campaigns using ad images of people of only one perceived gender, (2) systematic analysis for gender representation in all current ad campaigns for truck drivers and nurses, (3) longitudinal analysis of ad campaign image use by gender and race for select advertisers. After establishing that the discrimination resulting from a selective choice of people in job ad images, combined with algorithmic amplification of skews by the ad delivery algorithm, is of immediate concern, we discuss approaches and challenges for addressing it.

Donghee N. Lee, Jessica Liu, Brittney Keller-Hamilton et al.

The use of e-cigarettes among U.S. adults remains high, and aggressive industry advertising is a contributor. Consumer opinions of the e-cigarette industry’s credibility can influence e-cigarette product and ad perceptions. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of perceived source credibility of e-cigarette ads and consumer attitudes toward e-cigarette ads and product use. In October 2021, we conducted a survey using an online convenience sample (N = 497, Mage = 31.9). Participants viewed two randomly selected e-cigarette ads and were asked questions regarding source credibility, perceptions of the ads, and e-cigarette use. Linear mixed effects models with random intercepts were used to estimate associations between perceived source credibility with perceived ad relevance, effectiveness, liking, product use interest, and e-cigarette harms perceptions. We also tested whether associations between perceived source credibility and ad and e-cigarette perceptions were moderated by e-cigarette use. Models controlled for cigarette smoking status, age, sex, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and income. Perceived source credibility was positively associated with increased perceived ad relevance, effectiveness, liking, and product use interest (ps < 0.001). E-cigarette use moderated associations of perceived source credibility and perceived ad relevance, perceived ad effectiveness, and interest in using e-cigarettes, with associations being strongest among never users. Findings suggest that tobacco control messaging aiming to reduce the credibility of the e-cigarette industry might be most effective among adults who have never used e-cigarettes.