Hasil untuk "Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes"

I. Haddeland, J. Heinke, H. Biemans et al.

Yuelin Han, Pengfei Li, Adam Wierman et al.

Water is a critical resource for data centers and an efficient means of cooling. However, meeting the growing water demand of data centers requires substantial peak water withdrawals, which many communities in the United States cannot supply, especially during the hottest days of the year. This largely overlooked water capacity constraint is emerging as a bottleneck for data centers and can force operators to rely on less efficient dry cooling, further stressing the power grid during summer peaks. In this paper, we focus on the direct water withdrawal of U.S. data centers for cooling and examine their impacts on public water systems. Our analysis indicates that, if the 2024 water use intensity persists, U.S. data centers could collectively require 697-1,451 million gallons per day (MGD) of new water capacity through 2030, comparable to New York City's average daily supply of roughly 1,000 MGD. Under an optimistic scenario with a compound annual water use intensity reduction by 10%, the water capacity demand decreases to 227-604 MGD, although high-growth IT loads could still require enough capacity to hypothetically supply about half of New York City for most of the year. The total valuation of the new water capacity is on the order of \$10 billion, reaching up to \$58 billion in the high-growth case. These impacts are highly concentrated on communities hosting data centers. Finally, we provide recommendations to address the growing water capacity demand of U.S. data centers, including reporting peak water use, developing corporate-community partnerships, adopting a Water Capacity Neutral approach (colloquially "Pipe Neutral") to allow host communities to retain limited water capacity resources, and implementing coordinated water-power planning to responsibly leverage water for peak power reduction and opportunistically utilize surplus power to mitigate impacts on public water systems.

R. Prabeena, K. Sankar

Groundwater is a vital source of freshwater in both urban and rural regions of the world, supporting drinking water supply, agriculture, industry, and ecosystem sustainability. Its role becomes especially critical in areas where surface water resources are limited or seasonal. Geographical Information System (GIS)-based groundwater quality evaluation using the Water Quality Index (WQI) has emerged as a cost-effective and reliable approach for assessing groundwater quality and its spatial variability over large regions. This integrated method not only simplifies the interpretation of complex water quality datasets but also provides a visual representation of groundwater status, thereby supporting effective water resource management and policy planning. A GIS-based Water Quality Index (WQI) approach was adopted to assess the suitability of groundwater in Kanyakumari district for domestic, irrigation, and industrial purposes. A total of 118 groundwater samples were collected from the study area in the year 2024. The primary physico-chemical parameters, including potential of Hydrogen (pH), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Hardness (TH), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), carbonate (CO₃²⁻), chloride (Cl⁻), sulphate (SO₄²⁻), nitrate (NO₃⁻), and fluoride (F⁻), were analysed to compute the Drinking Water Quality Index (DWQI). In addition, secondary irrigation water quality indices such as Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium Soluble Percentage (SSP), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Permeability Index (PI), Corrosivity Ratio (CR), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), and Kelley’s Ratio (KR) were derived from the primary parameters to evaluate the irrigation water quality. The Drinking Water Quality Index (DWQI) and irrigation indices were classified into categories ranging from excellent to unfit conditions of groundwater quality.

Prosper Bazaanah, Raesibe A. Mothapo

Water and sanitation are core for the growth and development of communities. Yet, South African local municipalities are often unable to sustainably deliver safe water and basic sanitation for all. Drawing on perspectives of ecological economics, this study analysed the sustainability of water and sanitation systems in rural communities of the Lepelle Nkumpi Local Municipality. Mixed research approach was used to collect the data from 657 household and institutional respondents. The study found that households used water for multi-purposes including consumptive, productive and domestic, but existing facilities are in deplorable condition. Pollution arising from agrochemicals, waste systems, mining, sewerage, and industrial effluence significantly affected water systems in the communities. Bridging demand–supply gaps require initiatives like bulk water supply and implementation of the free basic water policy in underprivileged areas. Tariffs should either be waived or adjusted for extremely poor households. Waste management initiatives, like capacity building, public education, investments, and facility upgrade, could help avert spread of waterborne infections and improve the resident’s health.

Nitin Thombre, Pritesh Patil, Ankita Yadav et al.

Abstract The textile industry is one of the important and largest industry that consumes major chunk of the water in the world. This industry produces a large amount of wastewater during the processes such as sizing, de-sizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing, printing, and finishing. The used water produced after such processes affects the environment heavily due to its composition such as mineral salts and oils present in suspended state, metals and metal complexes, dyes, various chemicals, some readily-biodegradable products and some constituents that are hard to biodegrade. The treatment of such hazardous effluent to reuse the water in certain water demanding processes is essential. Considering the worldwide application of the textiles, the appropriate management of water resources in the sector includes the treatment of effluent by efficient technology and the reuse of the water. This article displays an overview of waste management during textile industrial processes. It aims at giving oversight on waste minimization and reuse along with wastewater treatment methods. It also involves the cross-utilization of effluent between processes for achieving water efficiency. This review covers advanced waterless textile dyeing processes, zero liquid discharge techniques, advanced oxidation processes, biological treatment methods, which can be a sustainable and greener approach to reducing the waste generation.

Gopal Krishan, Vivek Diwakar, S. D. Khobragade et al.

Abstract Groundwater quality assessment is critical due to its susceptibility to a range of natural and anthropogenic influences, which, if unmanaged, can pose serious environmental and public health risks. This study investigates the hydrogeochemical characteristics and groundwater quality evaluation in the southwestern districts of Punjab, India, with a focus on sustainable resource management. A total of 242 groundwater samples were systematically collected during the summer of 2019 across the districts of Mansa, Fazilka, Muktsar, Bathinda, Firozpur, and Faridkot. The samples were analyzed for almost all major cations, anions and other physicochemical parameters. Relative abundance of cations was Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K & anions were SO4 2− > HCO3 − > Cl− > NO3 − > F. Elevated concentrations of sulphate & nitrate were detected, highlighting the impact of agrochemical inputs. The plots of Wilcox and USSL plots revealed a declining trend in groundwater suitability for irrigation, affecting both shallow and deep aquifer sources, due to increasing salinity and sodium hazards. Hydrochemical data was interpreted using Gibbs diagram, Piper’s trilinear plot and Durov diagram to understand the various geochemical processes affecting the groundwater quality. Hydrochemical analysis indicates that rock–water interactions, evaporation & anthropogenic processes predominantly control groundwater composition, as evidenced by high levels of sodium and chloride. This study is significant as the surface water resources are limited and the quality and quantity of groundwater are deteriorating with time due to anthropogenic inputs. These findings underscore the necessity of continuous monitoring and informed groundwater management strategies to mitigate contamination and ensure long-term sustainability.

Jesús Gracia-Sánchez, Oscar Arturo Fuentes-Mariles, Judith Ramos

En algunos canales revestidos con pendientes altas es muy común que ocurran fuertes socavaciones y erosión, así como desbordes, por lo que se requiere una regulación de las velocidades del flujo de agua. Una opción para lograrlo es aumentar significativamente la rugosidad del fondo mediante la instalación de estructuras hidráulicas rápidas. Sin embargo, en fluidos con sedimentos, el cambio de velocidad genera la deposición de sólidos, los cuales podrían consolidarse, cambiando el diseño geométrico de estas estructuras. Este estudio tiene como objetivo estimar el grado de confianza esperado cuando se producen modificaciones en las geometrías de rugosidad artificial en el fondo del canal con flujo turbulento y densidad de fluido. Esta modificación modifica barras transversales en rampas con base en un análisis matemático experimental. El estudio permite concluir que la rugosidad del fondo generada provoca flujos de agua más estables y es una forma de reducir las velocidades de flujo.

Amaratou Mahamadou Saley, Thierry Moyaux, Aïcha Sekhari et al.

The convergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Industry 4.0 has significantly enhanced data-driven methodologies within the nuclear industry, notably enhancing safety and economic efficiency. This advancement challenges the precise prediction of future maintenance needs for assets, which is crucial for reducing downtime and operational costs. However, the effectiveness of data-driven methodologies in the nuclear sector requires extensive domain knowledge due to the complexity of the systems involved. Thus, this paper proposes a novel predictive maintenance methodology that combines data-driven techniques with domain knowledge from a nuclear equipment. The methodological originality of this paper is located on two levels: highlighting the limitations of purely data-driven approaches and demonstrating the importance of knowledge in enhancing the performance of the predictive models. The applicative novelty of this work lies in its use within a domain such as a nuclear industry, which is highly restricted and ultrasensitive due to security, economic and environmental concerns. A detailed real-world case study which compares the current state of equipment monitoring with two scenarios, demonstrate that the methodology significantly outperforms purely data-driven methods in failure prediction. While purely data-driven methods achieve only a modest performance with a prediction horizon limited to 3 h and a F1 score of 56.36%, the hybrid approach increases the prediction horizon to 24 h and achieves a higher F1 score of 93.12%.

S. Shelest, Irina Trotsenko, Yulia Korchevskaya

Background.  Obtaining water suitable for domestic and industrial needs and safe for the consumer is the main task of water treatment. The search for ways to improve the coagulation process and methods that allow its intensification is currently still relevant. The article presents the results of studies of coagulants at various combinations and doses in laboratory conditions. Irtysh river water intended for drinking purposes is considered as an object of research. The efficiency of using different coagulants that allow to remove pollutants such as heavy metals, organic compounds, microbiological pollutants, etc. in a more qualitative way has been studied. This is especially important for the treatment of water from surface sources, which is often characterized by a high content of impurities. Experimental studies in the shop of operation of water supply networks and facilities of Rosvodokanal Omsk were conducted with the following coagulants “Brilliant-18”, “Bopak-E”, “OHA”, “Aqua-aurat 30” and “ASA” in combination with flocculant FL 4540PWG. Coagulants were tested in the spring flood period at the source water temperature of 6-8°C. On the source water of the Irtysh River the best results were shown by coagulants such as “Bopak-E”, “OHA” and “Aqua-aurat 30”. The optimal dose for the most effective coagulants is Dk=1.5 mg/l (by Al2O3) when combined with flocculant with Df=0.1-0.13 mg/l. Coagulant “Aqua-aurate 30” shows better flaking, sedimentation and clarification, and accordingly better performance on water turbidity. To confirm the results of laboratory tests and select the most effective reagent, it is recommended to conduct production tests of coagulant “Aqua-aurat 30”. Purpose. The main objectives of the research are to test the used reagents in laboratory conditions and compare their efficiency in different seasons of the year, as well as to improve the water treatment process by introducing new reagents. Materials and methods. According to the results of industrial tests it was found that water after treatment with liquid aluminum sulfate meets hygienic requirements for water quality of centralized drinking water supply systems. In summer period the working dose of liquid SA 1.5 mg/l (by Al2O3) is similar to the working dose of OHA. But liquid aluminum sulfate can be used for water treatment at water treatment plants only in summer, as in winter time of the year the coagulation process is much worse. Therefore, the laboratory of the water supply networks and facilities operation shop conducted laboratory studies on the effectiveness of introduction of other coagulants based on aluminum polyoxychloride: “Brilliant”, “Bopak”, “OHA”, “Aqua-aurat 30” and “ASA”, which can be used in different seasons of the year. Taking into account the current technology of natural water treatment at the facilities of Rosvodokanal Omsk the following methodology of trial coagulation (on automatic flocculator “Lovibond”) was adopted. Addition of reagents (coagulant and flocculant sequentially) in the source water and stirring for 3 minutes at a rotation speed of 146 rpm. Stirring is then continued for 10 minutes at a lower speed (43 rpm). This is followed by settling for 30 minutes. Trial coagulation was carried out with flocculant FL 4540PWG with a concentration of 0.1%. Samples of treated water were taken after settling from the middle layer of water. Water quality parameters were evaluated after the sedimentation process, excluding filtration. Results. As a result of the tests, large flakes were formed only when “Aqua-aurate 30” and “ASA” were applied at a dose of (1.5/0.1 mg/l).   Other coagulants formed small and medium flakes and all coagulants showed intensive sedimentation and clarification. Tests of coagulants were carried out in the spring flood period at the source water temperature of 6-8°C On the source water of the Irtysh River the best results showed coagulants such as “Bopak-E”, “OHA” and “Aqua-aurat 30”. The optimal dose for the most effective coagulants is Dk=1.5 mg/l (by Al2O3) when combined with flocculant with Df=0.1-0.13 mg/l. During the laboratory tests, coagulants “Bopak-E” and “Brilliant-18” showed the same results of clarified water quality in terms of residual aluminum and water turbidity in comparison with the coagulant “OHA” used at Rosvodokanal Omsk, at doses as close as possible to those established at production (Dk=1.8 mg/l and Df=0.13mg/l). Coagulant “Aqua-aurate 30” shows better flaking, sedimentation and clarification, and accordingly better indicators of water turbidity. Under low alkalinity conditions, Aqua-aurat 30 coagulant increases this index, which contributes to solving the problem of poor coagulation. At optimum doses quality indicators of clarified water by residual aluminum, as well as filtered water by turbidity and residual aluminum, meet the quality assurance of drinking water in accordance with SanPiN 1.2.3485-21, GN 2.1.5.1315-03, GN 2.1.5.2280-07. To confirm the results of laboratory tests and to select the most effective reagent, it is recommended to conduct production tests of coagulant “Aqua-aurat 30”. Conclusion. In the process of laboratory testing, many reagents are tested. The purpose of the analysis is to find effective reagents under conditions when the water supply source changes its charge and alkalinity decreases. Laboratory tests of coagulants based on aluminum polyoxychloride such as “Bopak-E”, “OHA” and “Aqua-aurat 30” show that the performance in conditions of low alkalinity is difficult, but the best coagulation ability is shown by the reagent “Aqua-aurat 30” because of its ability to increase alkalinity by 15-18%, which helps to improve the efficiency of coagulation. EDN: PKEBEO

Tavseef Mairaj Shah, Chidinma Egwu, M. Hammad et al.

The sustainable availability and resilient supply of safe drinking water remains a challenge that is far from fulfilled. As of 2024, around 2 billion people worldwide do not have access to safe drinking water. The regions of Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia are the most vulnerable regions in this regard. This is despite the fact that these regions are home to some of the world’s fastest-growing economies. However, economic growth and rapid urbanization may also be connected to the increasing water stress in the suburban and rural areas. We propose addressing the two main challenges in this regard, which are the selection of the suitable treatment and distribution systems for different contexts using a decision support system following a Whole-of-Resource Approach (WORA). This approach considers the different water sources and sinks as contributing to a positive or negative change in the single resource, irrespective of whether the resource, in this case water, is used for domestic, industrial, or agricultural purposes. In this regard, this paper presents an illustrative proof of concept for such a decision support tool based on a multiple-criteria decision analysis. The decision support tool is aimed at facilitating water management within a WORA by providing recommendations regarding rainwater harvesting and savings in agricultural water consumption, in addition to suggesting water treatment and distribution systems, enabling systemic water resource management adapted to local context-specific conditions and needs.

Khalid Hadi, Amjad S. Aliewi, Dalal Sadeqi et al.

The water situation in arid environments is fragile because of climate change, population growth, economic development, irrational behavior in consumption patterns, and water pollution, which in their entirety threaten water security for such environments. The Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) (a planning software) was used to assess the actual (2000–2023) water supply sustainability with realistic annual growth rates to project (2024–2035) water demands for Kuwait's water future. The actual total water supply was found to be 1,375 Mm3/yr, of which 44% was for domestic, 5% for industrial, and 51% for agricultural water uses. It was also found that the per capita consumption for domestic and industrial purposes was 214 m3/yr. Suitable growth rates were as follows: 2, 1.5, and 1% for domestic, industrial, and agricultural sectors, respectively. This will result in water shortage of 235 Mm3/yr during the period 2024–2035. Kuwait is called to implement strategic solutions to fully reuse treated wastewater and the virtual water concept for agricultural development purposes. This study demonstrates that when Kuwait implements these solutions, it can reduce CO2 emissions by 1.175 million tons saving $573 million annually. With the proper measures and policies, Kuwait can reduce their bulk water demand by 235 million cubic meters saving $1.15 billion dollars per year.

Jamiludin Jamiludin, Esti Wulandari, H. T. Tjendani

Clean water is essential for society's basic needs like drinking, bathing, cooking, washing, and industrial purposes. Having clean water available in a community is crucial due to the busy nature of society. However, in Waginopo Village, the drinking water supply system is not functioning well. Reports show that the water from PDAM only runs every 2 days, once a week, and for a maximum of 12 hours. The aim of this research is to analyze the performance of PDAM Wakatobi's clean water services to meet the needs of the Waginopo Village community for clean water. In this research, not only numerical data will be collected, but also information about what the community desires regarding the performance of the clean water distribution system, so this research study approach uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches. From the results of the analysis, it can be said that the performance of the Wakatobi Regency PDAM service for the Waginopo Village service area is based on the 6th assessment aspect, where the distribution aspect is assessed with a performance value of "Not Good", for the production quality aspect the performance value is "Good", for the meter recording aspect with the performance value is "Good", for the payment aspect the performance value is "Good", for the complaint handling aspect the performance value is "Good", and for the tariff aspect the performance value is "Not Good".

Luis D. Loor-Urgilés, Tabata N. Feijoó, Carlos A. Martínez-Huitle et al.

Abstract Chemical oxygen demand-COD is essential for water pollution control and monitoring and is also used to validate wastewater treatment technologies. Conventional COD determination use of costly toxic inputs that do not align with Sustainable Development Goals 6. To address these environmental challenges, photocatalytic (PC)- and photoelectrocatalytic (PEC)-COD sensors have emerged as a solution. This comprehensive review examines PC-COD and PEC-COD sensors in terms of nanomaterials used and their properties, focusing on how multiple variables influence PC activity and sensor performance. Analytical principles and operational variables affecting performance in COD determination are discussed. Finally, a series of materials and conditions are proposed to improve the viability of PEC-COD sensors currently and in the future.

Abdelfattah Amari, Ahmad Ismael Saber, Haitham Osman et al.

Abstract Water pollution is a pressing global concern, with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) being considered as “forever contaminants.” Among them, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) has received significant attention for its adverse effects on human health and aquatic ecosystems. This study aimed to design an innovative adsorbent for effective PFOS removal with exceptional water stability, improving its cost-performance trade-off. The current work simultaneously improved the stability of water of Cu-based metal–organic framework (CMOF) and increased its PFOS removal capacity by modifying it with amine-functionalized SiO2 nanoparticles (AF-CMOF). AF-CMOF presented a lower specific surface area of 999 m2 g−1 compared to CMOF with a surface area of 1098 m2 g−1. AF-CMOF showed remarkable PFOS uptake performance of 670 mg/g compared to the performance of the Cu-based MOF which exhibited a PFOS uptake capacity of only 22 mg/g. The most suitable pH for PFOS removal using both adsorbents was determined to be 3. In addition, AF-CMOF demonstrated excellent water stability, retaining its structural integrity even after seven days of water contact, while CMOF structure collapsed rapidly after four days of water exposure. Moreover, the study identified the significant pH influence on the PFOS uptake process, with electrostatic interactions between protonated amine functionalities and PFOS molecules identified as the dominant mechanism. The study’s findings present the potential of synthesized adsorbent as a superior candidate for PFOS uptake and contribute to the development of effective water treatment technologies.

Daniel Francisco Campos-Aranda

En el centro y sur de la república mexicana cada año los huracanes del mar Caribe y del océano Pacífico originan crecientes que definen una estación húmeda, y que en general aumentan en magnitud y peligrosidad conforme transcurre la temporada de ciclones. Ambas condiciones permiten el análisis de frecuencias bivariado de sus fechas de ocurrencia y sus gastos máximos (Qm). En este estudio, la distribución conjunta se formó con base en la función Cópula de Gumbel-Hougaard, que satisface la condición de dependencia () observada y que combina como distribuciones marginales la de von Mises para las fechas de ocurrencia en el año y para los Qm una función probabilística idónea. La teoría expuesta se aplica a las crecientes anuales registradas en la estación de aforos Guamúchil de la Región Hidrológica No. 10 (Sinaloa), México, en el periodo de 1940 a 1971. La distribución de von Mises se ajusta vía optimización numérica con el algoritmo de Rosenbrock y la distribución idónea de los Qm fue la Kappa. Se formó la gráfica de periodos de retorno conjuntos de tipo AND de 50, 100 y 500 años. Además, se estimaron periodos de retorno conjuntos condicionales de fechas de ocurrencia, dado que el Qm tiene los periodos de retorno citados. Lo anterior permite estimaciones de la probabilidad de excedencia del Qm en lapsos definidos. Las conclusiones destacan la simplicidad de estos análisis de frecuencias bivariados por medio de las funciones Cópula y la importancia práctica de sus predicciones, según las fechas de ocurrencia.

Eric Guiffo Kaigom

Metarobotics aims to combine next generation wireless communication, multi-sense immersion, and collective intelligence to provide a pervasive, itinerant, and non-invasive access and interaction with distant robotized applications. Industry and society are expected to benefit from these functionalities. For instance, robot programmers will no longer travel worldwide to plan and test robot motions, even collaboratively. Instead, they will have a personalized access to robots and their environments from anywhere, thus spending more time with family and friends. Students enrolled in robotics courses will be taught under authentic industrial conditions in real-time. This paper describes objectives of Metarobotics in society, industry, and in-between. It identifies and surveys technologies likely to enable their completion and provides an architecture to put forward the interplay of key components of Metarobotics. Potentials for self-determination, self-efficacy, and work-life-flexibility in robotics-related applications in Society 5.0, Industry 4.0, and Industry 5.0 are outlined.

Kleanthis Malialis, Nefeli Mavri, Stelios G. Vrachimis et al.

Accurate water consumption forecasting is a crucial tool for water utilities and policymakers, as it helps ensure a reliable supply, optimize operations, and support infrastructure planning. Urban Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) are divided into District Metered Areas (DMAs), where water flow is monitored to efficiently manage resources. This work focuses on short-term forecasting of DMA consumption using deep learning and aims to address two key challenging issues. First, forecasting based solely on a DMA's historical data may lack broader context and provide limited insights. Second, DMAs may experience sensor malfunctions providing incorrect data, or some DMAs may not be monitored at all due to computational costs, complicating accurate forecasting. We propose a novel method that first identifies DMAs with correlated consumption patterns and then uses these patterns, along with the DMA's local data, as input to a deep learning model for forecasting. In a real-world study with data from five DMAs, we show that: i) the deep learning model outperforms a classical statistical model; ii) accurate forecasting can be carried out using only correlated DMAs' consumption patterns; and iii) even when a DMA's local data is available, including correlated DMAs' data improves accuracy.

Chinenye Okafor, Taylor R. Schorlemmer, Santiago Torres-Arias et al.

This paper systematizes knowledge about secure software supply chain patterns. It identifies four stages of a software supply chain attack and proposes three security properties crucial for a secured supply chain: transparency, validity, and separation. The paper describes current security approaches and maps them to the proposed security properties, including research ideas and case studies of supply chains in practice. It discusses the strengths and weaknesses of current approaches relative to known attacks and details the various security frameworks put out to ensure the security of the software supply chain. Finally, the paper highlights potential gaps in actor and operation-centered supply chain security techniques

M. S. Meer, Krishnan Vijayaprabhakaran, S. Velusamy et al.

Sivakasi, popularly known as "Little Japan," is a town in the southern region of Tamil Nadu. The study area has a semi-arid tropical monsoon climate. The inhabitants depend heavily on groundwater, which is used extensively for irrigation, drinking, and domestic. The present research aimed to evaluate groundwater quality in Sivakasi, focusing on fluoride levels and major ions, providing essential information on the non-carcinogenic risks posed to residents, particularly adults, and the suitability of water for both drinking and agriculture. Fluoride concentration and the most important cations and anions were analyzed in 32 groundwater samples. The major cations and anions present in field samples are in the order of abundance: Cl> SO4> HCO3> Na > Mg >Ca> K. For drinking purposes, groundwater quality varies from moderate to poor, and over 70% of groundwater tests are out of condition for agricultural water supply. Fluoride levels in the samples from the study area ranged from 0.00 to 2.60 mg/l, with an average value of 1.60 mg/l. The hazardous Quotient (HQ) value for infants ranged from 0.00 E+00 to 1.69 E+00, children from 0.00 E+00 to 1.80 E+00, and for adults from 0.00E+00 to 1.88E+00. Additionally, the adults were more susceptible to non-carcinogenic threats than infants and children. This study on groundwater quality in Sivakasi highlights risks to health from excessive fluoride levels, particularly for adults, making it important for disaster mitigation. Understanding the non-carcinogenic hazards of contaminated water can drive disaster preparedness actions and resource allocation, emphasizing the need for secure water sources and resilient water management methods in the semiarid region.

Pablo López-Porfiri, Sebastián Ramos-Paredes, Patricio Núñez et al.

Abstract Membrane distillation (MD) is constantly acknowledged in the research literature as a promising technology for the future of desalination, with an increasing number of studies reported year after year. However, real MD applications still lag behind with only a few pilot-plant tests worldwide. The lack of technology transfer from academia to industry is caused by important gaps between its fundamental basis and the process design. Herein, we explore critical disconnections by conducting coupled mass and heat transfer modeling and MD simulations; we use well-known MD mass and heat transfer equations to model and simulate flux over a typical MD membrane for different geometries, areas, and operational conditions in direct contact configuration. From the analysis of the results, we propose research guidelines and process development strategies, and construct an MD module performance curve. From this graph, permeate flow rate, thermal energy consumption and outlet temperatures can be determined for given feed inlet conditions (temperature and concentration). Comprehensive tools such as this MD module curve and good communication between membrane developers and process engineers are required to accelerate the process of bringing the MD technology from a still-emerging status to a maturity level.