Hasil untuk "Standardization. Simplification. Waste"

A. Zorpas

There are numerous unresolved research questions, along with ongoing debates regarding how to achieve circular economy and at what level. The forthcoming circular economy standard (ISO 59000 framework) as a result from the ISO/TC 323, from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) aims to offer global implementation pathways using a unified technical language. The most challenging aspect of circularity, whether viewed scientifically, technically, and/or legislatively, is how to enhance prosperity while reducing reliance on primary materials and energy to achieve climate neutrality by 2050, thereby aiding the EU in achieving a successful and equitable transition towards a sustainable future. Strategies in the framework of waste management and circular economy are essential and needed to reduce the impact of several processes on the environment through product, processes, and corporate policies using green applicable sustainable resources and environmental management systems. In addition, "measuring something that is not there" is very complex and not fully comprehensible, not clear and not tangible from organizations, researchers, policy makers and citizens. The willingness and ability of individuals or organizations to take actions towards a low-carbon society involves grappling with various perspectives, such as social norms and economic viability. Circular economy is considered a tool in combating climate change and implementing climate mitigation (as well as adaptation) measures. Moreover, to date, there has been no common scientific or technical language for the application of the circular economy concept. This paper highlights the multitude of "Rs" beyond the well-known (3Rs) Reduce-Reuse-Recycle pattern, which can be applied in various contexts to assist SMEs and organizations (and even more citizens) in successfully adopting circular economy principles, while also shedding light on how these "Rs" can be utilized to measure intangible aspects (something that is not there). The results indicates that more than 55Rs exist which directly involved in the circular economy framework considering also waste management strategies. The findings of this study reveal the existence of over 82 "Rs" beyond the well-known principles of "reduce, reuse, recycle," each playing a distinct role in the development of strategies aimed at addressing waste management issues and advancing circularity towards a low-carbon society. Furthermore, the results could be useful for any policy makers, consultants, engineers, practitioners, urban planners, academics etc., in order to develop, apply, monitor and improve any strategy such as waste prevention, reuse, reduce, energy recovery etc., in the framework of circular economy principles, solid waste management and beyond.

AbdulRahman Salem, Faisal Mustafa, Basil M. Darras et al.

The growing accumulation of end-of-life (EOL) electric vehicle (EV) batteries poses significant environmental challenges, despite EVs contributing to the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Improper recycling and disposal can cause eutrophication from lithium battery leaching and release harmful pollutants, such as toxic dioxins from lead-acid pyrolysis. This study develops a much-needed comprehensive lifecycle management framework designed to extend EV battery usability and reduce premature recycling impacts. The framework is guided by four key performance indicators (KPIs): state of health (SOH), state of safety (SOS), remaining nominal capacity, and battery chemistry. These KPIs support optimal allocation of retired batteries to second-life applications, including battery energy storage systems (BESS) for variable renewable energy systems (VRES), refurbishment, or recycling. The framework introduces a QR code-based battery passport system that enables real-time diagnostics and supports informed decision-making while ensuring compliance with government recycling regulations. To evaluate performance, MATLAB simulations were conducted and compared with standard machine learning models trained on the same KPIs. Results demonstrate that the proposed framework achieves higher classification effectiveness (98%) and superior environmental effectiveness than most benchmarked models (91.04%), while also incurring the fewest classification errors (1) compared to contemporary models. The findings highlight the potential of structured lifecycle management to mitigate environmental risks, optimize material recovery, and support the sustainable growth of EV adoption.

Jisha J., K. Martina Rani, Aldrin Joseph et al.

Despite increasing global concern for environmental sustainability, the adoption of recycled products remains limited, particularly in developing economies where consumer skepticism and entrenched purchasing habits persist. This study examines the key determinants influencing consumers’ intentions to purchase recycled products in alignment with Sustainable Development Goal 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production). Specifically, it analyzes the effects of environmental attitude, trust, perceived credibility, and perceived product quality on purchasing decisions. A structured questionnaire survey was administered to 315 urban consumers in India using purposive sampling. The findings reveal that environmental attitude is the most influential predictor of recycled product purchase intention, indicating that environmentally conscious consumers are more likely to engage in sustainable consumption. Trust and perceived credibility also significantly affect purchasing behavior, emphasizing the importance of authenticity and reputation in fostering acceptance of recycled products. Although perceived product quality has a comparatively weaker influence, it remains relevant in meeting expectations related to usability and design. The study contributes theoretically by integrating psychological, perceptual, and normative factors into an SDG 12–oriented behavioral framework. Practically, it provides insights for marketers and policymakers to enhance communication strategies, build consumer trust, and promote circular economy practices.

Waseem Ahmed, Yujuan Li, Edward Mwando et al.

Antoni Sánchez

Farnaz Fotovvatikhah, Ismail Ahmedy, R. M. Noor et al.

Waste classification is a critical step in waste management that is time-consuming and necessitates automation to replace traditional approaches. Recently, machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) have gained attention from researchers seeking to automate waste classification by providing alternative computational techniques to address various waste-related challenges. Significant research on waste classification has emerged in recent years, reflecting the growing focus on this domain. This systematic literature review (SLR) explores the role of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), in automating waste classification. Using Kitchenham’s and PRISMA guidelines, we analyze over 97 studies, categorizing AI-based techniques into ML-based, DL-based, and hybrid models. We further present an in-depth review of over fifteen publicly available waste classification datasets, highlighting key limitations such as dataset imbalance, real-world variability, and standardization issues. Our analysis reveals that deep learning and hybrid approaches dominate the current research landscape, with CNN-based architecture and transfer learning techniques showing particularly promising results. To guide future advancements, this study also proposes a structured roadmap that organizes challenges and opportunities into short-, mid-, and long-term priorities. The roadmap integrates insights on model accuracy, system efficiency, and sustainability goals to support the practical deployment of AI-powered waste classification systems. This work provides researchers with a comprehensive understanding of the state-of-the-art in ML and DL for waste classification and offers insights into areas that remain unexplored.

Sonam Priyadarshani, Preeti Nandal, Anju Arora et al.

Actinobacteria belonging to genus Streptomyces are a versatile group actively involved in global C cycle with abilities to degrade several recalcitrant substrates. Inhabiting diverse ecological niches, they are active in different pH and temperature regimes thus a source of robust enzymes for exploitation in bioprocessing. Compost is one such habitat supporting huge microbial diversity, lignocellulolytic actinobacteria being predominant in community. In this study, two actinobacterial strains isolated from compost through enrichment culture, identified as Streptomyces thermoviolaceous S1 and S2, showed lignocellulolose degrading enzyme production. When grown on rice straw under solid state fermentation they disrupted lignocellulose matrix. Structural changes in solid substrate were observed by non-invasive techniques SEM, XRD and FTIR. Alkali extraction of fermented solids removed about ∼ 33 % lignin from rice straw while buffer extracts showed high specific activities of all three components of cellulases, xylanase (84 IU/ mL), laccase (59 IU/ mL) and lignin peroxidase (26 IU/ mL).S. thermoviolaceous S2 showed better enzyme activities, lignin removal and cellulose enrichment than S1 (53.03 % and 49.01 % by S. thermoviolaceous S2 and S1 respectively). Alkali extraction led to efficient lignin removal than buffer extraction as evident from higher absorbance of alkali extracts (@205 nm) which was corroborated by higher recovery of acid precipitable lignin. Better cellulose enrichment enabled higher glucan loading and higher sugar yields upon enzymatic saccharification than uninoculated substrate. This study outlined a green like process involving biological treatment of rice straw with S. thermoviolaceous strains for delignification, lignin recovery and simultaneous lignocellulose degrading enzyme production for biomass processing.

Mohan Bhandari, Ghanashyam Tiwari, Maheshwor Dhakal

Nepal’s growing urbanization has intensified the challenges of waste management, yet it also opens opportunities to transform waste into valuable resources. This study explores the “Waste to Wealth” paradigm, focusing on recycling and resource management for sustainable development in Nepal. The study aims to understand waste management practices, identify key challenges, and uncover opportunities for sustainable recycling and resource valorization across diverse urban contexts. Adopting an interpretivist philosophy and a qualitative approach, the research engages with stakeholders in Kathmandu, Pokhara, Butwal, and Dhangadi. Purposive sampling includes policymakers, municipal officers, community members, social entrepreneurs, and environmental activists. Semi-structured interviews conducted in Nepali yield rich insights, analyzed thematically using Braun & Clarke’s (Braun and Clarke, 2006) six-phase framework. Ethical standards, peer debriefing, and meticulous documentation ensure rigor and credibility. The findings are categorized into key themes as waste composition and current practices (organic waste dominates, with limited segregation at source), role of the informal sector in collection and recycling, resource valorization to create economic opportunities, socio economic impacts, innovative practices and challenges (weak municipal services, inadequate infrastructure, limited community awareness, and fragmented policy enforcement hinder progress). Turning waste into wealth in Nepal demands coordinated efforts among policymakers, communities, and entrepreneurs. With strategic support, localized innovations, and inclusive governance, waste can become a catalyst for sustainable development.

Pamon Pumas, Maliwan Puangmanee, Pimpawat Teeratitayangkul et al.

This study examines the behavioral and social factors influencing household waste separation practices in Keelek Subdistrict Municipality, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Drawing on survey data and a mixed‐methods approach that integrates correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and a two‐stage machine‐learning pipeline—further validated by confirmatory structural equation modeling of Attitude → Intention → Behavior and mapped onto an established nudge taxonomy—the research identifies the most influential predictors of separation behavior. These include routine organic waste sorting, behavioral intention, emotional commitment, and the perceived influence of community members and local authorities. Among the tested models, Gradient Boosting Regression yielded the highest predictive accuracy (R2 = 0.782; MAE = 0.331), underscoring its ability to capture complex non-linear behavioral patterns more effectively than traditional approaches. By uniting behavioral theory, community-derived insights, and predictive analytics, this work advances a novel, transferable framework for municipal planning. It offers practical, ESG/SDG–aligned strategies—such as habit-based, peer-supported nudges and AI-powered monitoring systems—that local governments can adopt to design evidence-based waste policies. Focusing on a semi-urban context often overlooked in the literature, this study fills a critical methodological gap and charts a replicable pathway for scaling behaviorally informed waste-management interventions.

Kanwal, Okezie Emmanuel, Rozina et al.

Addressing the dual challenges of greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel depletion requires sustainable and cost-effective energy solutions. This study investigates biodiesel production from non-edible Calotropis gigantea L. seed oil using a novel copper oxide (CuO) nano-catalyst synthesized from the green pods of C. gigantea. CuO nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Optimal biodiesel production conditions were achieved at a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 9:1, reaction temperature of 80 °C, reaction time of 105 min, and catalyst loading of 0.74 wt%, resulting in a 90 % yield. The synthesized biodiesel was characterized through FT-IR spectroscopy, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Physicochemical analysis demonstrated compliance with both European (EN 14214) and American (ASTM D 6751) biodiesel standards, exhibiting favorable properties including density (0.792 kg/L), acid value (0.34 mg KOH/g), kinematic viscosity (6 mm2/s), flash point (91 °C), cloud point (−10 °C), pour point (−8 °C), and minimal sulphur content (0.00097 wt%). These findings establish the viability of converting toxic, non-edible C. gigantea seeds into high-quality biodiesel, presenting a promising pathway toward sustainable energy production while potentially fostering regional socioeconomic development through valorization of agricultural waste.

Pranav Prashant Dagwar, Syed Suffia Iqbal, Deblina Dutta

Rare earth elements (REEs) play a vital role in digitalization and industrialization. Naturally occurring in bastnasite, monazite, and xenotime, REEs are primarily concentrated in China, Australia, and the USA, leading to dependence on secondary sources. Recycling REEs from industrial waste such as E-waste, wastewater, red mud, slag, and fly ash offers a sustainable, low-emission, and energy-efficient solution. Advanced methods, including bio-metallurgy, have optimized recovery, achieving 80–95% efficiency for elements like Yttrium, Cerium, Neodymium, and Thorium. However, improper handling of secondary REE resources poses environmental and health risks. This study comprehensively explores REEs’ role in sustainable industrial growth, evaluating traditional and advanced recycling technologies. It also assesses the ecotoxicological impacts of REEs and emphasizes safety measures. Additionally, the review highlights circular economy strategies for sustainable development, addressing environmental challenges while promoting efficient resource utilization.

Priyam Saxena, Xing Song, Baiyu Zhang et al.

This study investigates the influence of landfill management practices on the release of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from coastal landfills in Newfoundland, Canada. By comparing PBDE congener profiles in leachate from a modern landfill with advanced treatment systems and a legacy landfill with limited infrastructure, we demonstrate the critical role of modern waste management practices in mitigating PBDE contamination. Both sites showed PBDE contamination, but the legacy landfill exhibited greater variability in congener types and concentrations. BDE-47 emerged as the predominant congener at both sites, with episodic spikes at the legacy landfill reaching 14.39 ng/L, alongside the presence of congeners like BDE-77, BDE-100, and BDE-183. GIS analysis revealed PBDE dispersion into nearby surface waters, posing risks to marine ecosystems. Landfill operator surveys provided insights into operational challenges, including limited e-waste diversion, fire risks from batteries, and inadequate leachate treatment at the legacy site, contributing to its vulnerability. This study underscores the need for proactive PBDE management in coastal landfills. The adoption of modern landfill technologies and enhanced e-waste diversion programs is vital for reducing contamination and protecting marine environments. These findings highlight the importance of sustainable waste management practices in safeguarding coastal ecosystems.

Yuichi Ishimura, Kai Nomura, Daisuke Ichinose

This study explores the effects of a policy intervention designed to simplify the standards for plastic waste separation on collection volume and the quality of recyclables. We employ a causal impact analysis based on a Bayesian structural time-series approach to estimate the effects of simplifying the municipal solid waste-separation process for plastic waste in Japan. We find that simplifying plastic waste-separation standards increases plastic packaging waste-collection volume. This effect seems to be largely driven by behavioral changes such as decreased time spent on waste separation. We also find that simplifying home separation increases the percentage of contaminated plastic packaging waste collected for recycling and other materials not subject to collection in the post-collection period. Several robustness and falsification tests corroborated these results. Our results highlight the importance of considering the trade-off between the quantity and quality of recyclables when designing plastic waste recycling policies.

Edappayil Janeeshma, Hiba Habeeb, Somya Sinha et al.

Different anthropogenic activities, extensive applications of agrochemicals, and industrialization have significantly altered natural environmental processes through the generation of solid waste. Based on the sources of origin and chemical behavior, the impact of solid waste on the environment varies. Currently, it is essential to tackle novel methods to reduce the impact of solid waste on the environment. Approaches such as open burning, landfills, incineration, composting, and pyrolysis are effective against solid waste; however, the introduction of sustainable and efficient approaches is essential to overcome the problems of conventional practices. Enzyme-mediated solid waste management is an extensively applicable strategy owing to its specificity for catalytic reactions. Enzyme-mediated remediation directly or indirectly degrades pollutants by modifying the chemical and physical properties of waste. Hydrolases, lipases, oxidoreductases, oxygenases, and laccases are the major enzymes involved in the conversion of hazardous wastes into non-toxic or biodegradable materials. To boost the activity of enzymes or for profitable industrialization, it is mandatory to incorporate modern strategies, such as omics analysis, genetic engineering, and nanotechnology, that aid in the development of new tolerant enzyme mutants with high efficiency. This review comprehensively covers the recent trends in enzyme-mediated biotransformation of toxic waste materials to non-toxic materials for a stable, sustainable, and healthy environment.

Radhika Sharma, Jagjeet Chand Sharma, Upender Singh et al.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of various mulching strategies on the growth and yield of peach crops, as well as on soil hydrothermal regimes, weed infestation, and microbial properties. A field experiment was conducted, implementing various organic residue mulches including locally available grass and pine needle mulch, as well as inorganic mulches such as black and transparent mulch, control treatment comprising blanket recommendation. Results indicated that plots with black polythene mulch showed the highest fruit productivity, fruit yield, fruit length and diameter. Furthermore, black mulch and mulch mat treatments demonstrated complete weed control efficiency. Weed species Anagalis arvensis showed the highest maximum frequency, density, relative frequency, and relative density, while Biden pilosa had the highest abundance and relative abundance. The study also found that the impact of grass and pine mulch was of interest, as it helped regulate soil hydrothermal regimes and significantly enhanced total viable count, microbial activity, and microbial biomass carbon. In conclusion, these findings emphasize the potential of mulching techniques to improve peach crop yield and soil health.

Victor S. Ekun, Clementina O. Adenipekun, Olufunmilayo Idowu et al.

Most rural communities in Africa openly dispose untreated wastes in water and on land, resulting in environmental pollution and the spread of deadly diseases in human (e.g., cholera, typhoid), plants (e.g., wilt, gall/wart, rot), and animals (e.g., skin/gut infections). Therefore, conversion of untreated wastes to substrate for mushroom cultivation was the focus of this research. Wild edible mushrooms (chemical-free) and wastes were collected, sorted, profiled and analyzed using standard laboratory techniques. Physicochemical profiling of the wastes showed the presence of lignin (<30%), cellulose (<60%), and hemicellulose (<58%) that are mildly impervious, non-biodegradable substances which can mostly be degraded by mushrooms. The results showed that mushroom spawn-production period was reduced by 11, 15, 16 and 16% on rice straw for Sample 1 (23¼ days), Sample 2 (21¼ days), Sample 3 (20¼ days) and Sample 6 (221/10 days), respectively; 10 and 7% on sawdust for Sample 4 (23½ days) and Sample 5 (203/5 days), respectively. Developmental periods were also reduced by 9, 12, 14, 3, and 9% when grown on G. sepium (i.e., 26½, 25½, 24¾, 25¾ and 291/10 days for Samples 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6, respectively), and 9% on M. indica (i.e., 26½ days for Samples 4). The yield was increased by 7% on Cedrus odorata (Samples 1 and 2), 11% on G. sepium (Samples 3), and 7% on M. indica (Samples 4 and 5). The outcome of the research showed that more money and job opportunity can be created from waste re-use rather than waste disposal.

Vikram S. Chatake, Harsh V. Rambhia, Sammed S. Bhalerao et al.

The utilisation of liquid organic carriers for hydrogen storage has demonstrated to be a highly effective method for storing hydrogen under ambient temperature and pressure conditions. Methanol has a hydrogen (H2) content of 12.6% by weight and can be synthesised by the process of carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrogenation. The main goal of the study is to demonstrate methanol’s role as a hydrogen carrier and its application in a direct methanol fuel cell for energy generation. The suggested system synthesises methanol by utilizing green hydrogen with CO2 recovered from industrial sources. The Aspen Plus simulation of the DMFC showed a 58% methanol conversion and a 61% energy efficiency (Methanol-to-power).

Habu Iyodo Mohammed, Kabir Garba, Saeed I. Ahmed et al.

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the potential of ceramic tile dust (CTD)-derived ZSM-5 zeolite (CZ) and its monodispersed composite with metal oxides (MgO and Fe2O3) in the catalytic pyrolysis of hyphaene thebaica shell (HTS). The HTS was pyrolysed in a Fixed-bed reactor at 400–600 °C, and 100–300 mL/min N2 flowrate. The maximum bio-oil production of 32 % was obtained at 500 °C and 150 mL/min N2 flowrate, with bio-oils containing 50 % acid and octadecenoic acids, as well as esters, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, aromatics, and hydrocarbons. A carboxymethyl cellulose templating agent was employed for the mesoporous zeolite synthesis from CTD. This resulted in the mesoporous zeolite with a predominant ZSM-5 crystal phase, exhibiting pore diameters ranging from 1.8-6 nm, 229 m2/g surface area and 1145 μmol/g total acidity. The catalytic pyrolysis of HTS was conducted using the ZSM-5 zeolite (CZ) and metal-oxide (MgO, Fe2O3, and Fe2O3/FeO) modified CZ, as monodispersed composite catalysts. Under best thermal pyrolysis conditions, CZ-Fe2O3, CZ-MgO, and CZ-Fe2O3/MgO demonstrated 22–23 % bio-oil yields. Notably, the CZ-Fe2O3/MgO catalyst exhibited the highest hydrocarbon yield at 16 %, while the CZ-MgO favoured the production of phenolics, esters, and alcohols. CZ-MgO also displayed the highest coking level at 7.5 %, indicating faster deactivation than the other catalysts. The synthesised catalysts exhibited remarkable catalytic activity, resulting in a notable improvement in the quality of bio-oils obtained from the intermediate pyrolysis of hyphaene thebaica shells in a fixed-bed reactor.

Mohamad Ali Fulazzaky, Ali Yuzir, Tiffany Messer et al.

Understanding the treatment of leachate mediated by the development of anaerobic sludge makes it possible to create an effective design process of biodegradation technology. This study used an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor equipped with a gas–liquid-solid separator to capture CH4 for treating landfill leachate to improve understanding of methanogenesis kinetics of organic matter. The performance of UASB was able to remove 154.75 g/L of chemical oxygen demand (COD) content of the leachate originally anticipated to emit 2.99 L of CH4 production into the atmosphere. The trend in the variation of internal mass transfer (IMT) factor was close to the global mass transfer factor; however, it was far higher than that of external mass transfer (EMT) factor. After 30 days of the experiment, methanogenesis kinetics of organic matter of the leachate were supported mainly by the breakdown of complex molecules. The rate-limiting step of CH4 desorption was controlled by IMT at the beginning and then by EMT after 30 days of the experiment. The strongly decreased EMT factor was counterbalanced by an increased value of the IMT factor at before 5 days of the experiment. It would be of interest to predict the methanogenesis kinetics of CH4 desorption using the Generalized Fulazzaky equations, which cannot be evaluated using other models. Analysis of the methanogenesis kinetics of organic matter of the leachate provides a new insight into the performance of UASB reactor, which may contribute to advanced treatment of landfill leachate in the future.

Shu Xian Goh, Hasmadi Mamat, Ahmad Hazim Abdul Aziz

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of incorporating okara and jackfruit seed into biscuit production. A control biscuit made with wheat flour was contrasted with five formulations, each with various proportions of okara flour and jackfruit seed flour. Compared to wheat flour, okara and jackfruit seed flour had significantly higher levels of ash, crude protein, and crude fiber (p < 0.05). The proximate analysis of the biscuits revealed an increase in moisture (3.98–6.95 %), ash (1.42–3.12 %), crude protein (9.16–20.81 %), crude fat (26.84–29.86 %), and crude fibre (0.35–5.97 %) content. However, the carbohydrate content decreased from 57.81 % to 35.76 %. Control biscuits had higher weight loss, spread ratio, and hardness than their composite counterparts. As the proportion of okara flour in composite biscuits increased, weight loss, hardness, and spread ratio decreased significantly. The colour analysis revealed that the concentration of okara flour was associated with increased redness (a*) and yellowness (b*). Sensory evaluations revealed that the biscuit made with a 40:60 ratio of okara flour to jackfruit seed flour received the second highest overall acceptance after the control. In conclusion, our findings suggest the potential utilization of okara and jackfruit seed flour as substitutes for wheat flour in the development of nutritious biscuits.