Hasil untuk "Revenue. Taxation. Internal revenue"

Raymond J. Stahl, Kristine A. Crabtree

W/333209 DEBORAH L. PAUL Chair Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz 51 West 52nd Street New York,. NY 10019 212/403-1300 ANDREW H. BRAITERMAN First Vice-Chair 212/837-6315 GORDON E. WARNKE Second Vice-Chair 212/997-0500 ROBERT CASSANOS Secretary 212/859-8278 COMMITTEE CHAIRS: Bankruptcy and Operating Losses Daniel M. Dunn Stuart J. Goldring Compliance, Practice & Procedure Elliot Pisem Bryan C. Skarlatos Consolidated Returns William Alexander Shane J. Kiggen Corporations Daniel Z. Altman Michael T. Mollerus Cross-Border Capital Markets Philip R. Wagman Andrew R. Walker Cross-Border M&A Joshua M. Holmes Ansgar A. Simon Debt-Financing and Securitizations John T. Lutz Michael B. Shulman Estates and Trusts Austin Bramwell Alan S. Halperin Financial Instruments Lucy W. Farr Jeffrey Maddrey “Inbound” U.S. Activities of Foreign Taxpayers Peter J. Connors Peter F. G. Schuur Individuals Megan L. Brackney Steven A. Dean Investment Funds James R. Brown Pamela L. Endreny Multistate Taxation Arthur R. Rosen Jack Trachtenberg New York City Taxes Sherry S. Kraus Irwin M. Slomka New York State Taxes Paul R. Comeau Joshua E. Gewolb “Outbound” Foreign Activities of U.S. Taxpayers William A. Curran Andrew P. Solomon Partnerships Phillip J. Gall Sara B. Zablotney Pass-Through Entities Edward E. Gonzalez Amanda H. Nussbaum Real Property Marcy Geller Jonathan R. Talansky Reorganizations Neil J. Barr Peter A. Furci Spin Offs Tijana J. Dvornic Lawrence M. Garrett Tax Exempt Entities Stuart Rosow Richard R. Upton Taxable Acquisitions David W. Mayo Richard Nugent Treaties and Intergovernmental Agreements Lee E. Allison David R. Hardy FORMER CHAIRS OF SECTION: Peter L. Faber Herbert L. Camp Steven C. Todrys Kimberly S. Blanchard Diana L. Wollman Alfred D. Youngwood Arthur A. Feder Harold R. Handler Patrick C. Gallagher David H. Schnabel Gordon D. Henderson James M. Peaslee Robert H. Scarborough David S. Miller David R. Sicular David Sachs Peter C. Canellos Samuel J. Dimon Erika W. Nijenhuis Stephen B. Land J. Roger Mentz Michael L. Schler Andrew N. Berg Peter H. Blessing Michael S. Farber Willard B. Taylor Carolyn Joy Lee Lewis R. Steinberg Jodi J. Schwartz Karen Gilbreath Sowell Richard J. Hiegel Richard L.Reinhold David P. Hariton Andrew W. Needham MEMBERS-AT-LARGE OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE:

Kofi Nyantakyi Asare

The learning and practice of accounting in recent times has been impacted by digital technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, cloud platforms, and data analytics. Existing studies have been examined in specific contexts, yet the comprehensive study of their global intellectual structure and links to sustainability is underexplored. The study focuses on conducting a bibliometric analysis of 7,302 Scopus-indexed publications from 2000 to 2024 at the intersection of digital transformation, accounting information systems (AIS), information technology (IT), and sustainable development. VOSviewer was used for network visualization, and Excel was employed for descriptive analysis to track publication trends, leading journals, authors, institutions, and countries and to map co-authorship, co-citation, and keyword co-occurrence networks. The findings show a rise in research output after 2017, motivated by interest in blockchain, AI, and ESG-related reporting. While emerging hubs such as Indonesia and India are gaining prominence, the United States and China dominate global output. The intellectual framework of the discipline is grounded in traditional information systems theories (TAM, TPB, and the IS success model), organizational viewpoints (resource-based perspective), and accounting-specific applications, but contemporary trends include machine learning, blockchain, and sustainability. Progression in the theme shows a shift from studies on ERP and MIS adoption towards advanced analytics, fintech, and the integration of ESG factors. Still, the reliance on the Scopus database and the limitation to English-language publications narrow the scope of the study to ignore publications in languages other than English; therefore, future studies should expand database coverage and integrate bibliometric mapping with systematic content reviews.

Roger Lee Mendoza

Rate-making — a vital component of insurance and risk management — can be creative and at times contentious because pricing is its central goal. In the United States, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) permits insurers in the non-group and small group markets to vary health insurance premiums only on the basis of age, geographic location, family coverage, and tobacco use. Tobacco use as a rating factor in setting insurance premiums cannot exceed 50 percent of the non-smoker rate. Academic literature is limited and focuses on questions of insurance accessibility and equity, and smoking cessation impact. There is yet no study or evidence available on the price or financial burden that may be imposed by rate-making on (different variants of) the smoker or tobacco surcharge. In approaching the surcharge from a payer — rather than enrollee — standpoint, this study conceptually investigates how insurers might devise tobacco surcharges to manage objective risk and their premium price implications while meeting both regulatory and business imperatives. The federal standard age curve of the CMS (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services) and sampled insurer rating schedules were used in this study to develop illustrations of multiplicative and additive rate structures of the tobacco surcharge. Findings suggest that insurers have latitude to apply tobacco surcharges within and perhaps beyond the substantive intent of healthcare reform, provided the state where they operate does not prohibit it or only reduces the federal cap. ACA implementing and state regulations do not appear to restrict or diminish such flexibility. The risk-related and public policy consequences of modified community rating for smokers are addressed by way of conclusion.

Kimberly S. Krieg, Amanda R. Marino, Landi Morris

In this learning strategy (LS) we provide materials on how to discuss race as a source of inequity in the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). We provide online discussion questions, practice problems, classroom talking points, and guidance for student presentations to illustrate inequities between Black and white taxpayers. The assignments can be delivered in entirety or piecemeal. Our material is inspired by Dr. Dorothy Brown’s The Whiteness of Wealth: How the Tax System Impoverishes Black Americans—And How We Can Fix It, which identifies how the IRC contributes to the racial wealth gap. This LS supplements an individual taxation course with real-world application of the IRC. The accompanying Teaching Notes provide (1) additional commentary on in-class discussions, (2) example instructor slides, and (3) solutions to practice problems. Pre- and post-evidence of efficacy suggest that students who were uncomfortable discussing race before engaging with this content feel more comfortable doing so after. Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text.

Rafiq Gheddar

As Islamic banks grow and evolve, pricing methods for their services have become essential to study and implement. This study highlights the significance of understanding the factors influencing Islamic banking service pricing in Algeria. The study aims to analyze how Islamic banks price their services, with a focus on cost, market, and value strategies. Additionally, it seeks to evaluate and recommend ways to enhance the current practices of banks operating in the national market. Algeria is experiencing rapid growth in Islamic banking, making it an ideal location to study this subject. The country is home to two Islamic banks, Al Baraka Bank and Al Salam Bank. Algeria was selected as a new market to allow the findings to be applicable to similar situations elsewhere. The research utilizes secondary data obtained from available information on Islamic bank service fees, comparing them with those of traditional banks. It also conducts financing simulations in both banks and compares them with the traditional theoretical framework. Data was gathered from various sources, including bank websites, annual reports, and previous studies. The research reveals that Algerian Islamic banks do not prioritize scientific methods in pricing their services. The results suggest that these banks operate within a traditional framework under the oversight of the central bank. The central bank's rules depend on the prices of services conventional banks offer. This shapes how customers perceive these banks as representatives of Islamic banking. Islamic banks can utilize the study's results to develop pricing strategies that are more effective and compliant with Islamic law. Regulators can utilize these findings to formulate enhanced policies to bolster the Islamic banking sector. The results also assist researchers in delving deeper into the realm of Islamic banking service pricing. This study refutes the hypothesis that Algerian Islamic banks have enhanced the efficiency of their service pricing by adopting models in line with Islamic finance principles, such as profit-sharing, while considering market conditions and service value. They should embrace more pragmatic and beneficial pricing strategies that align with Islamic law, cater to customer needs, and enhance their competitiveness and value in the national banking market.

Serhiy Podosynnikov, Olena Kolotilina, Valeriia Kochnieva

The global energy sector is undergoing a transformative shift driven by the urgent need to transition to clean and digital energy solutions. Start-ups are at the forefront of this transformation, providing innovative technologies to tackle critical challenges in energy production, distribution, and consumption. This study explores the influence of market entry registration procedures and regulatory frameworks on the growth and success of start-ups in the clean and digital energy sectors, highlighting their role in driving global energy transitions. This research aims to understand how procedural complexity, regulatory quality, and associated costs impact entrepreneurial activity in clean and digital energy industries. Employing a comprehensive methodology based on panel data analysis, the study examines multi-country datasets from authoritative sources, such as the International Energy Agency and the World Bank, spanning two decades. Fixed and random effects models are utilized to reveal nuanced relationships between regulatory conditions and start-up proliferation. By identifying key barriers and enablers, the research provides actionable insights into fostering an environment conducive to innovation and entrepreneurship. The findings underscore several critical aspects of market entry dynamics. Streamlined registration procedures emerge as a pivotal factor in promoting start-up growth, reducing the administrative burden and enabling quicker market access. Conversely, high capital requirements and extended registration timelines act as significant deterrents, limiting the ability of new ventures to scale effectively. Regulatory quality is shown to play a crucial role in fostering an innovation-friendly environment, with higher-quality frameworks positively correlated with entrepreneurial success. Additionally, the study reveals the synergistic effects of entrepreneurial ecosystems, where broader business activity enhances opportunities for start-up development. These results highlight the dual nature of regulatory frameworks, which can either facilitate or hinder start-up activity. While effective regulations provide necessary oversight and ensure market stability, overly burdensome procedures can stifle innovation and deter market entry. Policymakers are urged to strike a balance by simplifying procedural requirements, reducing capital thresholds, and maintaining robust regulatory oversight to foster a thriving ecosystem for clean and digital energy start-ups. The study’s contribution is particularly timely, given the accelerating pace of global energy transitions and the increasing focus on achieving sustainability goals. The actionable insights offered here can guide policymakers and stakeholders in creating regulatory environments that catalyze innovation and entrepreneurship. By enabling start-ups to navigate market entry challenges effectively, governments can harness their potential to drive technological advancements and contribute meaningfully to a sustainable energy future. Future research directions include cross-country comparative analyses to identify best practices and longitudinal studies to examine the long-term impacts of regulatory optimization on entrepreneurial ecosystems. The findings of this study provide a foundation for ongoing efforts to align regulatory practices with the goals of a decarbonized and digitally integrated energy landscape, ensuring a resilient and inclusive energy transition.

Abderazak Madouri, Hacene Tchoketch-Kebir

Choosing an appropriate exchange rate regime is crucial for economic policy, particularly for developing countries seeking to establish robust macroeconomic frameworks to mitigate external shocks. However, such nations, including those reliant on oil and natural gas exports, often face challenges in selecting suitable regimes, exacerbated by a lack of traditional advice. The debate around this issue intensified in the aftermath of the 2014 oil price decline. In response, Jeffrey Frankel proposed the currency-plus-commodity basket (CCB) arrangement in 2017, blending the benefits of floating and pegging. This study applies the CCB system to Algeria, aiming to evaluate its impact compared to the current managed floating regime from 2001 to 2021, on indicators of internal (inflation rates) and external (change in foreign exchange reserves) balance using monthly data. Employing wavelet analysis and robustness tests, specifically quantile-on-quantile regression (QQR), the findings suggest that the CCB regime surpasses managed floating in maintaining monetary stability and achieving internal and external balance. Moreover, it provides greater flexibility and stimulates the domestic economy through its ability to stabilize terms of trade via active countercyclical monetary policy. Nonetheless, further discussion, adjustment, experimentation, and development of the proposed regime are warranted.

Halil D. Kaya, Engku N. Engkuchik

The 2008 Global Crisis had profound impacts on economies worldwide, prompting significant scrutiny of various institutional frameworks, including court systems. During this period, legal systems faced unprecedented challenges in addressing the ensuing turmoil. Courts were busy with cases related to foreclosures, bankruptcies, and financial misconduct. Due to the exposed weaknesses in regulatory oversight, reforms were made to improve accountability, transparency, and efficiency within judicial systems. Transition economies in Eastern Europe and Central Asia bore a significant brunt of the crisis and its subsequent reform endeavors. In this study, we evaluate the perspectives of Eastern European and Central Asian retailers on their court systems during and after the 2008 global crisis. We assess how many of them dealt with the legal system during and after the crisis, how quickly the cases moved through the court system, how fair and impartial the court was, and how successfully the court could enforce its rulings. To evaluate the impact of the global crisis on retailers’ views on the court system, we compare the crisis period to the post-crisis period. The World Bank’s BEEPSII and BEEPSIV surveys performed in Eastern Europe and Central Asia are used as our crisis and post-crisis samples. To compare the crisis period responses to the post-crisis ones, we use nonparametric tests (i.e. the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon and the Chi-square tests). Our results show that, after the crisis, fewer retailers went to court, when compared to the crisis period. This finding can be seen as positive. We also find that, after the crisis, retailers were more optimistic about judicial impartiality and case processing speed in their respective countries, compared to the crisis period. On the other hand, our results show that retailers’ assessments of the court’s ability to implement its rulings in these countries did not seem to change after the crisis. These findings have important policy implications. Policymakers can use these findings to take precautions before a global crisis hits. They will know that a global economic/financial crisis affects the volume of cases, courts’ fairness, and processing speed. Therefore, they can hire more employees to deal with the upcoming problems with the volume and the processing speed, and they can increase the scrutiny of the system to protect the system’s fairness.

David Zámek, Liudmyla Zakharkina

In the context of rapid technological development, digitalization and transparency have a critical impact on national security, promoting transparency and combating corruption, while posing challenges to cybersecurity due to the increased availability of information. The purpose of this study is to identify, based on bibliometric analysis, trends and subject areas in research on the impact of digitalization and transparency on national security. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of scientific works on the role of digitalization and transparency in national security published in the publications indexed by the Scopus database for 1991-2023 was conducted, which formed the statistical basis of the analysis. The bibliometric programs Vosviewer and SciVal were chosen as research tools, which allowed for an in-depth analytical review and identification of the main trends and interrelationships between different research areas, confirming the hypothesis of increasing interest in the study of digitalization and transparency in the context of national security. Based on the analysis of the common use of keywords, seven clusters were identified, covering a wide range of topics from digital transformation and adaptive governance for national security to global political and economic strategies, each of which reveals unique interrelationships between digitalization, transparency, innovation and their impact on national security, including cybersecurity challenges, ethics in governance, and the importance of transparency for democracy and human rights. The analysis of the evolutionary trends in research allowed us to identify four key periods of development of scientific interest in the impact of digitalization and transparency on national security: 1) the period from 2014 to 2016 is characterized by initial research on the role of digitalization in national security and mainly concerns e-government studies; 2) during 2017-2018, research focuses on the growing attention to transparency and its role in national security 3) in the period from 2019 to 2021, there is an increase in the number of studies related to cybersecurity and the impact of digital technologies on democracy; 4) from 2022 to the present, there is further in-depth research on topics related to artificial intelligence The spatial clustering of studies shows a high level of international integration in research on the impact of digitalization and transparency on national security. The findings can be used by state institutions to improve national security strategies, in particular by adapting the legislative framework to the challenges of digitalization and ensuring transparency at all levels of government and public life, including macro (national), meso (regional) and micro (local) levels, ensuring openness and accountability in all spheres of government and public control, which will ultimately contribute to ensuring stability and security at the national level.

Anita Johnson, Karina Kasztelnik

This study delves into the influence of socioeconomic status on the financial socialization practices of African American women in the United States. Financial socialization, defined as the process by which individuals acquire financial knowledge, skills, and behaviors, is impacted by various factors, including family dynamics, cultural values, and socioeconomic conditions. However, there is a lack of research specifically focusing on how socioeconomic status affects the financial socialization practices among African American women, who have historically encountered unique economic challenges and systemic inequalities. Employing a qualitative approach, this research integrates the analysis of national survey data with qualitative interviews conducted with African American women from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. The study explores how socioeconomic status impacts the ways these women educate their children about money management, savings, credit use, and overall financial responsibility. The findings highlight significant variations in financial socialization practices based on socioeconomic status, indicating that women from higher socioeconomic backgrounds tend to utilize more structured and proactive financial education strategies, while those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds often encounter barriers such as limited access to financial resources and education. Furthermore, the study reveals how African American women across all socioeconomic status levels employ culturally specific strategies to overcome systemic barriers and cultivate financial resilience in their families. The results underscore the importance of considering socioeconomic status in developing tailored financial literacy programs and policies that address the distinct needs and challenges faced by African American women. By offering a nuanced understanding of how socioeconomic status influences financial socialization, this research contributes to broader discussions on economic empowerment and financial inclusion within African American communities in the United States.

Hadj Khelifa, Djoher Abderrahmane, Farid Belgoum

Recently, the interest of researchers in the use of hybrid models in the process of analyzing model time series with fluctuations and forecasting fluctuations in financial time series has increased significantly. Hybrid ARMA-GARCH models were created for medium- and long-term forecasts of time series of financial market index prices: ARMA models are used to analyze their linear component, which is a combination of autoregressive models and moving average models, and GARCH models are used to analyze the nonlinear component. which are generalized autoregressive models that depend on the nonconstancy of variance models. Hybrid ARMA-GARCH models eliminate the weaknesses and gaps that exist in each group of models (ARMA and GARCH) separately, which increases their forecasting accuracy and reliability, so they have already been successfully applied to model and forecast daily stock returns for three standard indices in the USA. The purpose of this article is to investigate which of the hybrid ARMA-GARCH models is optimal for forecasting the return of the DAX index, which is the most important stock index of the German securities market. It is the German equivalent of the American Dow Jones Index, has been calculated since 1988 by Deutsche Börse AG and reflects the total return on capital of the largest stock companies listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange (currently 40; by 2021 – 30): calculated as a weighted average of capitalization of the value of Free Float share prices on the Xetra electronic exchange, and also takes into account dividends on shares, assuming that the dividend is reinvested in the share on which it was accrued. The database of this study consisted of the daily closing prices of the DAX index presented on the official website of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange during the period from 01.01.2018 to 09.30.2023 (altogether about 1,500 observations), the stability of the time series was assessed using Expanded Dickey Fuller Liquidity (ADF). The article proposes 7 hybrid models, from which the one that is best suited for modeling the volatility of the DAX index is selected. It is an ARMA (2,3)-EGARCH (1,1) model because it captures volatility and leverage effects on DAX returns and its expected returns more than other models. The selection of the best alternative from the developed array of hybrid models was carried out according to the following criteria: AIC (Akaike Information Criterion), BIC (Bayesian Information Criterion), H-QIC (Hannan-Quinn Information Criterion).

Khom Raj Kharel, Omkar Poudel, Yadav Mani Upadhyaya et al.

This study aims to examine the key economic indicators with private sector credit and economic growth in Nepal. Commercial banks and other financial institutions lend money to businesses and individuals for investment and consumption. This study aims to analyze key economic indicators in Nepal, including Real Gross Domestic Product (RGDP), Private Sector Credit (PSC), and Gross Capital Formation (GCF), spanning from 1975 to 2022. Employing a quantitative methodology, econometric techniques such as time series analysis, regression modeling, and hypothesis testing were utilized to examine the long-term relationships among these variables, with a particular focus on the impact of Private Sector Credit on Economic Growth (EG). The findings, derived from comprehensive econometric analyses including co-integration tests and vector error correction models, reveal significant insights into Nepal's economic performance and financial system. Results indicate that Private Sector Credit plays a crucial role in stimulating economic growth, with approximately 40.07% of the previous year's imbalance influenced by the long-term elasticity of independent variables. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, businesses, and investors, facilitating informed decision-making to promote sustainable economic development in Nepal. Further research is recommended to explore the correlation between the diversification of Private Sector Credit types and economic growth more comprehensively.

Theodore P. Seto

This Article offers a new descriptive account of the role of marriage in the federal tax system. It first outlines an economic frame that explains both why marriage is economically valuable—marriage produces large amounts of untaxed surplus—and why its legal structure is as it is—drawing on both Coase and the theory of numerus clausus. The Article then suggests that most federal tax rules that turn on marriage can be understood as solutions to one of two interrelated problems: “entanglement” and “relative indifference.” By “entanglement,” I refer to the fact that the daily activities of spouses are commonly so intertwined as to make standard rules for their taxation impossible to apply, even if we wanted to. By “relative indifference,” I refer to the fact that entangled spouses often do not care who owns what, owes what, earns what or pays what to the degree they would if they were not  interpersonally committed. As a result, they are often able to engage in tax avoidance behaviors that atomistically motivated actors would find unattractive.

Halil D. Kaya

In this study, we examine new loan applications made by manufacturing firms in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. We compare the pre-global crisis and post-global crisis loan applications. We find that fewer manufacturers applied for a new loan post-crisis (45.89% vs 29.91%). When we compare the main reasons for manufacturers not applying for a new loan pre- vs. post-crisis, we find that, after the crisis, more firms stated that there was no need for a loan. Also, more firms stated that application procedures were complex, interest rates were not favorable, and they did not think it would be approved. On the other hand, fewer manufacturers stated that post-crisis, collateral requirement was too high, the size of loan and maturity were insufficient, and it was necessary to make informal payments (i.e., corruption). Overall, our findings suggest that while certain aspects of financing for manufacturers improved after the crisis, others deteriorated. We also find that there was a statistically significant decrease in the percentage of manufacturers that had their financial statements checked/certified by an external auditor. Finally, post-crisis, “access to finance” was seen as a smaller obstacle by manufacturers. We conclude that the reason for fewer manufacturers applying for a new loan post-crisis was not all measures of “access to finance”; it was rather the lack of a need for a new loan and certain aspects of “Access to finance”.

Ana Njegovanović

Our research forms two directions, the first considers two approaches to the brain, one based on classical mechanics, the second using quantum physics, the second direction of research refers to the dynamics of0 information as an interaction between differential geometry, mathematical statistics, probability theory. and quantum mechanics which led to the construction of classical and quantum information geometry. Financial entanglement is multidimensiona in time and space, dynamic, less understood and interesting because it functions in real life, like the brain. Neuroscientists who focus on mathematical frameworks for how the brain's shape affects its activity—an area of mathematical neuroscience called neural field theory  will begin to understand the relationship between brain shape, structure, and function in yet another way. Analysis of research into the geometry of the brain's contours, that is, the way in which brain activity resonates over and through its architecture, is perhaps more significant than the connections between neurons. Research by scientists from the University of Sydney and Monash University showed that the overall shape and geometry of the human brain - its contours and curvature - has a greater influence on brain dynamics than the internal connectivity of brain cells (Our brain shape influences how it works, 2023) in short, Australian scientists indicate the possibility of predicting brain function directly from its shape. "We have long thought that specific thoughts or sensations elicit activity in specific parts of the brain, but this study reveals that structured patterns of activity are excited across nearly the entire brain, just like the way in which a musical note arises from vibrations occurring along the entire length of a violin string, and not just an isolated segment," (Dr J. Pang,2023)."We found that eigenmodes defined by brain geometry - its contours and curvature - represented the strongest anatomical constraint on brain function, much like the shape of a drum influences the sounds it can make" (A. Fornito, 2023). "Using mathematical models, we confirmed theoretical predictions that the close link between geometry and function is driven by wave-like activity propagating throughout the brain, just as the shape of a pond influences the wave ripples that are formed by a falling pebble" (A. Fornito, 2023).

A. Orekan

The study examined the relationship between land tax and total IGR as well as the proportion land taxes constitute in the total IGR for a period of twelve years.  Data were collected through a well-structured questionnaire, personal interviews and review of government documents. Questionnaires were administered to the 31 top management staff at the Board of Internal Revenue Services in Kano State. At the Bureau of Land Management in Kano State, questionnaires were also administered to 25 senior cadre officers. Personal interviews were also conducted. Using the Pearson Correlation Coefficient, the result of the study showed that there was a positive relationship between land taxes and total IGR in Kano States and the strength of association was strong i.e., (0.989) in Kano State. By implication, land tax forms a major source of revenue in the two study areas. In view of this, the study concluded that for government to continue to provide the necessary infrastructure and also maintain them through revenue from land tax, government needs to take into consideration a good property statistics and information together with the property owners, tax laws need to be reviewe\d to tackle tax evasion and at the same time, government should be ready to give proper account of revenue realised through land taxation and this should be published accordingly.

Namseok Hwang

Olaoye C.O., Opefolu F.O., Yunus A.B.

This study examined the effect of the electronic tax system on internally generated revenue in the Ekiti State Internal Revenue Service. Electronic tax registration, electronic filing of tax returns, and electronic tax payment were employed as proxies for an electronic tax system to attain this goal. There is a large degree of corruption practices prevalent in rising economies such as the Nigerian tax administration system, which indicates that the economy is in a disadvantaged position, as a result of these failures and obstacles in the Nigerian tax system. The final database employed in the quantitative analysis of the study was a quantitative cross-sectional survey data based on 94 valid replies retrieved from 123 competent and experienced respondents from the Ekiti State internal revenue agency. Electronic tax registration and electronic filing of tax returns affect internally generated revenue in Ekiti, according to the findings. Electronic tax payments have no statistically significant effect on the state's internally generated revenue. As a result, the study indicates that the major goal of the electronic tax system in Ekiti State Internal Revenue Service will not be met unless the consequences of electronic tax filing and electronic tax payment are fully addressed. The implication is that, while Ekiti State Internal Revenue Service has implemented electronic tax registration, the internal revenue cannot be guaranteed unless electronic filing of tax returns and electronic tax payment are fully implemented.

Liudmyla Saher, Ihor Vakulenko, Kateryna Shevchenko et al.

The article provides a bibliometric analysis of existing publications on the market participants' behavior(manufacturers, trading companies, and other intermediaries and consumers). The basis for the study is the Scopus database, which presents publications on this topic for over thirty years. The article aims to study the research directions on behavioral models of economic entities and the factors that influence their formation. Such analysis can be used to determine the place of behavioral economics in the system of modern views of economists on its impact on the further global development of the economic system. By selecting the most relevant articles on the economic behavior of market participants in the context of an inclusive economy, 1198 scientific articles were selected, published in periodicals from 1989 to 2021. The clustering and retrospective analysis were chosen as a methodological study tool, performed using VOSviewer 1.6.16 software. It made it possible to obtain a clear visualization of research clusters on economic entities' behavioral aspects, including individual periods of the enormous publication activity from 2011 to 2021. In addition, the article identifies the largest regional research networks of behavioral models in an inclusive economy. Based on the analysis of the scientific publications from the Scopus database, three periods of research on the behavioral aspects of economic entities were identified. The study of the first stage focused on e-commerce development as a significant factor in market changes, accompanied by the transition of competition from local to global. The next phase of the economic behavior study was accompanied by the sustainable development concept and changes in consumer values, which influenced the choice of suppliers and service providers and the growing importance of decision criteria that previously could not be considered purely economic. Considerable attention in this period of publishing activity was paid to social responsibility and sustainable consumption. The last research defined in the article stages is aimed at using modern research methods and information technologies for a deeper analysis of the subject area. It makes it possible to identify relevant factors influencing the formation of economic entities' behavior patterns, which could not be determined before.

Mo'men A. Shazly, Khaled AbdElAlim, Abanob Nashat Mortaky et al.

The main purpose of this research is to study the impact of corporate governance and audit quality on the investment decision. In order to achieve this objective, the research collected literature review about previous variables. This research used survey method on the construction sector in Egypt. They are 97 completed questionnaires. Data was analyzed and hypotheses tested by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The research found that there's significant positive impact of corporate governance on the audit quality and investment decision which means investors will depend on the corporate governance when they make their investment decision. In addition, investors will depend on the audit quality (the ability of an auditor to detect a breach (auditor competence) and the willingness to report such a breach (auditor independence) when they make their investment decision.