This paper explores how epistemic artifacts have transformed our understanding of scientific observation. It examines the historical evolution from basic instruments such as Mayan quadrants and Galileo’s telescope to today’s sophisticated electron microscopes. The study focuses on how these devices have reshaped the traditional concept of observation in the philosophy of science, particularly within the field of nanotechnology. Against the backdrop of historical figures such as Descartes, Hooke, Newton, and Leeuwenhoek, it highlights how each contributed to the development of the «microscopic artifactual tradition». The paper introduces the concept of nanoepistemology to describe how knowledge of the nano-world fundamentally depends on instrument-processed images rather than traditional direct observation. It concludes that these technological transformations have weakened the role of classical theories and have shifted the philosophy of science toward a philosophy of technology.
Флорентийская мозаика в силу высокой стоимости изготовления и трудоемкости исполнения менее распространена в монументальном искусстве по сравнению с другими техниками. Ее эстетические свойства позволяют решать очень разнообразные задачи: от монументального оформления станций метро до применения в храмовой архитектуре. В конце ХХ – начале ХХI вв. активное строительство культовых сооружений в Объединенных Арабских Эмиратах с участием художников, дизайнеров и архитекторов из Европы, Японии, США ознаменовало новый виток развития мозаичного искусства – создание крупных ансамблей объектов арабо-мусульманской архитектуры. Новаторский подход в плане композиционных решений рассматривается на примере мечети шейха Заеда, традиционный – президентского дворца Каср Аль-Ваттан. Выявлено, что флорентийская мозаика не только выполняет декоративную функцию, но и имеет идеологическое значение, поскольку в композициях, созданных в этой технике, флоральные и орнаментальные мотивы глубоко символичны и часто несут сакральный смысл. Заключается, что применение данной дорогостоящей техники в исламской архитектуре стало средством подчеркнуть статус Объединенных Арабских Эмиратов в исламском мире, а также подчеркнуть открытость страны для культурного диалога.
The geometry of the environment can affect numerous psychological, social, and ecological processes. But its roles in social learning and the dynamics of descriptive norms remain unclear. Here we use agent-based modeling to explore how environments with different geometric shapes can influence social learning to produce variations in the extent of universally shared descriptive norms. Our simulations show that an environment with an irregular layout facilitates the emergence of multiple descriptive norms in a population, whereas an environment with a regular grid plan constrains social learning to produce a behaviorally homogeneous population.
Existe consenso en torno a que la disciplina sociológica brindó un marco para comprender las relaciones
entre los sistemas educativos y los contextos sociales más amplios en que se emplazan. No obstante, los retratos
que ha esbozado aquella tradición en torno a la escuela, adquieren significados contrastantes. Las perspectivas que explora este articulo surgen como una respuesta a la obsolescencia de los modelos determinísticos del cambio educativo y su dificultad para explicar aquellos procesos de cambio que tienen lugar en la escuela. El
presente artículo ofrece una reflexión teórica en torno a la cuestión de la diversidad sociocultural, a partir de la
distinción entre los órdenes instrumental y expresivo en la escuela, delimitando la diversidad como un ámbito problemático y brindando herramientas conceptuales a partir de las aportaciones de Durkheim y Bernstein. El abordaje propuesto está anclado a la distinción entre los modelos de relaciones integrativas basadas en la
solidaridad orgánica y mecánica, presentando un esfuerzo sistemático de teorización en torno al ámbito
de prácticas educativas. Finalmente, se concluye que las políticas educativas se enfrentan a un dilema entre
la exigencia de rendimientos especializados y un conjunto de competencias, valores y creencias basales en el
contexto de sociedades que se complejizan y diversifican aceleradamente y aspiran a una coexistencia entre las
dinámicas de cambio tecnológico y profundización democrática.
While the Community of Inquiry centres on a form of discussion that is meant to improve the ability of students to think, only a fraction of the thinking that occurs in a discussion makes its appearance in speech. We therefore need to consider students’ mental acts in addition to their speech acts to understand how the Community of Inquiry is meant to function. This paper explores the connections between speech acts and mental acts in the Community of Inquiry and the broader classifications of these acts of thought. It also considers the role of teacherly interventions in promoting appropriate acts of thought and the ways in which teachers can improve students’ metacognitive awareness of them.
Introduction. The conducted research is aimed at identifying the methodological foundations, content, methods and mechanisms for organizing the patriotic education in adolescents and "Z generation" youth. The article defines the essential characteristics of the education processes and creation of juvenile media, and substantiates the possibility and potential of integrating these processes. Theoretical analysis. The scientific novelty lies in the development and theoretical justification of the Model of organizing the patriotic education in the “Generation Z” youth with the involvement of the juvnile media resource, which includes methodological, target-oriented, activity and result blocks, and which is based on a combination of humanistic, personal, activity, and integrative approaches to the process of educating adolescents, allowing to ensure the integrity and functionality of the Model. The mechanism of education is the pedagogical support of the value-semantic self-determination of a young person at each stage of a young media journalist work on media material. In the process of creating media material, a chain of upbringing methods is used (according to Z. I. Vasilyeva): goal-setting – informational and educational – evaluative. Conclusion. As a result of the study, the possibility of using the potential of juvenile media in the process of patriotic education in generation Z teenagers is substantiated: the purpose, the main mechanism, the content and methods of the upbringing process, the structure and indicators of the result of the patriotic upbringing of adolescents and the "Generation Z" youth with the involvement of the juvenile media resource.
Voice syncretism is widely attested crosslinguistically. In this paper, we discuss three different types of Voice syncretism, under which the same morpheme participates in different configurations. We provide an approach under which the same Voice head can convey different interpretations depending on the environment it appears in, thus building on the notion of allosemy. We show that, in all cases under investigation, allosemy is closely associated with the existence of idiosyncratic patterns. By contrast, we notice that allosemy and idiosyncrasy are not present in analytic passive and causative constructions across different languages. We argue that the distinguishing feature between the two types of constructions is whether the passive and the causative interpretation comes from the Voice head, thus forming a single domain with the vP or whether passive and causative semantics are realized by distinct heads above the Voice layer, thus forming two distinct domains.
La Compañía de Jesús ha estado empeñada en la acomodación del régimen original de pobreza religiosa a las nuevas circunstancias históricas a través de nuevas estructuras. Este tema se trató especialmente en las Congregaciones Generales 31 y 32. Se expone en este estudio la génesis de esta reforma y sus líneas esenciales examinando el grado y modo de su coherencia con el espíritu y régimen original de la pobreza de la Compañía. El tema consiste en un esfuerzo en expresar un mismo espíritu en normas parcialmente distintas de las originales. Se trata de hacer servir siempre las normas al espíritu que se pretende encarnar. Las conclusiones de esta acomodación apuntan a vivir en la práctica en circunstancias históricas y socioculturales muy distintas de las primitivas, la exigencia nuclear de la pobreza de los orígenes.
Doina-Cristina Rusu, Elizabeth Cardona Muñoz (Trad.), Juan Fernando Álvarez Céspedes (Trad.)
En este artículo investigo las historias naturales de Francis Bacon haciendo énfasis en la latina Historia vitae et mortis y el póstumo Sylva Sylvarum. Mi tesis es que el filósofo inglés no estaba interesado en compilar historias naturales de particulares, sino de las virtudes, de los procesos y de la actividad oculta de la materia. Los dos escritos mencionados representan la ejemplificación de este interés. A pesar de sus muy diferentes estructuras y composiciones, comparten muchas características que los eleva al nivel de la filosofía natural. Como se muestra en este artículo, su relación con la teoría de la materia, la práctica experimental involucrada, y su carácter operativo representan elementos específicos de la metafísica y la magia natural. Escribiendo las “historias naturales de la materia” Bacon suprime la frontera entre el esfuerzo histórico natural y la empresa filosófico natural basados en el conocimiento de las causas.
Epistemology. Theory of knowledge, Science (General)
Johanna Buchcik, Joachim Westenhöfer, Mick Fleming
et al.
Objective: The Sf-36 is the most widely used instrument to measure health-related quality of life (HRQoL) with the most convincing evidence of both internal consistency and test–retest reliability. In addition, it is appropriate for use among elderly and minority groups like migrants. The aim of this study is to investigate and compare the reliability and the factorial structure of the Sf-36 in a sample of elderly migrants and natives. The hypothesis is that the construct (the HRQoL consisting of eight dimensions correlated with two components) is the same for elderly Turkish migrants, Polish migrants and German natives. This means that the Sf-36 model shows good psychometric properties and model invariance for the three groups investigated in this study. Methods: The Sf-36 v.2 was forward and backward translated to Turkish and Polish. In this cross-sectional study, interviews were conducted with a sample of elderly migrants from Turkey (n = 100), from Poland (n = 103) and a sample of elderly German natives (n = 101). All data were entered and analysed using SPSS version 21 and AMOS Graphics. Cronbach’s α was used to analyse the reliability of the Sf-36. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) and structural equation modelling (SEM) were used for the Sf-36 model invariance testing. Results: The reliability of the Sf-36 was good to excellent for all Sf-36 dimensions (α > 0.7) except for General Health (0.55) in the Polish group. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) showed non-invariance between the three groups (CMIN: 180.172, df: 51, CMIN/df: 3.533, p < 0.001, CFI: 0.895, RMSEA: 0.092 for the unconstrained model). Model modifications resulted in a good model fit for the Polish group. However, an applicable common Sf-36 model for the three groups was not attained. Conclusion: This study doesn’t support the idea that the factorial structure of the Sf-36 with two components and eight dimensions is the same across three ethnically and culturally diverse groups of elderly subjects. Therefore, comparing subscale scores of the Sf-36 between different ethnic groups may be problematic.
En el artículo a continuación abordamos la recepción de la obra de Castoriadis enAmerica Latina a través de un ejercicio de dialogo con uno de los autores del numero 11de PROMETEICA, Emanuele Profumi. En particular nos ocupamos de ilustrar elcontexto en el que dicha obra es recibida por los medios académicos y políticos en elcontinente gracias a los desarrollos de Castoriadis en torno al fenómeno descrito deaumento de la insignificancia, poniendo un énfasis particular en la noción dedescomposición social en cuya base se encontraría la crisis de autoreferencia en lasociedad contemporánea. Para argumentar la relevancia de la noción dedescomposición social hacemos uso de la manera como Castoriadis aborda la cuestióndel proyecto social en occidente y de la manera como su ausencia tiene un efectodefinitivo para la relación de occidente a nivel global y muy particularmente respecto alabismo que lo separa del mundo Árabe. Damos cuenta de todo ello teniendo delante losrecientes atentados en Paris y el conflicto actual que involucra las potencias mundialesy el Estado Islámico.
The ‘Scala Amoris’ (210a-212b), or ‘Ladder of Love’, constitutes the philosophical and aesthetic centrepiece of Socrates’ encomium of Eros in Plato’s Symposium. Here Diotima describes how a lover ascending up the Ladder directs his erotic attention to a number of difference kinds of beautiful objects, first bodies, then souls, just institutions and knowledge, until he catches a glimpse of Beauty itself. In this paper I advance an ‘inclusive’ reading of the lover’s ascent – to use Price’s 1991 terminology – with a particular emphasis on justifying such a reading concerning the final step.
http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2183-4105_15_6
Pravidlá: spoločnosť, jazyk a racionalita
Abstrakt:Táto kritická štúdia sa zameriava na problematiku spolupráce a pravidiel, diskutovanú Jaroslavom Peregrinom v knihe Človek a pravidla (Praha: Dokořán 2011). Okrem extenzívneho exkurzu do osnovy Peregrinových hlavných myšlienok a argumentov budú systematicky analyzované niektoré kľúčové otázky patriace do tejto interdisciplinárnej teoretickej oblasti, pričom sa kriticky posúdia niektoré prvky Peregrinovho špecifického prístupu. Konkrétne, budem argumentovať, že Peregrinom preferovaná koncepcia pravidla - ako propozičného poznania, že niečo by malo (nemalo) nejako byť - nemôže dobre slúžiť jeho zámerom, ak chce udržať jeho evolučný prístup k pravidlám.
Rules: Society, Language, Rationality
Abstract:This critical review focuses on the topic of cooperation and rules discussed in the book by Jaroslav Peregrin: Človek a pravidla [Man and Rules] (Praha: Dokořán 2011). Except of an extensive excurse into the structure of Peregrin's main ideas and arguments, it aims to provide a systematic analysis of some central issues in this interdisciplinary theoretical field, while discussing some elements of Peregrin's specific approach. In particular, it will be argued that Peregrin's preferred conception of rule - as propositional knowledge to the effect that something ought to be (or ought not to be) a certain way - cannot serve well his purposes, if Peregrin is to keep his evolutionary perspective on rules.
Recenzja książki: M. Kumar, Kwantowy świat. Einstein, Bohr i wielki spór o naturę rzeczywistości, U. i M. Seweryńscy (tłum.), Prószyński i S-ka, Warszawa 2012, s. 496.
No doubt mysticism is the essence of religious experience and this experience for both those who have religious beliefs and those who have not such beliefs typically causes changes in life. Regardless of the difficulty of describing the mystical experiences which seems very far from the conceptual framework of normal moods, it appears that the similarities among the various religious traditions for various mystical states can be outlined. These similarities include: the experience of unity, the feeling of being beyond time and space, sense of sacredness, a sense of joy and happiness, unity and awareness of the public with a vacuum and an eternal ultimate reality. Mystical states can be divided into two distinct categories: transcendent and immanent. Though Mysticism and spiritual meditation have some considerable similarities to each other, but they certainly look different. These two mystical tendencies in east & west religious faiths in the world to be seen with difference. Differences over the interpretation of mystical experiences may be caused by cultural and linguistic differences and distinctions. Psychological interpretations, neuro psychological and cognitive science of mystical experiences of the research approach is innovative in the world.