Hasil untuk "Political science (General)"

Gary King, James Honaker, Anne Joseph O'Connell et al.

Roderik Rekker

People have a tendency to disregard information that contradicts their partisan or ideological identity. This inclination can become especially striking when citizens reject notions that scientists would consider “facts” in the light of overwhelming scientific evidence and consensus. The resulting polarization over science has reached alarming levels in recent years. This theoretical review conceptualizes political polarization over science and argues that it is driven by two interrelated processes. Through psychological science rejection, people can implicitly disregard scientific facts that are inconsistent with their political identity. Alternatively, citizens can engage in ideological science rejection by adhering to a political ideology that explicitly contests science. This contestation can in turn be subdivided into four levels of generalization: An ideology can dispute either specific scientific claims, distinct research fields, science in general, or the entire political system and elite. By proposing this interdisciplinary framework, this article aims to integrate insights from various disciplines.

Michel Waly DIOUF

Cet article examine la réutilisation des coquillages fossiles et décrit en même temps les anomalies ou les déformations observées sur les individus. La démarche adoptée repose en effet sur une combinaison de plusieurs activités allant de la recherche documentaire à l’examen du mobilier coquillier, en passant par les enquêtes ethnographiques, la prospection et les fouilles archéologiques. Nos fouilles effectuées sur le site de Balloum, près du village de Moundé (basSaloum) ont mis au jour des spécimens coquilliers déformés ou réutilisés le plus souvent en des objets de parures ou d’ustensiles. Mots-clés : ,

Éltető Andrea, Szemlér Tamás

Hungary had been one of the frontrunners in the political and economic transition process in Central and Eastern Europe in the 1990s, and in 2004 it joined the European Union. Since 2010, Hungary has gradually become an autocratic regime, a process that has been facilitated by the political benefits of EU integration and money transfers. While the support of the Hungarian people for EU membership has remained high, tensions have increased between the Hungarian government and EU institutions. This article evaluates how the external shock of Russia’s war against Ukraine has shaken Hungary’s so far developed authoritarian equilibrium within the EU. The authors show how embedded the Hungarian autocracy has become and argue that although there have been some effects to the pillars of the authoritarian equilibrium, it has remained stable, and most probably will continue to do so, as long as the illiberal regime stays in power.

S. Jäckle

ABSTRACT This article investigates the impact that the decision to switch an academic conference to an online event had on its carbon footprint. Using the example of the biggest European Political Science conference, the European Consortium for Political Research General Conference, it comprehensively estimates the amount of greenhouse gases produced by the virtual event and by the hypothetical case, if the event had taken place physically, including emissions from electricity usage, travel, heating, and catering. The carbon footprint of the virtual conference turned out to be between at least 97 and 200 times smaller than it would have been if the meeting had taken place in person. Hybrid conferences, particularly if those participants from far away join the event online, combined with the promotion of land-bound travel for those attending in person—even if this means longer travel times than flying—could be a feasible compromise to reduce emissions by almost 90%.

Gabriel Cohn

Resumo O artigo destaca a dificuldade de se definir “fascismo”. Mesmo assim, nota como foram elaboradas concepções genéricas de fascismo, a partir das quais, variados casos podem ser confrontados. Chama igualmente a atenção para a existência de uma dimensão institucional e uma dimensão ideológica no fascismo; a primeira tendo sido enfrentada, a segunda negligenciada. Ao se confrontar o Brasil com “fascismo clássico”, indica que aqui não teríamos a criação de algo novo, mas a explicitação de traços profundamente arraigados de nossa sociedade. Nesse sentido, é sugerido que entre nós, mais do que falar propriamente em fascismo, se poderia apontar para a existência de algo como um “fascismo latente”, sempre capaz de vir à tona e, portanto, especialmente preocupante.

Armenia Androniceanu, Doina-Mihaela Marton

The Covid-19 pandemic generated a global crisis involving most countries in the world. State governments worldwide were forced to take appropriate measures impacting different fields. The Romanian government and other local public authorities developed special measures to curb the spread of the SARS-COV-2 virus in Romania in general and in Bucharest, the country’s capital. The purpose of our research was to identify the social and psychological impact of the governmental measures on the citizens of Bucharest. The research was conducted between 28 November and 25 December 2020, but refers to the measures taken by the government and local authorities from the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic to date. The sample, representative for Bucharest, included 421 citizens living in Bucharest, aged between 19 and 40 years. The data were collected using an online questionnaire. Other methods used to analyse the results and verify the hypothesis included the multiple regression model and some applications in Excel. The results confirmed that governmental measures had a strong social and psychological impact on citizens, changing their social behaviour and causing psychological disorders, such as depression and anxiety. Our research results can help the Romanian authorities avoid problems among the population and adapt their measures to better meet the population’s psychosocial needs in time of the Covid-19 pandemic crisis, which is far from over.

Nadiya Dubrovina, Russell Gerrard, Stanislav Filip et al.

Healthcare is one of the most important sectors of the public economy in the EU countries. An important task in the analysis and prediction of the values for healthcare funding is the development and application of quantitative models based on different mathematical methods. Three of the most popular indicators used for the macroeconomic description of the funding of healthcare are: (1) total government expenditure on health as a percentage of GDP; (2) total government expenditure on health as a percentage of total general government expenditure; and (3) total government expenditure on health per capita. The aim of this research is to study the trends for the main indicators of healthcare funding on the macroeconomic level and to develop models based on time series methods for analysis of the features of the trends and the prediction of the values for the next time period.

Marat Kappasov

Introduction. The article, based on the “Materials on the Kyrgyz (Kazakh) Land Use Collected and Developed by the Statistical Parties of the Turgai-Ural Resettlement Region”, examines the crafts of the nomads of the Lbischensky, Uralsky, Turgai, Irgiz, Temir uyezds in the early 20th century. Temir, Lbishchensky and Ural uyezds belonged to the Ural region, Turgai and Irgiz uyezds to the Turgai region. Methods and materials. Using the mathematical method, the method of comparative analysis and content analysis, the author shows how much income per person came from crafts in the studied uyezds and proves that crafts were only additional industries and could not compete with nomadic cattle breeding. The article examines the crafts that brought the greatest income. Farmhands, transportation, groundhog hunting, fishing, etc., were well-known crafts; the Muslim spiritual cult and its servants was an unusual craft. Analysis. Our article shows that the studied uyezds had their own craft specializations. For example, a significant number of nomads in Lbischensky uyezd were engaged in transportation, in Turgai uyezd in hunting groundhogs, in Irgiz uyezd in hunting and fishing. Results. At the end of the article, the author concludes that the majority of nomads were primarily engaged in crafts as farmhands due to their poverty.

Kakia Chatsiou, Slava Jankin

Political science, and social science in general, have traditionally been using computational methods to study areas such as voting behavior, policy making, international conflict, and international development. More recently, increasingly available quantities of data are being combined with improved algorithms and affordable computational resources to predict, learn, and discover new insights from data that is large in volume and variety. New developments in the areas of machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing (NLP), and, more generally, artificial intelligence (AI) are opening up new opportunities for testing theories and evaluating the impact of interventions and programs in a more dynamic and effective way. Applications using large volumes of structured and unstructured data are becoming common in government and industry, and increasingly also in social science research. This chapter offers an introduction to such methods drawing examples from political science. Focusing on the areas where the strengths of the methods coincide with challenges in these fields, the chapter first presents an introduction to AI and its core technology - machine learning, with its rapidly developing subfield of deep learning. The discussion of deep neural networks is illustrated with the NLP tasks that are relevant to political science. The latest advances in deep learning methods for NLP are also reviewed, together with their potential for improving information extraction and pattern recognition from political science texts.

Rogers M. Smith

At a time when authoritarian regimes are on the rise around the world, higher education in general and political science in particular are facing declining support and sharper political pressures in many places. Political scientists have long promised that their discipline can add to knowledge about politics and educate citizens. However, doubts have grown about whether our increasingly pluralistic discipline collectively generates useful knowledge and communicates it effectively in teaching and in broader public communications. Political scientists need to do more to place their particular studies within big pictures of how politics and the world work, and to synthesize their results. They must focus more on the politics of identity formation that has generated resurgent nationalisms and deep social divisions. They must strengthen their understanding and their community contributions through civically engaged research. They must also place greater emphasis on improving teaching. In these ways, modern scholars can show there is much good that political science can do.

Wahib Assyahri, Mercya Vaguita

Aplikasi Siskeudes ini merupakan suatu sistem yang dikembangkan oleh BPKP dalam meningkatkan kualitas tata kelola keuangan desa. Pemerintah Padang Pariaman sudah menetapkan Siskeudes untuk diaplikasikan namun pada kenyataannya masih banyak nagari yang ada di Kecamatan 2x11 Kayutanam khususnya nagari kayu tanam ini mengalami kendala dalam mengaplikasikannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pelaksanaan aplikasi Siskeudes di Nagari Kayu dalam mewujudkan pengelolaan keuangan nagari yang transparan dan secara akuntabel. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif. Data penelitian didapatkan melalui observasi, studi dokumentasi, dan wawancara secara mendalam, kemudian dianalisis dengan tiga tahapan untuk penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) Penerapan Aplikasi Siskeudes di Nagari Kayu Tanam sudah cukup baik dalam penggunaannya, dilihat dari aspek efisiensi, efektif, dan kesesuaian dalam aplikasi tersebut melalui tahap perencanaan dan tahap pelaksanaan, sedangkan belum efektif dan belum ada kesesuaian pada tahap pelaporan dan tahap pertanggungjawaban, tetapi masih banyak kendala yang dihadapi dalam pelaksanaannya, yaitu; kurangnya sumber daya manusia yang ada; pelatihan-pelatihan dari pihak kabupaten belum maksimal; keterlambatan dalam penyusunan laporan pertanggungjawaban; dan partisipasi masyarakat yang masih kurang. (2) Faktor-faktor penyebab kendala yang ditemukan dalam penggunaan sistem keuangan desa tersebut, yaitu adanya kesalahan teknis, adanya gangguan lingkungan, dan adanya kelalaian manusia. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pembahasan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan aplikasi sistem keuangan desa (Siskeudes) di Nagari Kayu Tanam Kecamatan 2x11 Kayutanam sudah cukup baik diterapkan tetapi dalam pelaksanaannya masih ada kendala-kendala yang terjadi.

Nagorniak K. M.

The paper presents findings of a survey into values of different generations conducted by Academy DTEK jointly with hh.ua|grc During two months of 2019 we polled 2,182 visitors of the Ukrainian Job portal hh.ua|grc (both job seekers and employers), followers of the survey organizers’ pages in social networks (Facebook and Telegram) aged between 15 and 72. The purpose of the study was to find out the central values of young people and older generations of Ukraine. To study the values of generations, the author used Shalom Schwartz’s method of ten fundamental individual values. The method was applied to three different generations. The findings of the poll enabled us to answer questions regarding values and job values of generations X, Y, and Z. What are the similarities and differences of generations, what motivates them at work, and which supervisor is more comfortable for them to work with. The outcome of this survey is a data-oriented database for Ukrainian businesses and the state and public sectors. As the survey shows, the youth upholds values related to individualistic preferences and openness to change: young people strive for new ideas, adventures, and risks and want to be creative and go their own way. The older generation holds values associated with the preservation of traditions and customs, conformity (following rules and norms), and security. Representatives of different generations need different things from their potential supervisors. For instance, Generation Z feels it is essential to be able to ask their supervisor any questions they like, even if they may sound “ridiculous”, and be treated as equals by their supervisor. For Generation Y, their supervisor must discuss professional development issues with them: their goals and expectations concerning career advancement. For Generation X, the supervisor must trust them and build a climate of mutual support and collaboration in the team.

Ana Cláudia Niedhardt Capella

Abstract This article aims to present a brief reflection on the studies in the field of the public policy agenda. To this end, the text presents the main theoretical and methodological developments on the subject found in the international literature, with an emphasis on three fundamental contributions: the studies developed by Cobb and Elder in the 1970s; John Kingdon’s multiple streams model in the 1980s; and Baumgartner and Jones’ propositions from the 1990s until the present. Next, we seek to understand how policy agenda-setting studies have been developed in Brazil. To do so, we conduct a mapping of the Brazilian academic production, considering theses, dissertations, and articles published in journals between 2000 and 2018. In conclusion, we note the growing expansion of agenda studies in Brazil, and we draw attention to some of the characteristics of these works, such as the preferred policy areas and the theoretical and methodological frameworks favored by researchers, among other aspects.

Nicolas Addor, Marcos Viana Costódio

A pesquisa pretende analisar a estrutura jurídico-administrativa da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES e sua relevância para a regulação da pós-graduação stricto sensu brasileira, buscando, assim, demonstrar que a entidade possui, de fato, a condição de agência reguladora. Para isso, é necessário abordar três pontos, utilizando, para tanto, metodologia dedutiva, com fontes bibliográficas e documentais relacionados à entidade: O primeiro ponto busca descrever e contextualizar a formação da fundação CAPES, bem como relatar as atividades administrativas que exerce sobre a pós-graduação. No segundo ponto, aborda-se sobre o processo histórico de surgimento das agências reguladoras, analisando também os objetivos e atribuições a elas incumbidas. Por fim, no terceiro ponto, expôs-se, de maneira crítica, considerações sobre a condição da CAPES como agência reguladora. Dessa maneira, compreende-se que uma fundação pública, quando atende uma função típica do Estado, não é, apesar do que formalmente a lei que a instituiu afirma, uma fundação, mas sim, ao contrário, uma autarquia, o que possibilita compará-la com uma agência reguladora. Conclui, assim, que em razão dos extensos poderes que a CAPES exerce sobre os programas de pós-graduação, a sua natureza autárquica e por regular uma atividade econômica, em sentido amplo, considera-se que ela é na realidade uma agência reguladora da pós-graduação brasileira.  Além disso, dado o esvaziamento terminológico da noção de agência, a condição diferenciada dos dirigentes não é um fator relevante para a categorização de um ente da administração indireta como agência.

T. H. Chen

Abstract Interactions between units in political systems often occur across multiple relational contexts. These relational systems feature interdependencies that result in inferential shortcomings and poorly-fitting models when ignored. General advancements in inferential network analysis have improved our ability to understand relational systems featuring interdependence, but developments specific to working with interdependence that cross relational contexts remain sparse. In this paper, I introduce a multilayer network approach to modeling systems comprising multiple relations using the exponential random graph model. In two substantive applications, the first a policy communication network and the second a global conflict network, I demonstrate that the multilayer approach affords inferential leverage and produces models that better fit observed data.

Олександра Гірна, Ілона Карпяк

Тіньова економіка притаманна всім без винятку економічним системам світу. Проте збільшення частки тіньової економіки створює значні перешкоди для зростання в економічній і соціальний сферах, конкурентоспроможності та інтеграції країни в міжнародний економічний простір. Дослідження масштабів тінізації є складним завданням, яке потребує великої кількості різних методів. Це пов’язано з тим, що тіньова економіка має прихований характер і проявляється по-різному залежно від сфери функціонування, що породжує складності оцінювання її частки в національній економіці. Проведено ідентифікацію переваг і недоліків методів оцінювання рівня тіньової економіки та кількісний аналіз чутливості соціально-економічного розвитку національних економік до впливу тіньової економіки. Статистично підтверджено висновок про те, що в розвинутих країнах фіксуються найнижчі рівні тіньової економіки, натомість найбідніші країни мають переважно екстремальні частки тіньового сектору економіки. Кореляційно-регресійний аналіз виявив, що серед показників соціально-економічного розвитку країн одним із найбільш чутливих до негативного впливу рівня тіньової економіки попереднього періоду є сумарний внутрішній кредит у  приватний сектор.

Victor Asal, Nakissa Jahanbani, Donnett Lee et al.

ABSTRACT Students often find lectures on political science methodology difficult to grasp. Based on our success of simulations and games in teaching various political science theories, we created several mini-games to help students gain exposure in engaging ways with aspects of quantitative and qualitative methodology. We use techniques in which students learn through “gimmicks” (Schacht and Stewart 1990; 1992), for which they are the data points that they are studying. We believe that drawing conclusions based on what students do and think empowers them to better understand the sometimes tricky elements of political science methods. Each of the three games described in this article required little to no preparation time. We have used these mini-games in several courses and have received positive feedback from students about their utility. Thus, we are sharing them for more general use.

Zhongyuan Wang, Sujian Guo

Rachel L. Finn