Кузнецова О.А., Негашева М.А., Хафизова А.А.
et al.
Введение. Формирование дефинитивной длины тела определяется генетическими факторами и факторами окружающей среды. Актуальной задачей является межсистемный анализ связей секулярной динамики длины тела с изменениями во времени социально-экономических и демографических показателей. Подобная модель взаимосвязей была разработана для изменений длины тела населения России во второй половине XX в. на основе флуктуаций во времени социально-экономических и демографических показателей. Цель данной работы – проверка работоспособности общероссийской модели на региональных материалах – анализ общих тенденций и выявление особенностей на примере четырех крупных городов России.
Материалы и методы. Материалами послужили временные ряды антропометрических, социально-экономических и демографических показателей из открытых источников. Использованы данные по длине тела, собранные авторами в 2020-2024 гг. в результате обследования молодежи 17-23 лет в четырех городах России: Барнаул, Москва, Петрозаводск и Краснодар. Длина тела для демографических когорт с 1930-39 гг. до начала 2000-х гг. рождения получена из источников литературы.
Результаты и обсуждение. Показано, что изменчивость длины тела в отдельных городах и федеральных округах сходна с общероссийской. В первой половине XX в. наблюдается резкое увеличение дефинитивной длины тела с последующим снижением прироста и выходом на плато. Для современной когорты обследованных (2000-2006 гг. рождения) в некоторых крупных городах отмечено уменьшение длины тела.
Заключение. Проверка регрессионной модели общероссийского секулярного тренда длины тела в связи с изменениями во времени социально-экономических и демографических показателей на региональных данных показала близкие результаты. Выявленные региональные особенности могут быть обусловлены разновременной динамикой изменений социально-экономических условий. Незначительное уменьшение длины тела в некоторых городах России у молодежи 2000-2006 гг. рождения может свидетельствовать об изменении направления секулярного тренда, что подтверждает общебиологическую гипотезу о волнообразном характере трансэпохальной динамики дефинитивной длины тела.
Финансирование. Работа выполнена при поддержке гранта РНФ № 23-18-00086 «Региональные особенности влияния социально-экономических и социокультурных факторов на секулярный тренд размеров тела современной молодёжи на рубеже XX-XXI веков».
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, Physical anthropology. Somatology
Sasha T. Manso González, Rocío C. Gambaro, Analía I. Seoane
et al.
Las células cancerígenas están muy adaptadas y suelen ser resistentes a los agentes antitumorales, lo cual impedimenta una terapia efectiva contra el cáncer. Sin embargo, en estas células se encuentran factores que pueden modificar la respuesta al tratamiento quimioterapéutico. Resultados previos, obtenidos en células tumorales HeLa, demostraron que el ácido fólico (AF) combinado con el carboplatino (CBP) permitía bajar la dosis de CBP utilizada y aumentar la actividad del compuesto platinado. En este sentido, es imprescindible evaluar los efectos de dicho tratamiento en las células sanas. Por este motivo, se analizó el efecto del tratamiento combinado de AF y CBP in vitro sobre la viabilidad celular (ensayo MTT) utilizando sangre periférica de mujeres sanas. Los cultivos se realizaron por 48 horas a 37°C, durante las últimas 24 horas se efectuaron los tratamientos: 1. control negativo (CN); 2. control AF (900 nM); 3. control CBP (40,4 mM); 4. control de manitol (ML 40,4 mM); 5. combinado AF-CBP (900 nM-40,4 mM); 6. combinado AF-ML (900 nM-40,4 mM); 7. control positivo (CP etanol 10%). Los cultivos que recibieron la combinación AF-CBP presentaron una viabilidad similar a la observada para el CN. Por el contrario, en los cultivos que recibieron el tratamiento sólo con CBP la viabilidad disminuyó de manera estadísticamente significativa respecto de dicho control. Estos hallazgos podrían resultar un aporte explorando el uso del AF en protocolos basados en agentes platinados, con el fin de reducir las dosis en el tratamiento de pacientes y la aparición de efectos secundarios.
Sergio Moreno, Mohamed Amine Doukani, Ana Hipólito
et al.
During the last two decades, the Macaronesian archipelagos have been the focus of multiple studies targeting the abundant and diversified fossil record from late Neogene and Quaternary deposits. This record of past biota, ecosystems and climates is crucial for understanding the impact of glacial–interglacial cycles on Atlantic littoral marine organisms. Coupled with ongoing studies on the factors responsible for global climate change and associated sea-level variations, they contributed decisively towards the development of the modern marine island biogeography theory. Our current knowledge of the evolutionary and biogeographic history of the past and extant, shallow-water marine organisms from the Macaronesian geographic region relies on detailed analysis of many individual fossiliferous outcrops by means of quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Here, we focus on the fossil record of a newly studied MIS 5e outcrop at Pedra-que-pica (PQP), on Santa Maria Island (Azores Archipelago, Portugal). This multidisciplinary work integrates geology, paleontology and biology, providing the first detailed description of the sedimentary facies and stratigraphic framework of the PQP MIS 5e sequence that, coupled with the documentation of the biodiversity and ecological composition of PQP molluscan assemblages, allows us to produce a paleoecological reconstruction and to compare PQP with other last interglacial outcrops from Santa Maria Island. Our results increase the number of the Azorean MIS 5e marine molluscs to 140 taxa (116 Gastropoda and 24 Bivalvia). <i>Ervilia castanea</i> (Montagu, 1803) is the most abundant bivalve, while <i>Bittium nanum</i> (Mayer, 1864) and <i>Melarhaphe neritoides</i> (Linnaeus, 1758) are the most abundant gastropod species. In addition, this work emphasizes the crucial importance of complementing quantitative collecting with qualitative surveys of the fossiliferous outcrops, because nearly 42% of the bivalve species and 28% of the gastropod taxa would be missed if only quantitative samples were used. Derivation of Hill numbers and rarefaction curves both indicate that the sampling effort should be increased at PQP. Thus, although Santa Maria Island is recognized by the scientific community as one of the best-studied islands regarding the last interglacial fossil record, this study emphasizes the need to continue with similar efforts in less known outcrops on the island.
Evolutionary biologists, primarily palaeoanthropologists, anatomists and ontogenists, employ modern geometric morphometrics to quantitatively analyse physical forms (e.g., skull morphology) and explore relationships, variations, and differences between samples and taxa using landmark coordinates. The standard approach comprises two steps: Generalised Procrustes Analysis (GPA) followed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). PCA projects the superimposed data produced by GPA onto a set of uncorrelated variables, which can be visualised on scatterplots and used to draw phenetic, evolutionary, and ontogenetic conclusions. Recently, the use of PCA in genetic studies has been challenged. Due to PCA’s central role in morphometrics, we sought to evaluate the standard approach and claims based on PCA outcomes. To test PCA’s accuracy, robustness, and reproducibility using benchmark data of the crania of five papionin genera, we developed MORPHIX, a Python package for processing superimposed landmark data with classifier and outlier detection methods, which can be further visualised using various plots. Throughout this manuscript, we address the recent and contentious use of PCA in physical anthropology and phylogenetic inference, such as the case of Homo Nesher Ramla, an archaic hominin with a questionable taxonomy. We found that PCA outcomes are artefacts of the input data and are neither reliable, robust, nor reproducible as field members may assume. We also found that supervised machine learning classifiers are more accurate both for classification and detecting new taxa. Our findings raise concerns about PCA-based findings applied in 18,400 to 35,200 Physical anthropology studies. Our work can be used to evaluate prior and novel claims concerning the origins and relatedness of inter- and intra-species and improve phylogenetic and taxonomic reconstructions.
Introduction. This work continues the series of articles devoted to the assessment of the main directions of auxology development in Russian anthropology. This part presents and describes the work of the staff of the Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology of Lomonosov Moscow State University, the Department of Anthropology of the Faculty of Biology of Lomonosov Moscow State University, as well as the Russian University Sport (SCOLIPE) and the Federal Science Center of Physical Culture and Sport (VNIIFK). Materials and methods. In this part of the work, articles devoted to the comprehensive assessment of the research of physical development in the context of psychology, psychophysiology, genetics and sports anthropology, which were published in the «Lomonosov Journal of Anthropology (Moscow University Anthropology Bulletin)» from 2009 to 2022 were used as a source of information. Results and discussion. The described works evaluate, firstly, the psychosomatic connections of self-esteem and soma parameters that determine it, as well as the specifics of the processes of growth and adaptation in biological and psychological aspects. Secondly, the intra-group variability of neurophysiological parameters (EEG parameters) and the analysis of their correlations with somatic indicators are considered. Thirdly, the contribution of genetic factors to the development of morphological trait systems, primarily associated with increased body weight and obesity, is evaluated. In addition, the results of studies devoted to the search for predictors of sports success and the analysis of the physical status of athletes of various specializations are presented. Conclusion. The number of works similar to those described in this review is steadily growing every year, which suggests an increasing integrative nature of anthropological research.
Natalia Albuquerque, Carine Savalli, Marina Belli
et al.
Capuchin monkeys have rich social relationships and from very young ages they participate in complex interactions with members of their group. Lipsmacking behaviour, which involves at least two individuals in socially mediated interactions, may tell about processes that maintain, accentuate or attenuate emotional exchanges in monkeys. Lipsmacking is a facial expression associated with the establishment and maintenance of affiliative interactions, following under the ‘emotional regulation’ umbrella, which accounts for the ability to manage behavioural responses. We investigated behaviours related to the emitter and to the receiver (infant) of lipsmacking to answer the question of how lipsmacking occurs. In capuchin monkeys, lipsmacking has been previously understood solely as a face-to-face interaction. Our data show that emitters are engaged with infants, looking longer towards their face and seeking eye contact during the display. However, receivers spend most of the time looking away from the emitter and stay in no contact for nearly half of the time. From naturalistic observations of wild infant capuchin monkeys from Brazil we found that lipsmacking is not restricted to mutual gaze, meaning there are other mechanisms in place than previously known. Our results open paths to new insights about the evolution of socio-emotional displays in primates.
В статье дается обзор первого года жизни нового журнала Института этнологии и антропологии РАН — «Российского журнала физической антропологии». Согласно замыслу главного редактора С. В. Васильева, издание полностью посвящено биологической антропологии и его рубрики отражают направления данной науки. В первую очередь это — эволюционная антропология, включающая морфологию ископаемых останков, палеоневрологию, палео‑генетические исследования, проблемы палеолитоведения, приматологии и приматогенеза, этологии приматов, таксономии. Затем рубрика возрастной и конституциональной антропологии, а также проблем биологической адаптации и микроэволюционных процессов. Современные направления исследований также представляют палеодемография, палеодиетология, палеопатология и наиболее созвучная тематике Института рубрика, посвященная антропологическому составу древнего и современного населения Земного шара и реконструкции древних и современных локальных этногенезов. The article presents an overview of the first year of a new journal — the Russian Journal of Physical Anthropology headed by Professor Sergey Vasilyev and published by the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. This journal publishes original research, theoretical articles and brief communications in the interdisciplinary field of Physical Anthropology. According to the idea of the Editor‑in‑Chief S. V. Vasilyev, the topics of the journal reflect the key subfields of Physical Anthropology. First of all, this is human evolution, including the morphology of human fossils, paleoneurology, paleogenetic studies, problems of palaeolithology, primatology and primatogenesis, primate ethology and taxonomy. Then these are auxology and constitutional anthropology, problems of biological adaptation and microevolutionary processes, modern areas of research (paleodemography, paleodietology, paleopathology) and the subfield most consonant with the scientific research of the Institute — the anthropological characteristics of past and present human communities and the reconstruction of ancient and modern local ethnogenetic processes.
Alexei S. Kassian, George Starostin, Ilya M. Egorov
et al.
In this paper, we present the results of our analysis of the 110-item basic wordlists for four reconstructed and one ancient languages, the linguistic ancestors of five language families which are hypothesized to constitute the Altaic (a.k.a. Transeurasian) macrofamily: Proto-Turkic, Proto-Mongolic, Proto-Tungusic, Middle Korean and Proto-Japonic wordlists. Protolanguage wordlists were reconstructed according to strict criteria of semantic reconstruction, based on accurate semantic glossing of forms in daughter languages. Each involved form was encoded into a bi-consonantal CC-shaped sequence using the consonant class method, after which a recently developed weighted permutation test was applied. In a typical situation, our algorithm makes a small number of type 1 errors (false positive), but the number of type 2 errors (false negative) can be substantial. Our main finding is that pairs between the Nuclear Altaic taxa – Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic – as well as the Turkic-Japonic and Tungusic-Japonic pairs demonstrate significant p-values. In some cases, this can be attributed to either ancient contacts or genealogical relationships, but at least for the Turkic–Japonic pair, a contact scenario is unlikely owing to geographical remoteness.
Dorinda Raphine Borg, Ashley Hilton Ross, Kabelo Garosi
et al.
Abstract Background: The medical aesthetics industry is a very profitable and rapidly growing branch of medicine. Currently, somatologists or beauty therapists who either independently perform or assist medical directors in these aesthetic procedures, are not regulated by a professional body in most countries including South Africa. The absence of a prescribed scope of practice, attributed to absence of formal professional regulation, has resulted in an increase in anecdotal reports of complications and malpractice being referred to medical professionals. Since the mandate of regulatory bodies is to guide the professions and to protect patients and the public, currently, the absence of regulation in the somatology profession exposes patients/clients to unsafe practices predominately in the private sector. The objective of this scoping review is to map evidence on the somatology practices and regulations for non-medical aesthetic treatments. Methods: We will conduct a scoping review using peer reviewed journal articles that present literature on the practice of non-medical aesthetic treatments. Grey literature including media reports, and unpublished theses will be included. Electronic searches of databases and search engines such as Scopus, CINAHL, EBSCOhost, Health Source - Consumer Edition; Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, Open Dissertations, Google Scholar and MEDLINE will be undertaken to attain published articles and reports from all study designs. Duplicated documents will be deleted prior to title screening commencing. All retrieved literature will be exported into an Endnote X20 library. The quality of each publication will be appraised using the mixed methods appraisal tool (MMAT) – version 2018.Discussion: We will map the evidence of how non-medical treatments are commonly being performed by non-physicians and somatologists, including identifying which treatments and procedures are more at risk in resulting in adverse reactions if not administered ethically or correctly. Once summarised, the data could be used to develop relevant and current good practice guidelines that could be later integrated into a framework for somatologists performing non-medical aesthetics treatments in South Africa. Systematic review registration: Open Science Framework registration (https://osf.io/4fk8g/)
With the democratization of computers, tablets and smartphones, the data acquisition and exploration on archaeological sites are changing significantly. The digitization of information allows a faster, more efficient and more standardized data recording that facilitates the synthesis work required by the discipline. Numerous database programmes are being developed in archaeology and physical anthropology, notably with targeted tools developed to meet specific needs. However, to the authors’ knowledge, no efficient, free and open-source program for the recording of human bones in an archaeological context exists yet. In this paper, a mobile application for the intuitive recording of human bones from archaeological sites is described; this app, defined for the field and biological anthropologists, allows making an inventory of the burials from site to the laboratory from archaeological digs in an intuitive style. In addition to the recording of the skeleton, the application permits the recording of the discovery context. The application also gives significant freedom to the user, who can easily create research fields to their own research objectives. Finally, it permits exporting the information, either as text (automatic report) and/or as tables for statistical use. It is a modular, ergonomic and portable tool which meets researchers' requirements without needing an internet connection; it stores the recorded information in several formats (CSV, SVG, HTML and/or JSON), in a sustainable computer language, permitting complementary modules development. The system is implemented in the form of a free and open-source web application, programmed in JavaScript (available from http://www.humanos.cnrs.fr/) and supplied in the form of a simple ZIP file to decompress. The application does not require any special installation, as it opens by clicking on the executable "HumanOS.html" with any web browser, even without an Internet connection.Highlights:We have developed a mobile application which allows "field anthropologists" to record burials inventories from archaeological excavations on site and in the laboratory, in an intuitive way.In addition to recording the skeleton, the application makes it possible to note the context of the discovery and to create fields of investigation according to its own research objectives.It allows data export in the form of text (automatic report) and/or tables for statistical uses.
ABSTRACT This paper examines the complex relationship between nation building and science of race by tracing the development of Czech physical anthropology before and after WWI. I am particularly interested in the shifting epistemologies of race as part of the political economy of knowledge and its transformations in the changing historical circumstances marked by nationalism. My argument pinpoints the ambivalence of racial theory, employed by Czech physical anthropologists, as both the precondition and product of the complex interplay between science, politics and popular culture in the early twentieth-century post-/Habsburg territories. Abbreviations: ANM (Archiv Národního muzea): Archive of the National Museum, Prague; AUK (Archiv University Karlovy): Archive of Charles University, Prague
Human populations and their history have been studied at the Institute of History since 1952 when the young researcher Karin Mark started her career here. Later, Karin Mark became a leading researcher in palaeoanthro pology and somatology of Finno-Ugric peoples, and her working group grew. At the end of the 1980s, Leiu Heapost took over the position as group leader in anthropological research. In 1988 Raili Allmäe and in 2004 Jana Limbo-Simovart joined the group. Since 1998, Estonian research has been project-based; in the present paper we give a brief overview of our anthropological research at the Institute of History (and its descendants) in the last twenty years.
Karst-derived breccia is the most analysed deposit in fossil-bearing Southeast Asian caves due to its superior preservation potential for human, faunal, archaeological, and palaeontological data. The study of breccia can provide a better understanding of human and faunal histories, and an opportunity to investigate site taphonomy and insights into environments of deposition and post-depositional processes. We review the literature on approaches used to improve the taphonomic understanding of cave deposits in Southeast Asia and how these deposits fit into a cave’s life history. We discuss common methods used to extract taphonomic data retained in Southeast Asian cave deposits and the associated opportunities to discern the mechanisms of cave formation, depositional history, and faunal accumulation. While attempts have previously been made to discern the taphonomic characteristics of Pleistocene vertebrate remains in the region, there has been no comprehensive review outlining methods used to understand taphonomic histories and the biases introduced through these processes. We illustrate the challenges of researching cave breccias in Southeast Asia and the knowledge gaps brought about by conventional methodologies. Uncertainties exist about the extent to which breccia can be examined to infer the taphonomic history of a vertebrate assemblage. These uncertainties exist in part because of dating complexities. This review demonstrates that a taphonomic analysis of breccia in complex long-term accumulations requires a multi-disciplinary approach. We recommend using digital techniques to record spatial distribution data for a thorough interpretation of taphonomic characteristics.