Hasil untuk "Oriental languages and literatures"

ياسمين دخيل بخيت اللهيبي

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى إبراز البيئة الاجتماعية في منجز الببغاء الشعري، وهو من شعراء العصر العباسي الثاني الذي زخر بعدد من الفنون والعلوم؛ التي أثَّرت بشكل إيجابي في نتاجهم الشعري واتجاهاتهم الفنية. وقد حفل نتاجه الشعري بعدد من الأغراض الشعرية المتنوعة. وجاء البحث في مقدمة، وتمهيد، وثلاثة مباحث، وخاتمة، اشتمل التمهيد على التعريف بالشاعر، ونبذة موجزة عن علاقة المجتمع بالأدب، وتناول المبحث الأول: صورة العلاقات الاجتماعية، كصورة الأمراء، والمرأة، والأصدقاء، والمبحث الثاني: صورة القيم الاجتماعية، كصورة الزهد، والشجاعة، والعفو، أما المبحث الثالث: فقد تناول صورة المظاهر الاجتماعية، كالصورة الحضارية، والترف الاجتماعي. وقد اهتمت الدراسة بتحليل النصوص المختارة تحليلًا اجتماعيا فنيا يوضح أن الأدب لا يعكس الواقع فقط، بل يغيره، ويعيد تشكيله بطريقة تُلفت النظر إلى الشكل والأسلوب في اللغة والتعبير. وقد توصلت إلى عدد من النتائج، جاء من أهمها: أن الشاعر قد امتلك قدرة فنية على تصوير الأشياء ونقلها، وتجسيد المحسوسات آنذاك إلى صورة ناطقة حية، بالإضافة إلى أن الشاعر قد جعل القارئ يعيش أجواء المجتمع العباسي، من خلال تصوير العلاقات والقيم والمظاهر الاجتماعية، بشكل لافت من حيث الأسلوب واللغة والسمات الفنية والبنى النصية.

Hayk Avetisyan, Artak Gnuni, Levon Mkrtchyan et al.

The given contribution is devoted to the problem of computer modeling in archaeology. The territory of the Republic of Armenia is chosen as a target zone for investigations, which is considered in the context of historical and cultural developments of the neighboring countries. The chronological range of the given study is the Bronze and Iron Ages (3rd-1st millennia BC). Тhe principles of computer modeling are applicable to the investigation of monumental architecture (fortifications, towers, cairns, kites, kurgans, dolmens), aiming at reconstructing both the complexes of the monuments and the historical landscape.

Artyom Tonoyan, Artem Davydov

In New Persian (hereafter NP) there are more than two dozen Arabic borrowings, attested in different dictionaries and partly still using today for the concept of "leader" [8], while most of the words for the same concept in Middle Persian (hereafter MP) are of Iranian origin. The present article introduces and examines the lexemes attested in Middle Persian and Arabic with the meaning "leader, leader, commander". The choice of the Middle Persian language is due to the task of showing the features of the public perception of the concept "leader" and its expressions at the linguistic extent in Sassanid Iran, still free from strong Arab influence. On the other hand, the choice of Arabic is due to the fact that it shows the enormous influence that the Arab world had already in the post-Sassanid period on the Iranians' perception of the concept of "leader", and, consequently, the Arabic language itself, in the level of linguistic thought, in the face of Arabic borrowings to denote the concept of "leader" in NP. The Arabic loanwords in NP, used for the concept of "leader", are presented in the authors' previous paper [8], because of which the present examination is limited in the presentation of the denotants of the concept of "leader" only in Sasanian Middle Persian and Arabic.

Lucas C. Cordeiro, Matthew L. Daggitt, Julien Girard-Satabin et al.

Neural network verification is a new and rapidly developing field of research. So far, the main priority has been establishing efficient verification algorithms and tools, while proper support from the programming language perspective has been considered secondary or unimportant. Yet, there is mounting evidence that insights from the programming language community may make a difference in the future development of this domain. In this paper, we formulate neural network verification challenges as programming language challenges and suggest possible future solutions.

Marcelo Arenas, Pablo Barceló, Luis Cofré et al.

Kleinberg and Mullainathan showed that language generation in the limit is always possible at the level of computability: given enough positive examples, a learner can eventually generate data indistinguishable from a target language. However, such existence results do not address feasibility. We study the sample complexity of language generation in the limit for several canonical classes of formal languages. Our results show that infeasibility already appears for context-free and regular languages, and persists even for strict subclasses such as locally threshold testable languages, as well as for incomparable classes such as non-erasing pattern languages, a well-studied class in the theory of language identification. Overall, our results establish a clear gap between the theoretical possibility of language generation in the limit and its computational feasibility.

Jesus Alvarez C, Daua D. Karajeanes, Ashley Celeste Prado et al.

The digital exclusion of endangered languages remains a critical challenge in NLP, limiting both linguistic research and revitalization efforts. This study introduces the first computational investigation of Comanche, an Uto-Aztecan language on the verge of extinction, demonstrating how minimal-cost, community-informed NLP interventions can support language preservation. We present a manually curated dataset of 412 phrases, a synthetic data generation pipeline, and an empirical evaluation of GPT-4o and GPT-4o-mini for language identification. Our experiments reveal that while LLMs struggle with Comanche in zero-shot settings, few-shot prompting significantly improves performance, achieving near-perfect accuracy with just five examples. Our findings highlight the potential of targeted NLP methodologies in low-resource contexts and emphasize that visibility is the first step toward inclusion. By establishing a foundation for Comanche in NLP, we advocate for computational approaches that prioritize accessibility, cultural sensitivity, and community engagement.

Rumeysa Bakır Dayı

Mehcer edebiyatı, Arap edebiyatının felsefe ile bütünleşip sanatsal öğelerden ve karışık üsluptan daha uzak olduğu, içinde barındırdığı anlam ve düşüncelerle değerliliğini kazanmış bir ekolüdür. Mehcer edebiyatının ikinci adamı olarak bilinen Nu‘ayme de aynı şekilde düşünceleri ile ilgi odağı olmuş, edebiyat ve felsefeyi aynı elekten geçirip, felsefi düşünceleri edebi sanatıyla süsleyip, birçok alandan okuyucuyu kendi edebi ve felsefi dünyasına çekmiş bir edebiyatçıdır. Mehcer edebiyatçılarının ülkelerinden çıkmak zorunda kalışları ve gittikleri ülkelerde karşılaştıkları dil, edebi, sosyal, kültürel ve düşünsel değişimler kendilerinde doğal olarak değişime ve karmaşaya da yol açmıştır. Nu‘ayme de aynı şekilde önce Rus ardından Amerika kültür ve edebiyatından etkilenmiştir. Rus edebiyatında kendisine yol gösterici olarak Tolstoy’u seçen Nu‘ayme onun gibi sürekli hakikat arayışı içinde olmuştur. Çocukluğundan beri zihnini meşgul eden yaşamın manası, ölüm ve ötesi, insanın dünyadaki gayesinin ne olduğu gibi düşünceler olgunluk dönemlerinde de devam etmiştir. Amerika’da birçok edebiyatçı ve filozof ile tanışan Nu‘ayme en çok Spinoza’dan ve onun panteizmi savunmasından etkilenmiştirÇalışmada Mîhâîl Nu‘ayme’nin hayatına kısa bir giriş yapılmış, onun düalizm görüşü, bunu monizmle bağlaması, vahdet-i vücut konusu ve her şeyi kapsayan içkin bir Tanrı’nın varlığı, doğanın ya da evrenin Tanrı ile aynı olduğunu kabul eden panteizm görüşü Nu‘ayme’nin eserleri ışığında incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Eserlerinde dikkat çeken şeylerden biri, yaşadığı bu birbirinden farklı ortamların ve düşünsel gelişimlerin onda bazen reenkarnasyona yönelmesine, bazen tek tanrıcılığı kabul etmesine, dini inanca ve İncil’e sıkı bağlılığın ardından kiliseyi reddetmesine, Tanrı’yı kendi içinde ve doğada aramasına kadar götürmüştür. Bahsedilen bu görüşler çerçevesinde belli bir düşünceye sahip olamaması, sürekli değişim gösteren evren ve zaman karşısında gelgitler yaşamasına sebep olmuştur. Bu çalışmada hem edebiyat hem felsefe alanı dâhilinde yapılmış bir çalışma olup mehcer edebiyatı ve felsefe alanında daha iyi çalışmalara katkı sağlanması amaçlanmaktadır

Najla Saad Al-Dhafeer Al-Shahrani

يتناول هذا البحث الحجاج في سورة الهُمَزَة؛ بوصف الخطاب القرآني خطابًا حجاجيًا، يوفر طاقة حجاجية قادرة على إثارة المتلقي ولفت انتباهه، معتمدًا على الحجاج بتقسيماته المختلفة وأدواته المتنوعة التي تحمل المتلقي على الاستنتاج، وتدفعه إلى نتيجة واحدة لا تردد فيها ولا شك، ولتحقيق ذلك اعتمدت الباحثة المنهج الحجاجي، لبيان العوامل والآليات الحجاجية في سورة الهمزة، وتم تقسيمه إلى مقدمة وتمهيد، ثم مبحثين، يليهما الخاتمة، المبحث الأول: الروابط الحجاجية، أما المبحث الثاني: العوامل الحجاجية، المبحث الثالث: الحجاج البلاغي، ومن أهم نتائج الدراسة: أن الحجاج بأنواعه المختلفة في سورة الهمزة قد أسهم في إيصال المعاني المخصوصة التي يحملها للمتلقي، وهو عامل أساسي في تحقيق الإقناع والتأثير، وأن الوجهة الحجاجية في السورة بُنيت على العموم والانفتاح؛ لأن العوامل الحجاجية الموظفة فيها تهدف إلى إقناع أكبر عدد ممكن من المتلقين عبر حقبٍ زمنيةٍ عديدة، علاوة على أن علاقات التتابع الحجاجية في (السلم الحجاجي) قامت على الروابط السببية التي تتضمنها الحجة؛ بحيث تقود هذه الحجج إلى النتيجة، فتؤدي الحجة بالأذهان إلى التسليم والإذعان والإقناع.

Carles Cardó

Context-free languages can be characterized in several ways. This article studies projective linearisations of languages of simple dependency trees, i.e., dependency trees in which a node can govern at most one node with a given syntactic function. We prove that the projective linearisations of local languages of simple dependency trees coincide with the context-free languages. Simple dependency trees suggest alternative dual notions of locality and projectivity, which permits defining a dual language for each context-free language. We call this new class of languages anti-context-free. These languages are related to some linguistic constructions exhibiting the so-called cross-serial dependencies that were historically important for the development of computational linguistics. We propose that this duality could be a relevant linguistic phenomenon.

عمر عيضة حسين الحارثي

يهدف البحث إلى تحليل بناء الشخصية، في رواية سيرة حمى للروائي السعودي خالد أحمد اليوسف بأبعادها المختلفة والأساليب المتبعة في تقديمها، وعلاقة الشخصية بمكونات الرواية الأخرى. على وفق المنهج البنيوي. وقد تكون من مقدمة ومدخل ومبحثين، فجاءت المقدمة متناولة أهمية البحث، وأهدافه، وتساؤلاته، والدراسات السابقة. وقد تناول المدخل الرواية وطريقة السرد فيها ووصف أحداثها إجمالًا. وجاء المبحث الأول: متناولًا الشخصية وطبيعتها وأساليب بنائها، فيما تناول المبحث الثاني: علاقة الشخصية بكل من المكان، والزمان، والحدث. وتوصل البحث إلى أن رواية سيرة حمى رواية شخصية لتمحورها حول شخصية الدكتور خزيمة التي لا تتمتع شخصية في الرواية بوجودها المستمر مثل شخصيته؛ لذلك وسمت بالرئيسة، بينما بقية الشخصيات كان ظهورها مؤقتا، ثم تتوارى؛ لذلك صنفت في البعد المقابل من ثنائية بنية الشخصية بوصفها شخصيات ثانوية. وقد امتد تأثير هذه الشخصية وتلاحمت علاقتها بالحدث والزمن والمكان.

Yani Zimatullah, Rozaanah Rozaanah, Ilham Tumanggor

The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between ability to pronounce Arabic letters and Imla' ablity in first grade students of SMP Ma'had Tahfizul Qur'an Fajar Islam Tanjung Morawa. The method used is a quantitative approach with a correlation method and the data analysis method uses statistical data with the Product Moment formula to find the results of the study. The result is that the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted and the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected. That is, there is a correlation between ability to pronounce Arabic letters and Imla’ ability in first grade students of SMP Ma'had Tahfizul Qur'an Fajar Islam Tanjung Morawa with a correlation value of 0.765 which shows a strong and unidirectional correlation.

Miftahusa’adah Miftahusa’adah, Nofa Isman, Nuradi Nuradi et al.

Good exercises affect the quality of the textbook. This study aims to describe the types of exercises (mechanism / patterns, meaning, communication) in the Arabic language teaching book for the second intermediate grade of the Ministry of Religious Affairs in 2020 AD, and to describe the types and form of the questions of the exercises, and to describe the exercises of four language skills and three language elements in it. This study follows the descriptive approach with a qualitative approach. The results revealed that the exercises in this book included patterns, meaning, and communication exercises, and also included 17 forms of questions. As for the exercises for language skills and language elements, there were no exercises for listening skill or sounds exercises in this book. With this comprehensiveness, the exercises in this book are considered good and valid for measuring students' abilities.

أشواق سليمان عبدالرحمن البراهيم

 تُعالج الدراسة ظاهرة العدول في أزمنة الأفعال في سورة الكهف، وقد هدفت يهدف البحث إلى استخلاص النّماذج المُتكرّرة للعدول في أزمنة الأفعال في هذه سورة الكهف. وعمدت إلى دراسة العدول الفعلي بأزمنته المختلفة، المبثوثة في ثنايا الآيات الكريمة، ثمّ التدرج بدراسة العدول في هذه الأزمنة، لكشف انزياح دلالة هذه الآيات عن الماضي والأمر إلى المضارع، وعن المضارع والأمر إلى الماضي، وعلى الرغم من أن العدول انحراف لغوي عن القاعدة فإن كل عدول عن مبنى لا بدّ وله معنى. وقد انقسم البحث إلى مقدمة ومبحثيْن يسبقهما تمهيد بمثابة مهاد نظري للدراسة؛ أمّا المبحث الأول فتناول العدول إلى الفعل المضارع عن الماضي والأمر، في حين تناول المبحث الثاني العدول إلى الفعل الماضي عن المضارع والأمر. توصل البحث إلى عدّة نتائج، منها: الكشف عن دور العدول الفعلي في البنية اللغوية للتراكيب. وإلقاء الضّوء على الدور البلاغي الدلالي السّياقي، والذي أسهم العدول الفعلي في بلورته.    

Nuri Şimşekler

Babası Mevlâna’nın Mesnevî’sine nazire olarak mesnevîler kaleme alan, Farsça ve Türkçe şiirleriyle hem Fars edebiyatının Anadolu’lu bir şâiri hem de Türk Divan Edebiyatımızın ilk şâirlerinden olan Sultan Veled, çoğunluğu Farsça gazellerden meydana gelen bir Divan da oluşturmuştur. Bu Divan’da tasavvufî mahiyetteki gazellerinin yanı sıra önemli devlet adamlarına ve Konya, Kayseri, Aksaray ve Kütahya şehirlerine yazılan övgü gazelleri de vardır.Bu yazıda Sultan Veled’in çocukluğu ve eğitimi ile ilgili kısa bilgiler verildikten sonra adı geçen şehirlere yazdığı gazeller Farsça ve Türkçe çevirisi ile sunulacak, ayrıca Sultan Veled’in bu şehirlere yaptığı seyahatleri ve orada yaşanan olaylarla ilgili bilgiler verilecektir.Sultan Veled’in yaşadığı Konya’yı “Ey Konya halkı! Can şehrinde doğduğunuzu bilin!” şeklinde nitelemesi ve bu şehirde yaşayan herkesi “Küçüklü, büyüklü evliya” olarak sıfatlandırıp, babası Mevlâna’nın bu şehre olan lütufları ile gazelini tamamlaması Konya’ya olan sevgisini, saygısını ve bağlılığını göstermekte; Kayseri’ye yaptığı bir seyahatinde söylediği tahmin edilen bir gazelinde de oranın büyüklerinin adını anması ve Kayseri’yi “seçilmiş kişilerin şehri” olarak nitelemesi Konya’dan sonra Selçukluların ikinci merkezi olan Kayseri’ye verdiği değeri göstermektedir. Sultan Veled yine bu şehirde iken Selçuklu Emiri Muîneddin Pervâne’nin de hazır bulunduğu bir mecliste sohbette bulunmuş, sonrasında ise hem övülmüş hem de sohbetini beğenmeyenler tarafından eleştiri almıştır. Sultan Veled “Nurlu şehir” diye vasıflandırdığı Kütahya’yı da bir gazelinde medhetmiş ve dönemi kaynakları zikretmese de bu şehre bir seyahatte bulunarak söz konusu gazelini söylemiştir. Tabi ki Kütahya’nın Sultan Veled’in nezdinde ayrı bir değeri vardır. Çünkü kızı Mutahhara Hatunu bu şehre gelin vermiştir. Kaynaklarda farklı şekilde nakledilse de kızı Mutahhara Hatun Germiyanoğulları Beyliği’nden Süleyman Şah ile evlenmiş ve bu evlilikten doğan Devlet Hatun adlı kız da 1378 yılında Yıldırım Bâyezid’le Osmanlılar ile irtibat sağlamak üzere evlendirilmiştir. Mutahhara Hatun’un Germiyanoğullarına gelin gittiği hususunda kaynaklar hemfikir olmakla birlikte evliliğini Süleyman Şah ile yaptığı hususu tarihi açıdan pek mümkün görünmemektedir ve Germiyanoğulları ailesinden kiminle evlendirildiği hususu hâlen bilim dünyasınca aydınlatılmaya muhtaçtır.Sultan Veled’in gazellerinde övgü yazdığı son şehir ise yine Selçukluların önemli şehirlerinden Aksaray’dır. Bir gazelinde Aksaray’ı hem öven hem de hicveden Sultan Veled bu şehri “Doğruluk madeni” olarak vasıflandırmakla birlikte Moğolların orayı merkez edinerek Konya’daki Selçukluları tehdit etmiş olmalarını da “Zenci ordudan daha ne kadar zulüm göreceksiniz!” diyerek dile getirir ve Selçukluları savaş meydanına çağırır. Ayrıca babası Mevlâna’nın yakın müridi olan IV. Rükneddin Kılıçarslan’ın Moğollar tarafından Aksaray’a davet edilerek burada öldürülmesi de Sultan Veled’i etkilemiş olmalıdır.

Paul Soulos, Sudha Rao, Caitlin Smith et al.

Machine translation has seen rapid progress with the advent of Transformer-based models. These models have no explicit linguistic structure built into them, yet they may still implicitly learn structured relationships by attending to relevant tokens. We hypothesize that this structural learning could be made more robust by explicitly endowing Transformers with a structural bias, and we investigate two methods for building in such a bias. One method, the TP-Transformer, augments the traditional Transformer architecture to include an additional component to represent structure. The second method imbues structure at the data level by segmenting the data with morphological tokenization. We test these methods on translating from English into morphologically rich languages, Turkish and Inuktitut, and consider both automatic metrics and human evaluations. We find that each of these two approaches allows the network to achieve better performance, but this improvement is dependent on the size of the dataset. In sum, structural encoding methods make Transformers more sample-efficient, enabling them to perform better from smaller amounts of data.

Joachim Tilsted Kristensen, Robin Kaarsgaard, Michael Kirkedal Thomsen

Algorithms are ways of mapping problems to solutions. An algorithm is invertible precisely when this mapping is injective, such that the initial problem can be uniquely inferred from its solution. While invertible algorithms can be described in general-purpose languages, no guarantees are generally made by such languages as regards invertibility, so ensuring invertibility requires additional (and often non-trivial) proof. On the other hand, while reversible programming languages guarantee that their programs are invertible by restricting the permissible operations to those which are locally invertible, writing programs in the reversible style can be cumbersome, and may differ significantly from conventional implementations even when the implemented algorithm is, in fact, invertible. In this paper we introduce Jeopardy, a functional programming language that guarantees program invertibility without imposing local reversibility. In particular, Jeopardy allows the limited use of uninvertible -- and even nondeterministic! -- operations, provided that they are used in a way that can be statically determined to be invertible. To this end, we outline an \emph{implicitly available arguments analysis} and three further approaches that can give a partial static guarantee to the (generally difficult) problem of guaranteeing invertibility.

Vladimir E. Polyakov

Introduction. The article deals with the Crimean period (August 1941 – June 1942) in the life of Basan Badminovich Gorodovikov, Hero of the Soviet Union and a major military and political figure of Kalmykia. The present article aims at describing and analyzing this less-known period of his biography, which was significant and full of dramatic events. Data and research methods. For the purposes of this research, the author has used a wide range of archival materials, as well as memoirs of participants of the partisan movement in the Crimea (including unpublished papers). Results. The author describes the first battles in the north of the Crimea in which Gorodovikov’s regiment was engaged; then, its retreat into the mountains and transition to partisans, the creation of a partisan detachment and the actions behind enemy lines. The activities of Gorodovikov’s detachment are shown against the general background of the partisan movement in the Crimea; special attention given to the discussion of warfare under the specific conditions on the peninsula. The article focuses on the role of the military personnel, especially at the first stage of the partisan movement, revealing, among other things, the problems in the relationship between the command staff of the 48th cavalry division and the partisan leaders in the Crimea. For the first time, the article sheds light on the history of awarding Gorodovikov with the Order of the Red Banner, which was the first award of the Crimean partisans. The dramatic story of his evacuation from the partisan forest to the “Bol´shaia zemlia” is also documented in detail; with previously unknown documents and materials introduced in this paper. The undertaken research allows to conclude that the Crimean period in the life of Gorodovikov was one of the most dramatic in his biography. During a difficult period for the Crimea, he became the commander of one of the most successful partisan detachments, which after he left was officially named after him, its first commander. Notably, Gorodovikov was among the first Crimean partisans to be awarded a military order and to get a promotion in rank and in office.

Eleonora A. Nemanova

One of the most promising aspects of research into the cult tradition of the Buryats is the study of the concepts of ‘cult’ and ‘sacred’. Goals. The paper aims to analyze the issue of applying the category of ‘sacred’ developed by European religious studies to the lexical material associated with the category of the sacred in the traditional culture of the Buryats on the basis of etymological and historical-genetic research. Results. Description of the scope of application of the concept of ‘sacred’ in Buryat culture, as well as semantic analysis are necessary to avoid inadequate interpretations and extrapolations while using respective lexemes. By virtue of their conservatism, ritual terms contain invaluable evidence of the cultural and historical perspectives, preserve the valuable information that allows us to reconstruct the ethnography of the past, its social structures, spiritual culture, including the cult tradition.