Hasil untuk "Meteorology. Climatology"

A. Sparks

nasapower is an R (R Core Team, 2018) package providing functionality to interface with the NASA POWER API (Stackhouse et al., 2018) for reproducible data retrieval using R. Three functions, get_power(), create_met() and create_icasa() are provided. The get_power() function provides complete access to all functionality that the POWER API provides, which includes three user communities, AG (agroclimatology), SSE (Surface meteorology and Solar Energy) and SB (Sustainable Buildings); three temporal averages, Daily, Interannual and Climatology; three geographic options, single point, regional and global for the appropriate parameters offered. nasapower uses lubridate (Grolemund & Wickham, 2011) internally to format and parse dates which are passed along to the the query constructed using crul (Chamberlain, 2018) to interface with the POWER API. The query returns a json response, which is parsed by jsonlite (Ooms, 2014) to obtain the url of the .csv file that has been requested. The .csv file is downloaded to local disk using curl (Ooms, 2018) and read into R using readr (Wickham, Hester, & Francois, 2017). Data are returned in a tidy data frame (Wickham, 2014) as a tibble (Müller & Wickham, 2018) with a custom header, which provides POWER metadata. Two other functions provide functionality to generate weather input files for agricultural crop modelling. The create_met() function is a wrapper for the get_power() function coupled with the prepareMet() and writeMet() functions from APSIM (Fainges, 2017) to simplify the process of querying the data and creating text files in the .met format for use in Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM). While the create_icasa() function wraps the get_power() into a function that generates and locally saves a text file in the International Consortium for Agricultural Systems Applications (ICASA) format for use in the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) framework (G. Hoogenboom et al., 2017; J. W. Jones et al., 2003). Extended documentation is provided with examples of converting it to spatial objects using raster (Hijmans, 2017).

Lisa Dellmuth, Maria-Therese Gustafsson, Suanne Mistel Segovia-Tzompa

Abstract There is a lively debate about the legitimacy of the international climate regime, as represented by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the quality of non-state actor participation in the regime. This commentary examines perceptions of involved non-state actors from 2021–2022 regarding their participation and regime legitimacy. The findings reveal no legitimacy crisis for the adaptation and mitigation regimes, but the surveyed NSAs are divided in their legitimacy beliefs. NSAs also express significant disappointment about their opportunities for participation.

Song Yang

The Southeast Asian monsoon is characterized by many features that are distinct from those of the East Asian monsoon, including monsoon intensity and evolution. They are also influenced differently by external factors and affect global climate in diverse ways. Studies that consider these factors should yield a better understanding of both monsoon components.

Melissa Blum, Donato DeIngeniis, Daniela K. Shill et al.

Introduction: Rising ambient temperatures threaten vulnerable populations such as pregnant women, with urban populations bearing a greater risk due to the urban heat island effect. Here, we assessed the independent effects of trimester-specific warm season exposure during pregnancy and neighborhood heat vulnerability on maternal outcomes, including gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, genitourinary infections, and operative delivery. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 819 participants from the Stress in Pregnancy Study (2009–2014), a longitudinal birth cohort study in New York City. Generalized linear models examined associations between trimester-specific warm season exposure, New York City Heat Vulnerability Index (ranging 1-5), and adverse maternal outcomes, adjusting for demographics, parity, and substance use. Results: First trimester warm season exposure was associated with increased odds of gestational hypertension (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 4.50, 95%CI 1.17-17.27), preeclampsia (AOR 4.38, 95%CI 1.51-12.75), and genitourinary infection (AOR 2.27, 95%CI 1.14-4.51). Each unit increase in heat vulnerability index was associated with increased odds of preeclampsia (AOR 1.38, 95%CI 1.05-1.81) and genitourinary infection (AOR 1.32, 95%CI 1.11-1.57). Conclusions: Both early pregnancy warm weather exposure and neighborhood vulnerability independently increased the risk of adverse maternal complications. Our findings provide evidence in support of targeted heat mitigation strategies to limit heat exposure in at-risk communities as climate change progresses.

Nazario Tartaglione, Fabien Desbiolles, Anna delMoral‐Méndez et al.

Abstract Aerosols significantly affect cloud microphysics and energy budget in different ways. The contribution of the direct, semi‐direct, and indirect effects of aerosols on radiation are here investigated over the North Atlantic tropical ocean under different aerosol loadings. The Weather Research and Forecasting Model is used to perform a set of numerical idealized experiments, which are forced with prescribed aerosol profiles. We evaluate the effects of aerosols on modeled shallow clouds and surface radiative budget. The results indicate that large aerosol loadings are associated with enhanced cloudiness and reduced precipitation. While the change in rainfall is mainly due to the larger number of smaller droplets, the change in cloudiness is attributed to the effects of absorbing aerosols, mainly dust particles, which are responsible for a rise of temperature that feeds back onto specific humidity. As in the boundary layer the increase of moisture dominates, the net effect is a higher relative humidity, which favors the formation of thin low non‐precipitating clouds. The feedback accounts for a dynamical change in the lower troposphere: shortwave radiation absorption increases temperature at the top of the marine atmospheric boundary‐layer and reduces entrainment of warm and dry air, increasing low level moisture content. Despite the overall increase in cloudiness, daytime cloud cover is reduced. The semi‐direct effect of aerosols on clouds results in a warming of the surface, opposite to the indirect effect.

Eduardo Traversi de Cai Conrado, Rosmeri Porfírio da Rocha, Michelle Simões Reboita et al.

Since the beginning of the satellite era, only three tropical cyclones have been recorded over the South Atlantic Ocean. To investigate the potential occurrence of such systems since the 1900s, ERA20C, a centennial reanalysis, was utilised. This study first evaluates the performance of ERA20C in reproducing the climatology of all cyclone types over the southwestern South Atlantic Ocean by comparing it with a modern reanalysis (ERA5) for the period 1979–2010. Despite its simpler construction, ERA20C is able to reproduce key climatological features, such as frequency, location, seasonality, intensity, and thermal structure of cyclones similar to ERA5. Then, the Cyclone Phase Space (CPS) methodology was applied to determine the thermal structure at each time step for every cyclone between 1900 and 2010 in ERA20C. The cyclones were then categorised into different types (extratropical, subtropical, and tropical), and systems exhibiting a warm core at their initial time step were classified as tropical cyclogenesis. Between 1900 and 2010, 96 cases of tropical cyclogenesis were identified over the South Atlantic. Additionally, throughout the lifetime of all cyclones, a total of 1838 time steps exhibited a tropical structure, indicating that cyclones can acquire a warm core at different stages of their lifecycle. The coasts of southeastern and southern sectors of northeast Brazil emerged as the most favourable for cyclones with tropical structures during their lifecycle. The findings of this study highlight the occurrence of tropical cyclones in the South Atlantic prior to the satellite era, providing a foundation for future research into the physical mechanisms that enabled these events.

Alexandre Calzavara Yoshida, Patricia Cristina Venturini, Fábio Juliano da Silva Lopes et al.

The Atmospheric Dynamics Mission ADM-Aeolus was successfully launched in August 2018 by the European Space Agency (ESA). The Aeolus mission carried a single instrument, the first-ever Doppler wind lidar (DWL) in space, called Atmospheric LAser Doppler INstrument (ALADIN). Aeolus circled the Earth, providing vertical profiles of horizontal line-of-sight (HLOS) winds on a global scale. The Aeolus satellite’s measurements filled critical gaps in existing wind observations, particularly in remote regions such as the Brazilian Amazon. This area, characterized by dense rainforests and rich biodiversity, is essential for global climate dynamics. The weather patterns of the Amazon are influenced by atmospheric circulation driven by Hadley cells and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which are crucial for the distribution of moisture and heat from the equator to the subtropics. The data provided by Aeolus can significantly enhance our understanding of these complex atmospheric processes. In this long-term validation study, we used radiosonde data collected from three stations in the Brazilian Amazon (Cruzeiro do Sul, Porto Velho, and Rio Branco) as a reference to assess the accuracy of the Level 2B (L2B) Rayleigh-clear and Mie-cloudy wind products. Statistical validation was conducted by comparing Aeolus L2B wind products and radiosonde data covering the period from October 2018 to March 2023 for Cruzeiro do Sul and Porto Velho, and from October 2018 to December 2022 for Rio Branco. Considering all available collocated winds, including all stations, a Pearson’s coefficient <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>r</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> of 0.73 was observed in Rayleigh-clear and 0.85 in Mie-cloudy wind products, revealing a strong correlation between Aeolus and radiosonde winds, suggesting that Aeolus wind products are reliable for capturing wind profiles in the studied region. The observed biases were −0.14 m/s for Rayleigh-clear and −0.40 m/s for Mie-cloudy, fulfilling the mission requirement of having absolute biases below 0.7 m/s. However, when analyzed annually, in 2022, the bias for Rayleigh-clear was −0.95 m/s, which did not meet the mission requirements.

Chung-Chieh Wang, Wei-Kuo Soong, Chih-Wei Chien et al.

Due to the enhancement by its steep mesoscale topography, the overall rainfall amount and distribution in Taiwan from typhoons, to a first degree, are determined by the storm track relative to the island. Therefore, the quality of typhoon quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) from numerical models is often controlled by track errors, with better quality from those with smaller track errors. However, the present work demonstrates that in daily QPFs over Taiwan made by a cloud-resolving model during five seasons of 2012–2016, targeted for 84 days during 27 typhoons and at ranges of day one (0–24 h) to day eight (168–192 h), the control of track errors on QPF quality is reduced for typhoons associated with southwesterly flow, compared to those without, and decent QPFs could still be obtained with large track errors in some cases. Subsequently, the circumstances and reasons for good (or bad) QPFs in selected examples are further investigated to deepen our understanding of typhoon QPFs in Taiwan. Some common ingredients are found in three cases where good QPFs were produced at a longer range (day 7 or 8) without a good track: these typhoons passed near northern Taiwan and the southwesterly flow prevailed over much of the island during the accumulation period. Responsible for much of the rainfall in Taiwan, the southwesterly flow was reasonably captured, resulting in good QPFs. In another example where the typhoon moved across southern Taiwan, on the contrary, the rainfall was produced by the storm’s circulation, and the QPF was degraded without a good enough track prediction.

Guojin He, Shengyun Ji, Rongjun Wu et al.

In the field of electronic communication warfare, accurately predicting the range and intensity of shortwave interference signals presents a significant challenge due to the complex interplay between the ionospheric parameters and the electromagnetic environment. To address this challenge, we designed a novel tool to assess the interference impact area of shortwave interference signals in a dynamically changing ionospheric environment. Considering sophisticated ionospheric radio wave propagation models and innovative spatial grid methods, this tool finishes the comprehensive spatial distribution of the interference impact area and delivers grid-based insights into the interference intensity. Furthermore, the test verification of the tool demonstrated a mean error of 8.42 dB between the measured and simulated results, underscoring the efficacy and reliability of this tool. This pioneering work is poised to make substantial contributions to the field of communication electronic warfare and holds significant promise for guiding the development of interference countermeasures.

P. T. Brown, D. Farnham, K. Caldeira

Wind and solar electricity generation is projected to expand substantially over the next several decades due both to rapid cost declines as well as regulation designed to achieve climate targets. With increasing reliance on wind and solar generation, future energy systems may be vulnerable to previously underappreciated synoptic-scale variations characterized by low wind and/or surface solar radiation. Here we use western North America as a case study region to investigate the historical meteorology of weekly-scale “droughts” in potential wind power, potential solar power and their compound occurrence. We also investigate the covariability between wind and solar droughts with potential stresses on energy demand due to temperature deviations away human comfort levels. We find that wind power drought weeks tend to occur in late summer and are characterized by a mid-level atmospheric ridge centered over British Columbia and high sea level pressure on the lee side of the Rockies. Solar power drought weeks tend to occur near winter solstice when the seasonal minimum in incoming solar radiation co-occurs with the tendency for mid-level troughs and low pressure systems over the U.S. southwest. Compound wind and solar power drought weeks consist of the aforementioned synoptic pattern associated with wind droughts occurring near winter solstice when the solar resource is at its seasonal minimum. We find that wind drought weeks are associated with high solar power (and vice versa) both seasonally and in terms of synoptic meteorology, which supports the notion that wind and solar power generation can play complementary roles in a diversified energy portfolio at synoptic spatiotemporal scales over western North America.

Jianping Guo, Xinyan Chen, T. Su et al.

The variability of the lower tropospheric temperature inversion (TI) across China remains poorly understood. Using seven years’ worth of high-resolution radiosonde measurements at 120 sites, we compile the climatology of lower tropospheric TI in terms of frequency, intensity, and depth during the period from 2011 to 2017. The TI generally exhibits strong seasonal and geographic dependencies. Particularly, the TI frequency is found to be high in winter and low in summer, likely due to the strong aerosol radiative effect in winter. The frequency of the surface-based inversion (SBI) exhibits a “west low, east high” pattern at 0800 Beijing time (BJT), which then switches to “west high, east low” at 2000 BJT. Both the summertime SBI and elevated inversion (EI) reach a peak at 0800 BJT and a trough at 1400 BJT. Interestingly, the maximum wintertime EI frequency occurs over Southeast China (SEC) rather than over the North China Plain (NCP), likely attributable to the combination of the heating effect of black carbon (BC) originating from the NCP, along with the strong subsidence and trade inversion in SEC. Correlation analyses between local meteorology and TI indicate that larger lower tropospheric stability (LTS) favors more frequent and stronger TIs, whereas the stronger EI under smaller LTS conditions (unstable atmosphere) is more associated with subsidence rather than BC. Overall, the spatial pattern of the lower tropospheric TI and its variability in China are mainly controlled by three factors: local meteorology, large-scale subsidence, and BC-induced heating. These findings help shed some light on the magnitude, spatial distribution, and underlying mechanisms of the lower tropospheric TI variation in China.

Agricultural meteorology (also referred to as agrometeorology) is the study of the effects of weather on agriculture, while agricultural climatology (alternatively, agroclimatology) is concerned with the effects of climate on agriculture. These fields of study share many of the same goals, philosophies, approaches, and methods. As a consequence, disciplinary boundaries are indistinct, and the terms “agricultural meteorology” and “agrometeorology” are increasingly used interchangeably with “agricultural climatology” and “agroclimatology.” Agricultural meteorology/climatology is oftentimes considered a bridge between the physical and biological sciences, although this interdisciplinarity increasingly includes the social sciences. While most research has focused on the production of food staples (e.g., maize, rice, and wheat), agricultural meteorologists and climatologists also address the influence of weather and climate on specialty crops, animal husbandry, commercial forestry, and aquaculture. Management of agricultural pests and diseases is another major focus. Atmospheric and biophysical processes operating at a wide range of temporal and spatial scales—from seconds to centuries and from an individual leaf to a global agricultural system—are explored. Agricultural meteorologists and climatologists promote the sustainable management of agricultural resources and strive to improve the livelihoods of agricultural stakeholders. Both basic and applied research are conducted to further these goals, and agricultural meteorologists and climatologists are often involved in the development, delivery, and evaluation of agricultural services. These services range from decision support tools for daily agricultural operations to services focused on seasonal or longer-term planning. Observations of the atmosphere-plant-soil environment are central to research and applications in agricultural meteorology/climatology, as are empirical and process-based models. Agriculture is highly vulnerable to climate variability and change, and potential adaptation strategies are widely investigated. Mitigation is also a concern as many agriculture activities emit greenhouse gases or contribute to land cover change. As other entries in Oxford Bibliographies address the theoretical aspects of atmosphere-plant-soil interactions (see “Land-Atmosphere Interactions” by Geoffrey M. Henebry, Nathan J. Moore, and Jiquan Chen), this entry primarily focuses on the applications-based literature in agricultural meteorology/climatology. The intent is to draw on both classic and recent literature to illustrate the nature of the research questions and applications of concern to agricultural meteorologists and climatologists, the approaches they use to address these questions and concerns, and the types of agricultural services they provide.

Zhong Liu, C. Shie, Angela Li et al.

Satellite remote sensing and model data play an important role in research and applications of tropical meteorology and climatology over vast, data-sparse oceans and remote continents. Since the first weather satellite was launched by NASA in 1960, a large collection of NASA’s Earth science data is freely available to the research and application communities around the world, significantly improving our overall understanding of the Earth system and environment. Established in the mid-1980s, the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC), located in Maryland, USA, is a data archive center for multidisciplinary, satellite and model assimilation data products. As one of the 12 NASA data centers in Earth sciences, GES DISC hosts several important NASA satellite missions for tropical meteorology and climatology such as the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Mission and the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA). Over the years, GES DISC has developed data services to facilitate data discovery, access, distribution, analysis and visualization, including Giovanni, an online analysis and visualization tool without the need to download data and software. Despite many efforts for improving data access, a significant number of challenges remain, such as finding datasets and services for a specific research topic or project, especially for inexperienced users or users outside the remote sensing community. In this article, we list and describe major NASA satellite remote sensing and model datasets and services for tropical meteorology and climatology along with examples of using the data and services, so this may help users better utilize the information in their research and applications.

Matheus Ribeiro Augusto, Bruno Campos, Vanessa Silveira Barreto Carvalho et al.

Abstract Water Resource Recovery Facility (WRRF) can be source of odorous gases. We analyzed the emission and dispersion of hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S), odor indicator, produced during the anaerobic treatment of wastewaters, using WATER9 and AERMOD models for two distinct events: August 2013 and February-March 2014. Data from two WRRF in Brazil were used to feed the model and a statistical data validation was performed, followed by an evaluation of model results regarding H2S emission and dispersion. Daily peak events and averages over the two periods were calculated. Results show a good performance from the model in comparison to the observations. Moreover, odor plumes typically reached 2-4 km from their sources and they may be strongly affected by atmospheric stability/instability conditions in the events analyzed and, in general, only the residences at the vicinity of WRRF were affected by the pollutant odor. Finally, the methodology presented showed to be feasible and realistic for purposes of WRRF planning and management.

Jorge Luiz Moretti de Souza, Cibelle Tamiris de Oliveira, Stefanie Lais Kreutz Rosa et al.

Abstract Crop productivity evaluation with models simulations can help in the prediction of harvests and in the understanding of the interactions resulting from the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. The aim of this study was to calibrate and validate the AquaCrop model for maize crop in the edaphoclimatic conditions of Campos Gerais region, Paraná State, Brazil. The analyses were carried out for maize crop with model input data (climate, crop, soil and soil management) obtained from the ABC Foundation Experimental Station in Castro, Ponta Grossa and Socavão. The climate in the region is humid subtropical, with rainfall evenly distributed. The relief varies from flat to gently undulating. The period analyzed in the calibration and validation process comprised 2011 to 2016 and 2012 to 2016 harvests, respectively. The data used in the calibration of AquaCrop was different from those used in the validation process. Observed and simulated yields were evaluated by simple linear regression analyses, absolute and relative errors, correlation coefficient (r), concordance (d) and performance (c) indexes. The calibration of AquaCrop was satisfactory in the locations studied for maize crop, obtaining absolute errors varying from 6 to 121 kg ha–1. The highest calibration errors occurred in Castro. However, the errors were not enough to reduce the performance in the validation process for this localitie. The model validation resulted in “excellent” performance in all locations evaluated. The AquaCrop can be used to predict the maize yield with acceptable accuracy in the Campos Gerais Region, Paraná State, Brazil.

Z. Bencetić Klaić, J. Rubinić, S. Kapelj

In lakes, several physical, chemical, and biological processes occur simultaneously, and these processes are interconnected. Therefore, the investigation of lakes requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes physics (including the physics of the atmosphere, i.e., meteorology), chemistry, geology, hydrogeology, hydrology and biology. Each of these disciplines addresses a lake from a different point of view. However, lake studies that primarily belong to one field, at least to some extent, report their findings in ways that are associated with other fields ; this type of reporting is caused by the inherent interconnections between phenomena from different disciplines. Plitvice Lakes, Croatia, are composed of a unique cascading chain of karst lakes, and these lakes have been investigated by numerous authors. Here, we provide an overview of the studies of the Plitvice Lakes Area (PLA) that address meteorology, climatology, hydrology, hydrogeochemistry and physical limnology. Our aim is to synthesize the results from each of these disciplines and make them available to scientists from other related disciplines ; thus, this review will facilitate further investigations of the PLA within the natural sciences. In addition, valuable results from early investigations of Plitvice Lakes are generally unavailable to the broader scientific community, and are written in Croatian. Here, we summarize these results and make them available to a wider audience.

D. Drob

B. Lalić, J. Eitzinger, A. dalla Marta et al.

Agricultural Meteorology and Climatology is an introductory textbook for meteorology and climatology courses at faculties of agriculture and for agrometeorology and agroclimatology courses at faculties whose curricula include these subjects. Additionally, this book may be a useful source of information for practicing agronomists and all those interested in different aspects of weather and climate impacts on agriculture. In times when scientific knowledge and practical experience increase exponentially, it is not a simple matter to prepare a textbook. Therefore we decided not to constrain Agricultural Meteorology and Climatology by its binding pages. Only a part of it is a conventional textbook. The other part includes numerical examples (easy-to-edit worksheets) and recommended additional reading available on-line in digital form. To keep the reader's attention, the book is divided into three sections: Basics, Applications and Agrometeorological Measurements with Numerical Examples.

D. Sari, M. Malahayati, Tirton Nefianto et al.

Improvement is needed in the early warning system and information services of Indonesia Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics (Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi dan Geofisika-BMKG) in term of speed, and accessibility by rural communities. This paper analyzes the factors related to the motivation and competency of BMKG employees’ performance in giving information services related to early warning system. The aim is to determine the effect of motivation and competency partially and simultaneously toward BMKG’s employees performance. Using quantitative method with proportionate stratified random sampling technique, total 80 respondents were interviewed among 389 population of BMKG’s employees who work on Deputy of Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics. The result indicated that the motivation and competency have significant impact to the BMKG’s employees performance. R 2 is 0.832 which means that the motivation and competency simultaneously have significant impact to employees performance about 83.2% while the remaining 16.8% influenced by others variable outside the variables studied. The data analyzed using double linear regression in SPSS version 24,  the equation regression obtained is: Y= 9,429 + 0,408X 1 + 0,822X 2 , indicating that effect of motivation factor is lower than competency factor toward employees performance. Therefore BMKG Head Office needs to improve the competency of employees more than motivate them in order to improve its performance on information services and disaster early warning.