Hasil untuk "Labor policy. Labor and the state"

O. V. Shcherbakova

The subject. Economic, technological and geopolitical changes are leading to the digitalization of virtually all structures of the labor market: from the process of production and human resources management to the organization of the workplace. The use of new digital technologies makes it possible to give up routine human labor, contribute to improving the quality of working life of employees and employers, and increase industrial production, which means economic growth of the state. Thus, in accordance with the National Security Strategy, approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated July 2, 2021 No. 400, the situation in the production industry is one of the key criteria of Russia's competitiveness and contributes to the strengthening of the state's defense capability. Ensuring Russia's independence  and competitiveness was also announced to be the main goal of the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation, approved by Presidential Decree No. 642 dated December 1, 2016. On the other hand, the use of new technologies may have time-delayed risks. The most important risk today is the increasing release of labor force and mass cuts of jobs requiring average qualifications, as well as dismissal of employees due to failure to pass tests because of the lack of skills in digital tools.The purpose of the study was to substantiate the urgent character of the implementation of digital profile programs as a part of the employer's personnel policy to achieve the objectives set in the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation dated 2021.The methodology of comprehensive research, including methods of document analysis, comparative analysis, secondary use of sociological and economic data were used.Main results. The study shows that the use of the employee digital profile programs will allow the employer to identify weaknesses in any of the employee’s skills well in advance, and to pave individual learning pathway, based on his/her preferences, hobbies  and intentions, in order to upgrade the skills. It is deemed that the competence of employees is a factor for transfer of any business to digitalization. This policy of the employer will allow to cover for low-quality job cut and give personnel the minimum knowledge that makes it possible to acquire information on modern information technologies, be able to use it to solve the set problems and have necessary skills and technology, which will facilitate solution of the problems. Ultimately, these are tools to achieve the tasks set by the state in the framework of the state's defensive capability and competitiveness. At the same time, the lack of normative methodologies for the creation and operation of employee digital profiles and comprehensive scientific research predetermine increasing risks of violation of personal data of employees, privacy of employees, as well as discrimination in making legally significant decisions. Today there are no normative standards of data processing and system interaction, which leads to the diminution of guarantees of employees' rights in terms of respect for personal data and other data in terms of classified information.

Vladimir N. Shaidurov

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, Siberia once again became a “melting pot” that brought together representatives of diverse ethnic groups. The reasons for migration beyond the Urals were predominantly economic. This article examines how various social events in the first third of the 20th century affected the lives of Siberian Germans. Amid the agrarian crisis, Russian Germans engaged in agriculture were compelled to seek ways to survive within Russia. The modernization of the state resettlement policy in the early 20th century and the expansion of rail transport created favorable conditions for labor migration, as a result of which, by the mid-1910s, Siberia had become one of the most rapidly developing agrarian regions. German settlers played no small part in this process by establishing capitalist family-farm enterprises that served as models for Russian old-settlers and other migrants. The events of 1914–1922 disrupted the established rhythms of German rural life. The economic policies of the Bolsheviks who came to power precipitated famine in the first half of the 1920s. The German population suffered as well, which fueled growing emigration sentiment. Even so, the New Economic Policy (NEP) and the revival of cooperatives enabled a rapid recovery of small-scale commodity production. The All-Russian Mennonite Agricultural Union played an important role in this process. The gradual rollback of the NEP and the shift to a command-administrative economic model brought increasing pressure to bear on the German population, among which conservative-clerical sentiments predominated. By the late 1920s, this would trigger a new round of confrontation between Russian Germans and the Soviet state. This article will interest readers concerned with the history of ethnic minorities (Russian Germans) and nationalities policy in the 20th century.

Tiago Fávero de Oliveira, Breno Apolinário da Silva

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar como a mudança tecnológica altera processos produtivos e educativos. O texto aponta que, apesar do apelo de modernização e inovação, a difusão de tecnologias de inteligência artificial altera a relação entre linguagem e pensamento, produzindo uma educação tecnobancária cujos efeitos geram submissão, dominação, exploração e universalização de um pensamento único. O artigo parte das análises de Marx sobre a maquinaria e se desenvolve apontando alterações, contradições e desafios sobre o tema. Ao final, são apresentados caminhos para o enfrentamento da questão no sentido de gerar uma educação comprometida com os interesses de emancipação da classe dominada. Palavras-chave: Educação tecnobancária; Inteligência Artificial; Educação.

Lia Tiriba, Jacqueline Botelho, Adriana Barbosa

--

Alberto Acosta

Atrás quedan las promesas del “desarrollo”, nutridas de uno de los corazones de la Modernidad: el “progreso”. En la vorágine, estamos abocados a replantearnos el tema del trabajo y del ocio. Se ha transformado el fenómeno del “ocio”, para expresar libertad y autonomía en un espacio mercantil de la vida misma. El “ocio mercantil” es reflejo de un mundo “mal desarrollado”, donde “trabajo” y “ocio” terminan igualmente alienados a la acumulación del capital. Pero no todo es desalentador. Hay reflexiones y acciones que demandan la construcción de sociedades radicalmente distintas. Palabras clave: Modernidad, Desarrollo, Progreso, Ocio y Trabajo.

Adena R. Rissman, Ana Fochesatto, Erin B. Lowe et al.

Perennial grasslands, including prairie and pasture, have declined with tremendous environmental and social costs. This decline reflects unequal policy support for grasslands and managed grazing compared to row crops. To create a resource for community partners and decision-makers, we reviewed and analyzed the policy tools and implementation capacity that supports and constrains grasslands and managed grazing in the U.S. Upper Midwest. Risk reduction subsidies for corn and soybeans far outpace the support for pasture. Some states lost their statewide grazing specialist when the federal Grazing Lands Conservation Initiative lapsed. The United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service support for lands with prescribed grazing practices declined after 2005 but remained relatively steady 2010–2020. These results reveal the policy disadvantage for grasslands and managed grazing in comparison with row crop agriculture for milk and meat production. Grassland and grazing policies have an important nexus with water quality, biodiversity, carbon and outdoor recreation policy. Socially just transitions to well-managed, grazed grasslands require equity-oriented interventions that support community needs. We synthesized recommendations for national and state policy that farmers and other grazing professionals assert would support perennial grasslands and grazing, including changes in insurance, conservation programs, supply chains, land access, and fair labor. These policies would provide critical support for grass-based agriculture and prairies that we hope will help build soil, retain nutrients, reduce flooding and enhance biodiversity while providing healthy food, jobs, and communities.

Malganova I. G., Dokhkilgova D. M., Saralinova Dzh. S.

The relevance of the issue considered in the article lies in the fact that the structure of labor resources is a determining factor in the economic life of both a single territory and the entire state. At the same time, the formation and characteristics of labor resources are influenced by the economic and social policy of the state, its regulatory activities in the labor market, the amount of payment for the work performed, the demographic situation, and the level of qualification. The article analyzes differences in the structure of labor resources, qualitative and quantitative characteristics in regions such as the Chechen Republic and the Republic of Tatarstan.

T.А. Zaitseva, V.V. Orlova

Relevance. Ensuring employment and promoting professional development of young specialists is one of the main directions of the state youth policy of the Russian Federation. The task of stabilizing the labor market is reflected in social policy of the state, as these indicators also affect the macroeconomic development of the country. However, assessment of the employment of university graduates and their behavior in the labor market demonstrates their low awareness in choosing a profession. This situation affects the formation of control figures for admission of applicants to budget and paid places in universities, the economic component of the country, the inexpedient costs of the state for a certain percentage of young professionals. In the current conditions, the correlation of these indicators is likely to be negative. Aim. To update the authors' career guidance system for youth for comprehensive training of university students and improving the efficiency of their employment with the possibility of its implementation in universities. Methods. Analysis of literature and sources on the research topic, comparative analysis, retrospective analysis of information, closed formalized anonymous survey, pilot testing of the system. Results. The authors have studied the employment of graduates of three Tomsk universities, the situation on the labor market in Russia, in some aspects in the Tomsk region. It is proved that the problem of effective employment is relevant and attracts the attention of the government. The authors updated their career guidance system, which has already been partially implemented in the work of the Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics Career Center. The paper introduces the recommendations for implementing the system. Conclusions. The proposed system can be used at Russian universities. This will improve the quality of employment of young professionals, and therefore the stability of the labor market and the economic and social components of state policy.

M. A. Burda

The article considers migration processes in the post-Soviet space, relative to the Russian Federation, as the main center of migration attraction. Empirical data are introduced into scientific circulation, characterizing some migration indicators in 2022 on the basis of which the features of external labor migration to Russia are revealed. The author analyzes quantitative and qualitative indicators of external migration on the basis of not only statistical data, but also regulatory legal acts, which makes it possible to determine the ratio of migration needs and migration challenges faced by Russian society, which generally negatively perceives the migration model implemented in the state. The conclusion proposes measures that allow, according to the author, to increase the effectiveness of the implemented state migration policy and reduce the conflict potential of external migration.

Yeliz Polat

During the global Covid-19 pandemic crisis, many countries, especially European countries, placed the practice of short-time work, which is a passive employment policy, at the center of labor market measures. Fundamental factors, such as application procedures and principles, eligibility requirements, duration, the amount of allowance, and social security contributions differ between countries. In addition, to minimize the negative effects of the crisis, which affected all labor markets, relaxation of regulations regarding the practice of short-time working brought international practices closer together. This study investigated the similarities and differences of the short-time working practices in European Union member countries during the pandemic crisis, evaluating current and potential reverberations in labor markets. Consequently, it isclearly inevitable and necessary to extend the regulations regarding short-time working practices, which has an important role in protecting employment during general economic crises.

Elif Özlem Özçatal, Umur Aşkın

Out of the vulnerable and disadvantaged groups in the labor market, disabled employees make up one of the segments that is most exposed to mobbing in the workplace. In this study, we investigated mobbing processes against disabled employees and their effects on them. The research was conducted through faceto-face in-depth interviews with 10 disabled employees in the province of Tokat, between November 2019 and December 2020. The obtained data was analyzed using descriptive and content methods. We examined the characteristics of handicapped employees who had been victims of mobbing, the mobbing acts used against them, causes and types of mobbing and their effects on the victims. The findings show that disabled employees are subjected to acts of mobbing including scolding, mockery, shouting, humiliation, backbiting, overloading, disdain, and being given work below their qualifications. Negative prejudices and attitudes towards disability are among the causes of mobbing against disabled employees in the workplace. Mobbing affects the effective and equal participation of disabled people at work and hinders their permanent presence in the labor market. The psychological and physical health of disabled employees who are victims of mobbing worsen and their disability-related health problems deteriorate. Mobbing impairs the physical and mental health of disabled employees and reduces their productivity as well. Mobbing weakens and eventually breaks these people’s ties with the labor market and their working lives.

Alex Kossak, Nelma Vieira

O artigo analisa a atuação do empresariado no Novo Ensino Médio. No processo de recomposição burguesa, compreendemos que o empresariado tem atuado no sentido de direcionar as políticas educacionais e o Estado, como por exemplo, o movimento Todos Pela Educação. Utilizamos uma pesquisa de cunho documental, calcada no materialismo histórico-dialético para apontar que a atuação do capital privado tem sido no sentido de conformar a classe trabalhadora para as demandas de um mercado flexível e pragmático. Palavra-chave: Novo Ensino Médio; Empresariado; Reforma Educacional; Todos Pela Educação.  

Serdar Acun

Informal employment takes place in labor markets as a gray area between unemployment and employment. It effectively continues to exist as a temporary shelter for the unemployed in countries with higher unemployment rates. Although Turkey’s informal employment rate has decreased in recent years, it remains above the OECD average. Examining the relationship between informal employment and education in Turkey, this study also attempts to identify how small businesses that loom large in the Turkish labor market affect informal employment. The TURKSTAT 2018 Household Labor Force Survey micro data setis used for this purpose. A binary logistic regression model is applied as the method of analysis. Conclusions reveal that the probability of informal employment is much higher for female wage earners, industrial workers, part-time workers, and those with temporary employment contracts. Additionally, the positive relationship between the number of employees in enterprises and formality is another finding of this study. A strongly positive education-formal employment relationship is also identified, and the effect of education on the probability of formal employment is found to be higher for women in particular.

José Luiz Cordeiro Antunes, Maria Cristina Paulo Rodrigues, Lia Tiriba

No momento que este editorial está sendo escrito, quase quinhentos mil brasileiros/as negros/as, indígenas, brancos, quase-brancos (como diria Caetano), quilombolas, ribeirinhos/as, mulheres, de mil e uma cores, com seus sonhos e desejos pulsantes, tiveram suas vidas ameaçada e ceifadas. Pela covid-19, mas também pela impossibilidade de atendimento para inúmeras outras doenças, consequência do descaso com a saúde pública e com o SUS.

Natalya V. RODNINA

The article discusses issues of the state of the agro-industrial complex of the region in connection with the need to fulfill the targets approved in January 2020 by the new edition of the Food Security Doctrine of Russia. The purpose of the study is to identify the problems of the northern region and to develop proposals for changing the situation for the successful implementation of the Doctrine. The scientific problem discussed in the article relates to the determination of the methodological foundations of the most relevant areas of agrarian policy for the current state, ensuring the implementation of the Food Security Doctrine of Russia and increasing the level of self-sufficiency of the region. The author's research develops the theory of determining the socio-economic role of effective interaction between authorities of different levels, scientific justification of the prospects for the further development of the agro-industrial complex due to the transformation of the industry development management system, innovative approach to training personnel for the agricultural sector, and introduction of new technological solutions as highly relevant. It has been established that such factors as the lack of effective interaction between the state and municipal authorities, and also the lack of young qualified personnel, whose competence meets the modern requirements, have a negative impact on the economy of agricultural production and food self-sufficiency of the region as a whole. The article draws attention to the underestimated opportunities for improving the situation in the agro-industrial complex due to a change in the scheme of interaction between the state and municipal authorities during the implementation of the program-targeted method of regulation and strategic planning, as well as the creation of a scientific and educational complex in the region for the training of competitive specialists for the agro-industrial complex. In order to improve the situation, it is necessary to consolidate the formation of a regional agricultural system on the basis of a set of similar systems developed by the municipalities themselves, based on the relevant climatic conditions, financial, material and labor resources of these areas. Besides, it is necessary to start the training of personnel for the agroindustrial complex system from school, applying new educational standards, based on scientific developments.

Eraldo Souza do Carmo

Este artigo tem a finalidade de analisar as implicações da estrutura de financiamento da educação à garantia do direito a educação. Problematizam-se as bases de cálculo para a distribuição de recursos da educação que ainda não são suficientes para superar as desigualdades educacionais regionais, principalmente dos municípios com pouca capacidade de arrecadação. As análises têm como base uma revisão teórica e a legislação educacional no que se refere às bases de financiamento da educação. Denota-se que as estratégias dos governos com a criação dos fundos para realizar a distribuição dos recursos da educação não contribuíram para elevar a qualidade da oferta educacional como tem sido propagado.

Francisco Carlos Oliveira de Sousa

Propomo-nos analisar a formação da rede federal de educação profissional industrial no Brasil. A análise das fontes apoia-se nos referenciais propostos por Magalhães (2004), Nosella e Buffa (2007), segundo os quais compreender a genealogia de uma instituição educativa pressupõe relacionar a sua função social com o contexto no qual está inserida. Criada em 1909, a rede escolar analisada objetivou, sob a crença no industrialismo, a formação profissional para desvalidos da sorte. Em síntese, a investigação evidenciou os limites dessa proposta em uma sociedade de incipiente industrialização.

William Kennedy do Amaral Souza

A Revista Trabalho Necessário traz uma longa entrevista com Ana Maria  Motta Ribeiro, professora associada do Departamento de Sociologia e Metodologia  das Ciências Sociais da Universidade Federal Fluminense. Ana Motta é do  Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia e Direito (UFF) e, envolvendo  estudantes de graduação e pós-graduação em projetos de ensino, pesquisa e extensão, coordena o Observatório Fundiário Fluminense (OBFF) e, neste espaço desenvolve o Projeto “Sociologia Viva”. Ali se articulam seus orientandos/as e grupos de pesquisadores/as de diversos núcleos de investigação e extensão do Brasil. Recentemente esse coletivo começou a se expandir numa dimensão latinoamericana, envolvendo Argentina, Chile e México na recém-criada Rede LatinoAmericana de Observatórios Hidro Territoriais.

Inna Arakelova

In terms of the issues aggravation concerning internally displaced persons and the disproportions in the social and economic development of regions as a result of the antiterrorist operation in Ukraine, an analysis of social and economic transformations in regional development under the migration processes influence and the search for their overcoming mechanisms becomes relevant. The purpose of the article is to analyse the impact of internally displaced persons flows on the social and economic development of regions in order to improve the regional development mechanisms in Ukraine. The research methodology includes a set of scientific research methods that provide a systematic approach to investigating the impact of internally displaced persons on the social and economic development of Ukrainian regions, theoretical approaches to state regulation of internal migration flows in conditions of decentralization of power and reform of public administration in the country. In the course of investigations, the following methods are used: statistical analysis and synthesis while determining the indicators of the IDPs burden on the regional social and economic systems of Ukraine; analysis while studying the main problems of internally displaced persons and their directions; logical synthesis and synthesis while drawing conclusions. The information base for the study consists of the legislative acts of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, statistical and reporting information of the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine, development of the UN Agency for Refugees, the UN ReliefWeb Specialized Service for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Inter-Agency Standing Committee, PROMAN, NGO “Labor and Health Social Initiatives”, Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union, research results of domestic and foreign scientists. Results. The article deals with the issues of effective reforming of regional development mechanisms related to solving the internally displaced persons’ issues and their impact on social and economic processes in the regions. The internally displaced persons’ influence analysis on the regional social and economic systems of Ukraine was conducted. The analysis allowed determining the rating of five regions with a significant load of IDPs and identifying the social and economic system in the region and the acutest elements. Practical implications. The peculiarities of internally displaced persons’ migratory flows by regions and their impact analysis on the social and economic development of regions and Ukraine as a whole are to be investigated. Value/originality. The ways of positive social and economic dynamics of regional development enhancement due to the programs and regional development strategies correction, taking into account the resource potential of the IDPs in some areas, are proposed.

Fabrizio Colonna, Stefania Marcassa

AbstractItaly has the lowest labor supply of married women among EU countries. Moreover, the participation rate of married women is positively correlated with their husbands’ income. We show that these two features can be partly explained by the tax system: a high tax rate together with tax credits and transfers raise the burden of two-earner households, generating disincentives to work. We estimate two structural models of labor supply: one where the husband’s labor supply is inelastic and one with joint couple decisions. Then we use the estimated parameters to simulate the effects of alternative revenue-neutral tax systems on labor supply. We find that working tax credit and gender-based taxation boost it, with the effects of the former being concentrated on low educated women. Conversely, joint taxation implies a drop in the participation rate.JEL codes:J21, J22, H31