Hasil untuk "Irrigation engineering. Reclamation of wasteland. Drainage"

Nazarova Sayyora Azimjanovna

The terms irrigation and land reclamation (melioration) are frequently used side by side in agricultural engineering, water governance, and academic discourse, yet their semantic boundaries are often blurred by institutional naming traditions, translation practices, and overlapping technological processes. This article examines the conceptual scope and content of both terms to clarify where they coincide and where they diverge. Using a terminological approach grounded in definitional analysis and concept-structure modeling, the study synthesizes dictionary and normative definitions, domain texts from agronomy and water management, and principles of terminology work. The results show that irrigation is conceptually centered on the purposeful, controlled application and distribution of water to agricultural land or crops to supplement natural moisture, while melioration denotes a broader complex of long-term measures aimed at the radical improvement of unfavorable land conditions, including but not limited to irrigation, drainage, salinity control, soil amendments, and protective engineering. The discussion highlights major sources of ambiguity: scope narrowing of melioration in some regional usages to mean primarily drainage and salinity mitigation; polysemy of English land reclamation beyond agriculture; and metonymic shifts in administrative discourse. The article concludes with implications for terminology standardization, translation, and the compilation of critical domain glossaries.

ZHANG Zhixiang, LIU Songtao, LI Qian et al.

【Background】Soil salinization is a widespread abiotic stress that significantly impacts agricultural productivity and water resource management in the Yinbei region of Ningxia Province. This study explores the inter-annual dynamics of soil salinity and groundwater depth in areas within this region that use surface irrigation and subsurface drainage.【Method】Field investigations were conducted in Huinong, a representative area in northern Yinbei characterized by surface irrigation and subsurface drainage systems. Spatiotemporal variation of soil salinity and groundwater depth were analyzed using measured data with the help of correlation analysis and the inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation method.【Result】Temporally, areas with high soil salinity were accounting ting for 23.57% of the study region in April. In contrast, areas with soil salinity greater than 2 g/kg decreased by 52.99% in July and 26.3% in October, compared to April. Soil salinity decreased gradually with increasing groundwater depth, and the relationship between them was well fitted by a proposed model (R2＞ 0.82).【Conclusion】Soil salinity in the region peaks in spring and declines by summer, showing spatial variability influenced primarily by topography and irrigation practices. Salinity in the 40-100 cm soil layer was more responsive to groundwater depth than in the 0-40 cm layer. Maintaining a groundwater depth between 1.8 and 2.2 m can facilitate crop growth and reduce salinization risk.

Muneera Bano, Hashini Gunatilake, Rashina Hoda

Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly gained popularity and are being embedded into professional applications due to their capabilities in generating human-like content. However, unquestioned reliance on their outputs and recommendations can be problematic as LLMs can reinforce societal biases and stereotypes. This study investigates how LLMs, specifically OpenAI's GPT-4 and Microsoft Copilot, can reinforce gender and racial stereotypes within the software engineering (SE) profession through both textual and graphical outputs. We used each LLM to generate 300 profiles, consisting of 100 gender-based and 50 gender-neutral profiles, for a recruitment scenario in SE roles. Recommendations were generated for each profile and evaluated against the job requirements for four distinct SE positions. Each LLM was asked to select the top 5 candidates and subsequently the best candidate for each role. Each LLM was also asked to generate images for the top 5 candidates, providing a dataset for analysing potential biases in both text-based selections and visual representations. Our analysis reveals that both models preferred male and Caucasian profiles, particularly for senior roles, and favoured images featuring traits such as lighter skin tones, slimmer body types, and younger appearances. These findings highlight underlying societal biases influence the outputs of LLMs, contributing to narrow, exclusionary stereotypes that can further limit diversity and perpetuate inequities in the SE field. As LLMs are increasingly adopted within SE research and professional practices, awareness of these biases is crucial to prevent the reinforcement of discriminatory norms and to ensure that AI tools are leveraged to promote an inclusive and equitable engineering culture rather than hinder it.

Milena Truba, Jacek Sosnowski, Krzysztof Pakuła

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of soil fertilising biopreparations, i.e. compost extract, vermicompost extract and humus extract, used against the background of NPK mineral fertilisation, on the content of manganese, iron, zinc and copper in the biomass of Lolium perenne, Festulolium braunii, and Dactylis glomerata. In the spring of 2019 and 2020, a single dose of the biological preparation was applied. During each vegetation period, the plants were mown three times. During mowing, fresh plant mass was taken from each plot, dried, ground and the content of Cu, Zc, Mn and Fe was determined using the ICP-AES method. The use of a biological preparation with the composition of an extract from compost significantly increased the content of Mn, Fe and Zn in the dry mass of the tested grass species. The grass species that accumulated the highest total content of microelements in its above-ground parts was Lolium perenne. The use of only biological preparations in the cultivation of the analysed grass species gave better production effects, for example in the form of a higher concentration of microelements in the dry mass of plants compared to objects fed only with minerals. This creates the possibility of using the tested biopreparations in organic farms. The Fe:Mn ionic ratio was too wide in relation to the standards on all experimental objects, which resulted from the excess of Fe in the plants. Only the combination of compost extract with mineral fertilisation narrowed the above relationship, but it was still too high.

Dawid Kudas, Agnieszka Wnęk, Ewelina Zając

Soil sealing is a threat to soil and its ecosystem services. One of the main drivers of soil sealing is land degradation resulting from the expansion of urban areas, where it leads to such problems as the growing risk of flooding and local inundations, urban heat islands, or water shortages. The article focuses on analyses and quantification of the general degree of soil sealing in 2012–2018 in eight functional urban areas (FUA) in Poland, taking into account their division into the urban core (UC) and the commuting zone (CZ). We used the high resolution layer imperviousness density (HRL IMD) data to quantify soil sealing as well as data on land cover and land use with different spatial resolutions, i.e. from the European Urban Atlas project (UA) and the National Database of Topographic Objects (BDOT10k) to quantify artificial surfaces. The research determined the spatial differentiation of UCs and CZs in terms of the degree of soil sealing. We further observed higher average growth of sealed land in CZs. Quantitative and spatial analyses determined the spatial patterns of soil sealing in the FUA in Poland. Soil sealing intensified from 2012 to 2018. The process should be expected to continue in the coming years in light of the continuous transformation of vegetated areas into artificial ones. The conclusions should be considered valuable for the implementation of the spatial policy concerning sustainable land use and soil protection in suburban areas.

Marcus Kessel, Colin Atkinson

The ability of Generative AI (GAI) technology to automatically check, synthesize and modify software engineering artifacts promises to revolutionize all aspects of software engineering. Using GAI for software engineering tasks is consequently one of the most rapidly expanding fields of software engineering research, with over a hundred LLM-based code models having been published since 2021. However, the overwhelming majority of existing code models share a major weakness - they are exclusively trained on the syntactic facet of software, significantly lowering their trustworthiness in tasks dependent on software semantics. To address this problem, a new class of "Morescient" GAI is needed that is "aware" of (i.e., trained on) both the semantic and static facets of software. This, in turn, will require a new generation of software observation platforms capable of generating large quantities of execution observations in a structured and readily analyzable way. In this paper, we present a vision and roadmap for how such "Morescient" GAI models can be engineered, evolved and disseminated according to the principles of open science.

Roberto Casadei, Gianluca Aguzzi, Giorgio Audrito et al.

Today's distributed and pervasive computing addresses large-scale cyber-physical ecosystems, characterised by dense and large networks of devices capable of computation, communication and interaction with the environment and people. While most research focusses on treating these systems as "composites" (i.e., heterogeneous functional complexes), recent developments in fields such as self-organising systems and swarm robotics have opened up a complementary perspective: treating systems as "collectives" (i.e., uniform, collaborative, and self-organising groups of entities). This article explores the motivations, state of the art, and implications of this "collective computing paradigm" in software engineering, discusses its peculiar challenges, and outlines a path for future research, touching on aspects such as macroprogramming, collective intelligence, self-adaptive middleware, learning, synthesis, and experimentation of collective behaviour.

Valerio Terragni, Annie Vella, Partha Roop et al.

A paradigm shift is underway in Software Engineering, with AI systems such as LLMs playing an increasingly important role in boosting software development productivity. This trend is anticipated to persist. In the next years, we expect a growing symbiotic partnership between human software developers and AI. The Software Engineering research community cannot afford to overlook this trend; we must address the key research challenges posed by the integration of AI into the software development process. In this paper, we present our vision of the future of software development in an AI-driven world and explore the key challenges that our research community should address to realize this vision.

Arthur Pilone, Paulo Meirelles, Fabio Kon et al.

A central challenge for ensuring the success of software projects is to assure the convergence of developers' and users' views. While the availability of large amounts of user data from social media, app store reviews, and support channels bears many benefits, it still remains unclear how software development teams can effectively use this data. We present an LLM-powered approach called DeeperMatcher that helps agile teams use crowd-based requirements engineering (CrowdRE) in their issue and task management. We are currently implementing a command-line tool that enables developers to match issues with relevant user reviews. We validated our approach on an existing English dataset from a well-known open-source project. Additionally, to check how well DeeperMatcher works for other languages, we conducted a single-case mechanism experiment alongside developers of a local project that has issues and user feedback in Brazilian Portuguese. Our preliminary analysis indicates that the accuracy of our approach is highly dependent on the text embedding method used. We discuss further refinements needed for reliable crowd-based requirements engineering with multilingual support.

T. I. Drovovozova, Mikhail V. Vlasov, N. N. Krasovskaya

Purpose: to develop the main stages of planning the measures of engineering and environmental protection of water bodies – drainage water inlets from irrigated lands. Materials and methods. When developing the stages of planning the measures of engineering and environmental protection of water bodies, recommendations for assessing the environmental and economic efficiency of investment projects for agricultural land reclamation and methods for calculating environmental payments necessary to take into account the effectiveness of environmental protective measures were used. Results. Planning the measures of engineering and environmental protection of a water body can be conditionally divided into four stages. At the first stage, the comprehensive monitoring studies of the water system and agrolandscape in the river catchment basin are carried out. The second stage consists of conducting their comprehensive environmental assessment, including the calculation of such indicators as the combinatorial index of water pollution, the indicator of anthropogenic water body load, the total indicator of soil pollution, bottom deposits, the soil loss rate, the soil formation rate, soil salinization, sodium, magnesium alkalinization, as well as the calculation of cost environmental indicators. At the third stage, a set of measures for engineering and environmental protection of a water body is developed, and at the fourth, a quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of the proposed measures is carried out. Conclusion. Environmental indicators that quantitatively characterize the anthropogenic load on water bodies as a result of the irrigation system operation are proposed. A methodical approach is proposed and the main stages of planning the engineering and environmental protection of water bodies – drainage water inlets from irrigated lands are defined, consisting in a comprehensive assessment of all components of the agro-landscape with the subsequent development of engineering, agrotechnical, agroforestry and agrochemical measures that contribute to the formation of a favorable environmental situation in the river basin.

Danni Han, Chao Chen, Fan Wang et al.

The agricultural development of reclaimed coastal areas in Jiangsu Province is significantly hindered by high soil salinity and an inadequate irrigation and drainage infrastructure. Optimizing the layout of subsurface drainage systems has been identified as an effective means of reducing soil salinity, with the proper designation of engineering parameters being crucial. This study applied 12 treatments (T1–T12) consisting of four different spacings of subsurface drainage pipes (6 m, 11 m, 15 m, and no subsurface drainage pipes) and three observation wells at varying distances from the drainage outlet (5 m, 25 m, and 45 m). Results showed that all three subsurface pipe spacing treatments significantly reduced soil salinity compared to natural drainage, with a smaller subsurface pipe spacing treatment leading to better salt-reducing effects. The farther the distance from the measuring point to the drain, the higher the salinity. As the burial depth of the outlet decreased and spacing between the subsurface drainage pipes decreased, the salinization rate of the 0–60 cm soil layer was higher, while the salt accumulation in the 60–80 cm soil layer was more severe. Therefore, a subsurface drainage pipe spacing of 6 m and an outlet burial depth of 40 cm are recommended as more suitable choices to effectively control salt concentration in the soil. The research aimed to provide scientific reference data and technical support for the optimized design of subsurface drainage engineering parameters while promoting efficient desalination of saline-alkali areas worldwide.

M. Romashchenko, R. V. S. Doctor of Engineering Sciences, Ph. V.P. Panteleev et al.

The practice of EU countries on the establishment of water tariffs for irrigation of agricultural crops and the procedures for recouping funds spent on water supply for irrigation is considered. As the main sources of information for the manuscript were noted publications and regulatory documents of Ukraine, reports of EU bodies, and the World Bank, in which a critical analysis of pricing practices in irrigated agriculture in EU countries for 2005-2023 was carried out. The grouping of information on the area of irrigated land, the level of return of funds spent on water supply, and attention is paid to a methodical approach to the development of tariffs for water transportation. The interpretation of the reasons for the natural character, which were guided by state management bodies when applying economic tools for irrigation management in their territories, are presented. For certain countries with big areas of irrigated land (Italy, France, Greece, Spain, Portugal, and Romania), significant achievements of tariff formation and reimbursement of funds have been determined. Aspects of water tariff formation, water accounting, development of water user associations, and taxation of water fees are disclosed. countries were classified according to water pricing, taking into account the state of water resources and melioration systems, types of tariffs, pricing mechanisms, the state of return of funds spent on water supply due to tariffs, measurement of water volumes, as well as solving additional problems of applying economic tools in irrigated agriculture – institutional (administrative, legal) measures, the impact of water charges on the country’s agricultural economy, etc. Since the requirements of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) are the dominant approach in the implementation of tariff formation in irrigation in EU countries, the level of achievement of indicators of the quality of WFD implementation by countries was considered. It has been established that the vast majority of global practices for forming tariffs for water supply services for irrigation, capital investments in reclamation infrastructure, and its maintenance, show that they are based both on national interests and on the interest of water users and organizations that provide logistical support.

LI Yexin, LYU Gang, WANG Daohan et al.

【Objective】 Restoring coal mining waste dumps is a way to alleviate their detrimental impact on environment. In this paper, we present the results of an experimental study on distribution and stability of soil aggregates in a reclaimed coal mining overburden dump. 【Method】 The experiment was carried out at a reclaimed coal mine dump site in a grassland region in northern China. We measured the development of fissures from Zone I (GF) to Zone three (GFIII) in the fissure zone. The composition and distribution soil aggregates in these zones were determined using dry-wet sieve method. Aggregate stability and its relationship with the fissures was analyzed. 【Result】 The content of the >0.25 mm air-dried aggregates over the fissure zones was 23.02%~42.70%, and content of the >0.25 mm water-stable soil aggregates was 16.9%~29.52%. There was no significant difference between air-dried aggregates and water-stable aggregates. The content of the >0.25 mm water-stable soil aggregates in the 0~60 cm soil layer in GF, GFⅡ and GF Ⅲ was 25.26%, 26.57%, 23.62%, respectively, while the percentage of aggregate destruction in the three fissure zones was 20.77%~36.17%, 20.52%~25.00%, and 26.58%~40.56%, respectively. The percentage of aggregate destruction in 0~10, 10~20, 20~30, 30~40, 40~50, and 50~60 cm soil layers was 28.81%, 29.96%, 26.19%, 23.50%, 24.91%, and 29.38%, respectively. The fractal dimension of air-dried and water-stable soil aggregates was 2.847~2.919 and 2.898~2.942, respectively. Small aggregates and fine particles are the dominant aggregates. The mean mass diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) of the air-dried aggregates in three fissure zones were 1.11, 1.05, 1.28 mm, and 0.45, 0.44, 0.49 mm, respectively. The MWD and GMD of water-stable soil aggregates in the three fissure zones were 0.67, 0.73, 0.72 mm, and 0.36, 0.38, 0.37 mm, respectively. Soil in GFⅡ had good structure and aggregate stability. Most of water-stable soil aggregates in the fissure zones were unstable due to the formation and development of fissures. 【Conclusion】 The formation and development of fissures in the reclaimed coal mining overburden dump reduced the stability of soil aggregates, thereby resulting in aggregate segmentation. The larger and wider the fissures were, the less stable the soil aggregates were.

Marta J. Kiraga, Anna Markiewicz

Changes in river channel morphological parameters are influenced by anthropogenic factors, such as climatic changes, river catchment management changes, and hydrotechnical development of rivers. To assess the intensity of individual pressures and the resulting changes in abiotic and biotic factors in the riverbed, water quality monitoring is conducted, including the assessment of the hydromorphological status. The assessment can be based on the River Habitat Survey (RHS) which is a synthetic method that includes the evaluation of habitat character and river quality based on their morphological structure. The input data, which characterise any river include physical features of hydrotechnical structures, bed granulation, occurrence of bedforms, visible morphodynamic phenomena, and a sediment transport pattern. The RHS method allows to determine two quantitative indices used to evaluate the hydromorphological status: Habitat Modification Score ( HMS), which determines the extent of transformation in the morphology of a watercourse, and Habitat Quality Assessment ( HQA), which is based on the presence and diversity of natural elements in a watercourse and river valley. The proposed method can be divided into three stages. The first assesses the river section hydromorphological indices, describing the degree of technical modification ( HMS) and the ecological quality of the reach ( HQA), using the RHS method. The second stage describes morphological changes resulting from the technical regulation and estimates indices for the regulated reach. Finally, we compare HQA and HMS indices before and after the regulation. This comparison is described by numerical indicators and related to reference values.

SHAO Peiyin, LI Yalong, XIONG Yujiang et al.

【Objective】 Most hilly regions in China are short of freshwater resources and recycling the effluent water in their drainage ditches is a way to relieve this pressure and improve water use efficiency. This paper investigates how reusing the effluent water for irrigation affects leaching of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from soils. 【Method】 In-situ experiment was set up in a field to measure the change in water flow and N and P concentrations in the ditches and the ditch buckets. We calculated the ratio of recycled water volume to the volume of water pumped for irrigation (i.e., regression rate), as well as the change in N and P pollutant loads and their determinants. 【Result】 The water had been drained and reused for irrigations for 24 cycles during the growing season, and the total regression rate reached 89.93%. The loads of total P, total N, nitrate nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen during the growing season were 0.28, 3.27, 2.35 and 2.35 kg/hm2, respectively. The load reductions of P and N were correlated with the ratio of their concentrations in the effluent and in the irrigation water. The reduction in total P and ammonia was significantly correlated with the regression rate. The reduction in total N and nitrate was significantly correlated with irrigation and rainfall in the second day after the irrigation. Nitrate reduction rate was also significantly correlated with temperature. 【Conclusion】 The cycles of drainage and its reuse for irrigation not only saves water but also improves utilization of water and fertilizers, thereby reducing the risk of N and P pollution to the downstream.

Evgeniya Ushakova, Elena Menshikova, Tatiana Karavaeva et al.

Atmospheric deposition, vehicular transportation and de-icing agents are major sources polluted snow in urban. This study investigates the current trace elements concentrations of snow and de-icing using ICP-MS, and phytotoxicity using three vascular plants in snow. The study assesses the contamination, classification and phytotoxicity of snow quality removed from roads of residential areas and piled on children’s playgrounds in residential territories. The research found that according to Russian environmental quality standard for water has been identified the exceeding trace elements in snow by W, Se, Mn, Cu, V, Mo, Ni and Zn. The pollution indices ( PLI, CF and Zc) were identified pollution level of snow piles from moderate contamination to very high contamination. Based on average germination index values for Sinapis alba L., Lepidium sativum L., and Triticum aestivum L., the degree of inhibition in snow piles varied from no inhibition to strong inhibition. The trace elements content in de-icing “Galit А” and salt sand mix are defined in the following descending order: Zn > Mn > Ba > V > Rb > Sr and Mn > Ba > Cr > V > Sr > Ni, respectively. High concentrations of trace elements in snow piles are a source of environmental pollution. To prevent snow storage and disposal in residential areas should be involved in future studies of environmental pollution and circular economy, so that environmental managers can reduce threats to the environment and public health, as well as initiate circular economy projects in urban areas.

MA Hongxiu, SUN Quan, LU Haitao et al.

【Objective】 The movement of irrigation water in soil is an important parameter in irrigation design. It is affected by many factors. This paper investigates the impact of initial soil water on infiltration of subsurface irrigation water in an aeolian sandy soil. 【Method】 The outdoor experiment was conducted in tanks repacked with the sandy soil, with the initial soil water content controlled at 5.1%, 11.5%, 16.8%. The movement of the wet zone in each treatment was monitored visually. Infiltration processed was simulated by different analytical models. 【Result】 The wet zone in all treatments was approximately elliptical, with the center located at the perfusion pipe. Increasing initial soil water content accelerated the movement of the wetting front but reduced the cumulative infiltration amount and infiltration rate. The cumulative infiltration amount increased with infiltration time in a power-law function, and the infiltration index increased with the initial water content. Comparison with measured data revealed that the R2 of the Kostiakov model, Philip model, empirical model and Horton model was 0.783, 0.785, 0.923 and 0.943, respectively. When the initial water content was 5.1%, 11.5% and 16.8%, the burial depth of the irrigation pipe should not exceed 10, 20 and 30 cm, respectively, and the associated pipe spacing not exceed 30, 60 and 90 cm, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Increasing initial soil water content in aeolian sandy soil allows the irrigation pipes to be buried deeper and spaced widely. These findings are helpful for designing subsurface irrigation in aeolian sandy soil which is common in northwestern China.

Jie JW Wu

Machine learning (ML) components are being added to more and more critical and impactful software systems, but the software development process of real-world production systems from prototyped ML models remains challenging with additional complexity and interdisciplinary collaboration challenges. This poses difficulties in using traditional software lifecycle models such as waterfall, spiral, or agile models when building ML-enabled systems. In this research, we apply a Systems Engineering lens to investigate the use of V-Model in addressing the interdisciplinary collaboration challenges when building ML-enabled systems. By interviewing practitioners from software companies, we established a set of 8 propositions for using V-Model to manage interdisciplinary collaborations when building products with ML components. Based on the propositions, we found that despite requiring additional efforts, the characteristics of V-Model align effectively with several collaboration challenges encountered by practitioners when building ML-enabled systems. We recommend future research to investigate new process models, frameworks and tools that leverage the characteristics of V-Model such as the system decomposition, clear system boundary, and consistency of Validation & Verification (V&V) for building ML-enabled systems.

MA Tian, GAO Feng, LIU Chuncheng et al.

【Background】 Selenium is a crop nutrient but scarce in many soils. One solution is to add selenium with irrigation water to the soil. In this paper we investigated experimentally spatial accumulation and distribution of added selenium and is correlation with physical and chemical properties of soil under different irrigations using reclaimed water. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in pots. It consisted of two selenium additions: 4 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg (L), with each addition having three irrigation amounts (or methods). 2 L/h drip irrigation (2D), 4 L/h drip irrigation (4D), and border irrigation (S). Without selenium addition was taken as the control (CK). We measured accumulation and distribution of the added selenium in each pot. 【Result】 Except in CK, selenium content in the top 0~10 cm soil was significantly higher than that in the 10~20 cm soil (P<0.05). For L treatment, the selenium content in the soil 10 cm away from the emitter under 2D, 4D and S increased by 1.04, 1.21 and 0.83, respectively, while for H treatment these increased by 2.03, 2.31 and 2.48 times, respectively, compared to CK. The contour of selenium content in 2D+L and 2D+H showed a "narrow-deep" type, while in 4D+L and 4D+H and Q+L, it showed a “pudgy” type. Selenium content in Q+H showed a “near horizontal contour” distribution. 【Conclusion】 Adding selenium with irrigation water increased selenium content in the 0~10 cm soil, with the content increasing with the application amount. Compared with border irrigation, drip irrigation increased selenium accumulation in the root zone - the top 0~10 cm of soil. Soil selenium content was positively correlated with organic matter and water content in the 0~10 cm soil, but negatively correlated to soil conductivity, both at significant levels.

ZHANG Yan, CHENG Rui, ZOU Lei et al.

【Background and objective】 Groundwater is the most important water resource for agricultural production in many regions around the world and its spatiotemporal changes are affected by a multitude of natural and anthropogenic factors. Understanding their quantitative relationship is hence imperative not only to sustain agricultural production but also to safeguard the development of other sectors. Taking an irrigation district in central China as an example, this paper analyzed the fluctuation of its groundwater depth in response to climate change and anthropogenic activity. 【Method】 The analysis was based on groundwater and meteorological data measured from 1952-2013 from the People’s Victory Canal Irrigation District. Their changes and relationship were analyzed using the decadal volatility analysis, mutation test analysis, gray correlation analysis, sensitivity analysis, double cumulative curve method, and the relative contribution rate method. 【Result】 The groundwater depth in the district has been increasing at an average rate of 0.8 m/10a. The maximum coefficient of variation of the groundwater depth from 1952—1959 was 27.33%; the coefficients of variation of the precipitation, evaporation, average temperature and the amount of irrigation water all peaked in 1960s, though the variation of the evaporation and average temperature was not as strong as other factors. Abrupt changes in groundwater depth, precipitation, evaporation, average temperature and irrigation water amount occurred in 1984, 1970s, 1972, 1973 and 1993—1996, respectively. The influence of each factor on groundwater depth was ranked in the order of average temperature > precipitation > irrigation water amount > evaporation, while the sensitivity of groundwater depth to different factors was ranked in the order of average temperature > evaporation > precipitation > the amount of irrigation water. On average, the contributions of the different factors to groundwater depth change were ranked in the order of average temperature > evaporation > irrigation water amount > precipitation. The average temperature contributed most to the groundwater depth change accounting for 38.16%, and the least was precipitation contributing 17.40%. Irrigation water affected groundwater depth mostly from 2002 to 2013, contributing 47.05% of the change. 【Conclusion】 The factors affecting the groundwater depth in the district varied with time, with evaporation being dominant from 1952 to 1963, average temperature from 1964 to 2001, and irrigation from 2002 to 2013.