Hasil untuk "Industrial relations"

James D. Portwood

B. Roberts

P. Beaumont

The Environment of Public Sector Industrial Relations Unions in the Public Sector Management Organization for Industrial Relations Purposes in the Public Sector Collective Bargaining Coverage and Structure in the Public Sector Bargaining Processes, Strikes and Dispute Resolution in the Public Sector The Criteria and Outcomes of Bargaining in the Public Sector Changes in Public Sector Industrial Relations.

Bill Simpson

Taisija Gricenko, Alise Zommere, Jorens Kviesis et al.

Berry press residues represent a valuable source of bioactive compounds, particularly anthocyanins and polyphenols, which exhibit strong antioxidant properties. Berry press residues have wide application potential in food systems due to their health benefits as well as colouring capabilities. However, the effects of drying on anthocyanin stability are not fully understood across berry species and drying methods. This study evaluated the effects of conventional hot air and vacuum drying at temperatures ranging from 30 to 90 °C, as well as freeze drying, on the total polyphenolic content (TPC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), antioxidant activity (DPPH assay), and individual anthocyanin profiles in press residues from 10 berry species. Freeze drying preserved the highest levels of both TPC and TAC, while vacuum drying at moderate temperatures (30–60 °C) demonstrated comparable stability and outperformed conventional drying. All thermal methods showed accelerated degradation of anthocyanins above 75 °C, with notable compound losses at 90 °C. Species-specific responses were observed, with chokeberries and honeysuckle berries being particularly susceptible to high-temperature degradation. Chromatographic analysis revealed that rutinoside and glucoside anthocyanins were more thermally stable than sambubioside and diglucoside forms. Strong correlations were found between TPC and antioxidant activity (r = 0.89), whereas the contribution of anthocyanin was more variable (r = 0.66). This study provided a systematic cross-species comparison of 10 berry press residues dried under identical conditions, revealing species-specific degradation thresholds and demonstrating vacuum drying as a method for the substitution of freeze drying. Clear structure-stability relations across 24 individual anthocyanins were demonstrated, offering novel mechanistic insights for optimisation of industrial anthocyanin-rich by-product valorisation. Future research should explore the molecular mechanisms underlying anthocyanin degradation and assess process scalability for industrial applications. Optimising drying protocols may enable sustainable upcycling of berry by-products into high-value functional ingredients.

Kun Liu, Chunhui Zhao

The accurate online soft sensor in complex industrial processes remains challenging because underlying spatial coupling relations among process variables have not been effectively mined and exploited. Recently, some deep learning based studies construct static graphs to explicitly represent underlying spatial coupling relations among process variables, but they neglect the fact that spatial coupling relations have mutable characteristics, leading to poor performance in the online soft sensor. Therefore, in this article, we propose a novel deep learning model to address this issue to achieve accurate soft sensors. Specifically, a dynamic graph is proposed to realize adaptive learning and automatic inference for mutable spatial coupling relations so that the proposed model is endowed with the ability to real-timely sense spatial coupling relations in the online industrial soft sensor. Then, based on the dynamic graph, a new multihop attention graph convolutional network is proposed to systematically aggregate various crucial node feature representations during graph convolution processes to capture fine-grained spatial dependence features, thereby achieving effective modeling for variation patterns of process variables. Finally, a new multivariate incremental training algorithm is designed for deep learning models to further improve the prediction performance. The verification study on a coal mill rig demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed model.

Ramón Sanguino, Nilgün Çağlarırmak Uslu, Pınar Karahan-Dursun et al.

Education–employment mismatch represents a persistent structural issue across Europe, especially among young people. In line with the digital transformation, green transformation and population aging, new jobs are emerging every day, and some of the older jobs are disappearing. However, existing skills of job seekers may not fit these new jobs. This article presents results from the EMLT + AI project, which aimed to explore how artificial intelligence (AI) tools could contribute to reducing such mismatches and supporting inclusive labor market integration. Based on a sample of 1039 participants across European countries, we analyzed the alignment between individuals’ educational background and their current employment, as well as their willingness to reskill. Using binary logistic regression models, the study identifies key factors influencing mismatch and reskilling motivation, including educational level, type of occupation, the presence of meaningful career guidance, and AI-based job search practices. The results indicate that individuals who hold a master’s degree and work in positions requiring at least bachelor’s level degrees are more likely to be matched with jobs that align with their field of study. However, access to mentoring remains limited. The paper concludes by proposing an AI-supported training model integrating career recommendation systems, flexible learning modules, and structured mentoring. These findings provide empirical evidence on how emerging technologies can foster more responsive and adaptive education-to-employment transitions, contributing to policy innovation and the development of inclusive digital labor ecosystems in Europe.

S. Yu. Dudnikov, M. P. Bulat, L. O. Vokin et al.

The problem of simulation of efficient ducted fan type propulsors is considered. From experience of operation of twin blades in fantails of helicopters, it is known that this configuration creates less noise compared to a uniform arrangement of the blades around the circumference. However, the flow behind such fan is less uniform than that of a conventional ducted fan. For multicopter-type unmanned aircraft and air taxis, the key problem is flight in take-off and landing modes as well as acoustic and vortex fields created by propulsors in these modes. The decrease in the noise level in propellers with twin blades can potentially be accompanied by an increase in non-stationary vortex effects on the aircraft as well as a decrease in specific thrust. The objectives were to develop a method for simulation of ducted fan propellers in the takeoff and landing mode, to determine the optimal angle between the blades, and to compare a ducted fan with twin X-shaped blades to conventional blade position. Turbulent flows were calculated using transient Reynold-averaged Navier-Stokes equations, complemented by SST turbulence model, and large eddy simulation with WALE subgrid viscosity model. The calculations used the modification γ–Reθ Transition SST of the Langtry-Menter turbulence model, where there are relations for the intermittency criterion, which made it possible to consider the laminar-turbulent transition and the appearance of thin laminar separation bubbles that affect both the thrust of the propeller and the nonuniformity of the flow behind it. Testing was carried out on four-bladed propellers according to the known results of the TsAGI reference experiments. Testing of the γ–Reθ Transition SST Langtry-Menter turbulence model showed that it reproduces the dependence of the thrust coefficient and power factor on the blade angle better than the standard SST model. Calculations have shown that there is a clearly defined optimum angle between the paired blades. A comparison of three-bladed, six-bladed single and six-bladed propellers with twin blades showed that the latter option has slightly better thrust characteristics and creates a significantly lower noise level on the ground. The studied characteristics of ducted fans demonstrate the prospects for the use of propellers with twin blades in aircraft with vertical takeoff and landing. The developed numerical method can be directly used for industrial calculations of propellers and fans.

Michael Quinlan

The past two decades witnessed rapidly growing interest in psychosocial hazards at work. The paper overviews the state of knowledge of psychosocial hazards, demonstrating they have long existed, are present in virtually all work settings but seem to becoming more prevalent due to changes in work and society over the past four decades. A number of models seeking to explain psychosocial hazards are critically examined. It is argued there a number of superior alternatives to the currently dominant model–the Job Demands Resources (JDR) model–and these models are more closely aligned to areas of interest to industrial relations. It argues that the combination of several models or a new model based on their strengths could provide both a better understanding of the underlying causes of psychosocial hazards and in turn inform more effective interventions. Drawing on the last point the final sections of the paper consider industry, NGO and union interventions to address psychosocial hazards and the evolving regulatory framework. The paper argues for historically informed industrial relations (IR) perspective using superior models to better understand and address psychosocial hazards.

Simon Jäger, Shakked Noy, B. Schoefer

We give an overview of the “German model” of industrial relations. We organize our review by focusing on the two pillars of the model: sectoral collective bargaining and firm-level codetermination. Relative to the United States, Germany outsources collective bargaining to the sectoral level, resulting in higher coverage and the avoidance of firm-level distributional conflict. Relative to other European countries, Germany makes it easy for employers to avoid coverage or use flexibility provisions to deviate downwards from collective agreements. The greater flexibility of the German system may reduce unemployment, but may also erode bargaining coverage and increase inequality. Meanwhile, firm-level codetermination through worker board representation and works councils creates cooperative dialogue between employers and workers. Board representation has few direct impacts owing to worker representatives’ minority vote share, but works councils, which hold a range of substantive powers, may be more impactful. Overall, the German model highlights tensions between efficiency-enhancing flexibility and equity-enhancing collective action.

Frances Flanagan, Caleb Goods

What does climate change mean for the field of industrial relations? In this article, we argue that a meaningful disciplinary response to climate change requires more than simply widening the scope of industrial relations scholarship to include environmental dynamics. It demands recognition of the ways in which the categories of analysis and intellectual preoccupations of the discipline have been shaped by what we term the ‘fossil capitalist inertia’ exerted by their largely 20th-century origins. Climate change requires critical reflection of the extent to which industrial relations processes that were introduced to increase fairness and equality in a fossil capitalist context have the potential to contribute to different kinds of unfairness and inequality in an era of climate instability. The article identifies four frontiers of the scholarly development already underway that give effect to this conceptual enlargement: critical engagement with the concepts of (a) ‘sustainable development’ and (b) ‘just transition’ (c) analyses of reconfigured union identities and strategies and (d) discussions of the roles and influence of employer associations and state actors in labour and environmental relations and transitions. The article concludes by introducing five new articles that advance existing scholarly reflections on the challenge of a changed climate for industrial relations along each of these frontiers.

ZASLAVSKAYA Nadezhda Mikhailovna

The article discusses some results of the reform of control and supervision activities taking place in the Russian Federation from 2016 to the present. The pros and cons of the reform are illustrated by the example of environmental control, including control over waste management. Purpose: to analyze the results of the reform of control and supervision activities on the example of state environmental control (supervision) over industrial waste management. Methods: data retrieval and collection; data processing: description, generalization, classification, search for patterns; analysis of data processing results. Results: the current legal regulation of relations in the field of environmental control and supervision requires further improvement in order to achieve the goals set for reforming the entire system of control activities in the country, and to the system of state environmental administration. The situation when the achievement of some indicators occurs at the expense of reducing others in the public administration sector seems unacceptable, or rather short-sighted, especially when the achievement of economic indicators is prioritized over environmental ones.

H. Liu

While there is growing scholarly interest in work conditions in China's internet industry, many studies have focused exclusively on corporate employment relations strategies. By contrast, the article demonstrates the Chinese government's significant role in shaping the collective work experience in business reality. Drawing on three months of fieldwork in China, the findings suggest that the state's quest for technology supremacy has resulted in internet companies that compete ferociously, which in turn causes extreme working hours and burnout. The censorship of online labour activism and the ambiguity in court decisions also lower the interest of tech workers in organising and defending their labour rights. This study opens up an evidence-based debate on industrial relations in contemporary China and calls for more discussions on the state's role in shaping worker well-being and protection.

Resul Kurt

Abstract In the 18th century, when industrial production began, the use of steam and mechanized production caused serious changes in the economy. As a result, production costs have decreased alongside increase in product quantity and product quality. In this period, production has undergone a revolutionary transformation from manual labour to mechanization. In the following decades, the mass production with the help of electricity have resulted with the Industry 2.0 Era, and then, the emergence of digital revolution, the use of electronics and the use of information technologies in the production processes has triggered the Industry 3.0 Era. Today, the internet of objects, the industrial networks, the cyber-physical systems and the incorporation of robotic technologies into the production has brought the Industry 4.0 Age into the stage. Industry 4.0 has created a new production model where robots are effectively used in production, this new production model has begun to change the daily life, production and working relations as deeply as the first industrial revolution. However, the potential impacts of Industry 4.0 over the labour markets still remains as an understudied scholarly area. It is being evaluated that Industry 4.0 will lead to technological unemployment via changing the structure of employment and bring new structural problems in terms of unemployment and labour relations. Likewise, it is expected that automation and robotic production will deeply affect the unskilled labour force, and will cause a critical decrease in the workforce of vulnerable sections of society, i.e., women, migrants, youth and elderly. This study evaluates the probable effects of the 4th Industrial Revolution over the labour markets. Via the literature review and analysis of the emerging trends with Industry 4.0, the risks, opportunities and challenges of the process is being investigated within a comparative perspective.

Peggy De Prins, D. Stuer, Tim Gielens

Tamara L. Lee, M. Tapia

Despite the salience of racism and other “isms” woven into the fabric of US society, there is a dearth of industrial relations (IR) scholarship that engages critical race and intersectional theory (CRT/I) to deeply understand how structural racism and other social identity-based systems of oppression govern labor and employment systems. The authors call for the incorporation of CRT/I into IR to address the erasure of vital counter-narratives and to expand our empirical cases for labor and employment research. Focusing on leading scholarship on worker organizing, the authors confront white dominance in our research questions, methodologies, and analyses to illustrate how traditional “color-blind” and meritocracy-based IR theories lead to the exclusion of relevant knowledge. In an era of heightened public discourse and worker uprisings in response to deep-rooted systemic inequities, critical industrial relations research is vital to the field’s relevance and its expertise in explaining the nature and consequences of contemporary labor contestations and their impact on the future of the labor movement.

Boris Hirsch, Steffen Müller

The authors use three distinct methods to investigate the influence of industrial relations on firm wage premia in Germany. First, ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions for the firm effects from a two-way fixed-effects decomposition of workers’ wages reveal that average premia are larger in firms bound by collective agreements and in firms with a works council, holding constant firm performance. Next, recentered influence function (RIF) regressions show that premia are less dispersed among covered firms but more dispersed among firms with a works council. Finally, in an Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition, the authors find that decreasing bargaining coverage is the only factor they consider that contributes to the marked rise in premia dispersion over time.

N. F. Virt

The article deals with the influence of the Protestant community of the Weimar Republic on the presidential elections of 1925. The use of religious contradictions within German society to mobilize the electorate in support of P. Hindenburg’s candidacy is analyzed. The religious aspect of elections is especially relevant in the study of state-confessional relations in Germany in the 1920s and understanding the degree of influence of religion on politics.The reasons and features of the formation of preelection inter-party coalitions are revealed. The role of the religious factor in the creation of the «Imperial block» is noted. Changes in the electoral base of candidates after the first round of elections are analyzed. The differences in political sympathies in the industrial and agrarian regions of Germany, as well as the contradictions in the ranks of the Bavarian People’s Party under the influence of the religious factor, are explained. The participation of the Protestant clergy in the election campaign in support of the candidate from the nationalist forces is characterized. The influence of the nomination from the coalition of the SPD and the Center Party of the Catholic V. Marx on the election results is indicated. A significant part of the Protestant clergy and Protestant organizations came out in support of P. Hindenburg. Campaigning for a Protestant candidate from church pulpits led to the mobilization of the conservative religious electorate and further victory of P. Hindenburg in the second round of the presidential elections in 1925.

Yeliz Polat

During the global Covid-19 pandemic crisis, many countries, especially European countries, placed the practice of short-time work, which is a passive employment policy, at the center of labor market measures. Fundamental factors, such as application procedures and principles, eligibility requirements, duration, the amount of allowance, and social security contributions differ between countries. In addition, to minimize the negative effects of the crisis, which affected all labor markets, relaxation of regulations regarding the practice of short-time working brought international practices closer together. This study investigated the similarities and differences of the short-time working practices in European Union member countries during the pandemic crisis, evaluating current and potential reverberations in labor markets. Consequently, it isclearly inevitable and necessary to extend the regulations regarding short-time working practices, which has an important role in protecting employment during general economic crises.

Elif Özlem Özçatal, Umur Aşkın

Out of the vulnerable and disadvantaged groups in the labor market, disabled employees make up one of the segments that is most exposed to mobbing in the workplace. In this study, we investigated mobbing processes against disabled employees and their effects on them. The research was conducted through faceto-face in-depth interviews with 10 disabled employees in the province of Tokat, between November 2019 and December 2020. The obtained data was analyzed using descriptive and content methods. We examined the characteristics of handicapped employees who had been victims of mobbing, the mobbing acts used against them, causes and types of mobbing and their effects on the victims. The findings show that disabled employees are subjected to acts of mobbing including scolding, mockery, shouting, humiliation, backbiting, overloading, disdain, and being given work below their qualifications. Negative prejudices and attitudes towards disability are among the causes of mobbing against disabled employees in the workplace. Mobbing affects the effective and equal participation of disabled people at work and hinders their permanent presence in the labor market. The psychological and physical health of disabled employees who are victims of mobbing worsen and their disability-related health problems deteriorate. Mobbing impairs the physical and mental health of disabled employees and reduces their productivity as well. Mobbing weakens and eventually breaks these people’s ties with the labor market and their working lives.