Hasil untuk "History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics"

O. Kalishchuk

The article presents and analyses the opinions of domestic and foreign politicians and experts on the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on Ukraine’s European integration progress. On 24 February 2022, Russia escalated its conflict with Ukraine by attacking Ukraine on several fronts, which was the largest military attack on a sovereign state in Europe since World War II. Experts point out that in the case of the Russian-Ukrainian war (and the creation of frozen conflicts in the former Soviet republics in general), one of Russia’s motives is to prevent European and Euro-Atlantic integration. An analysis of experts’ opinions has shown that the Russian-Ukrainian war has an impact on both Ukraine and the EU. According to domestic and foreign authors, the current foreign policy dialogue between the EU and Ukraine is focused on the issue of Russian aggression. Experts identify the main areas of Brussels’ involvement: attempts to resolve the conflict with Russia through diplomatic instruments, the application of sanctions and the provision of financial, military and humanitarian assistance. The process of European integration is mutually beneficial for both sides, and understanding this is important for its success. The article identifies the challenges and tasks for Ukraine and the EU countries to develop dialogue and formalise interstate relations, as outlined by experts. The political and strategic approach that should have underpin the EU’s policy towards potential EU member states from the outset, has been sidelined over the years in favour of an overly bureaucratic and technical process that favours form over substance. It is stated that expert assessments and analytical studies are applied in nature and analyse regional and global security challenges. The issue of updating the methodological tools and changing value strategies.

A. Kalimullin, Roza Valeeva, Tatiana Baklashova

ABSTRACT Teacher education in Russia has become the subject of considerable reform over the past 50 years. It is today a complex system of continuous training which gives students a chance to enter the profession in a number of different ways, as well as maintain their professional skill set throughout the course of their careers. This paper offers a comprehensive overview of the history and the state of art initial teacher education in Russia during the last 50 years. It aims to draw on scholarly expertise in Russia and will locate the policies and practices that are discussed within the context of teacher education reform. The main themes of the paper are the history and current practice of Russian initial teacher education. The paper will consider the relationship between policy and practice and examine the respective influences of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), and processes of wider reform in the Russian Federation since the 1990s.

Thomas L Bradley, Paul B Eberle

The disintegration of the Soviet Union was certainly one of the most incredible events of the 20th century. Excluding wars, one of the greatest upheavals of any major country in modern times took place in the former Soviet Union. There was no place in history in which such a large scale change had come from political, economic, and social collapse without armed conflict. The impact of the social, economic, and political changes on both Russia and the rest of the world is still being felt even thirty years after the breakup. However, it was almost impossible to analyze the Russian market during the transition because so much was in the underground economy and not reported. Much of this paper relies on the authors’ first-hand, experience while doing research and conducting seminars during the transition period in Russia and former Soviet republics. The authors, having experienced first-hand the changes and the failures of various reforms, foresaw that Russia would return to its cultural tendencies of authoritarian rule and that this would prevent a real market economy from being created. This research was unique at a time in which the future of Russia was at stake. It allowed the authors to understand the dynamics of Russia at the time. It gave insight into the two worlds of Russia, the official Moscow impressions of reality as well as the real thoughts, opinions and feelings of the people of Russia. Because of the timing, it was perhaps the only definitive research of this nature done at the time inside Russia by a foreigner, but also outside the official channels. The analysis in this study, as well as the background information it contains, provides a unique perspective on the real conditions and concerns inside Russia during the breakup of the Soviet Union and the transition period.

Kiun Hwang

This article explores the significance of memorial plaques in Russian cities as sites of history, memory and aesthetics that create a new sensorium of the urban sphere. The plaques, affixed to historic buildings, serve as tangible markers that commemorate significant events and figures from the past. Taking the case of the historic center of St. Petersburg, the article examines how these plaques create a sense of historicity and contribute to the formation of a shared cultural background within the urban sphere. The plaques evolve from simple inscriptions to more elaborate and visually appealing designs. It also highlights the controversies surrounding the selection of individuals to be materialized and remembered and the aesthetic concerns raised by some residents. Meanwhile, the two contemporary projects challenge traditional commemorative practices and their aesthetics: Last Address, which commemorates victims of political repression through individualized plaques, and the Gandhi artist group’s street art interventions. These projects offer alternative approaches to memorialization and engage in dialogue with existing monuments and plaques. These micro-interventions show grassroot resistance within memorializing practices and aesthetics. The article emphasizes the contested nature of public space and the role of memorial plaques in shaping collective memory and historical narratives in Russian cities.

M. Almazán-Gómez, Carlos Llano, Julián Pérez et al.

History shows that wars can be enormously disruptive of economic activity, especially international trade, national income, and global economic welfare. This article analyzes the impact on the European regions the Russian invasion of Ukraine using the largest and most updated multiregional input‐output model for Europe. Two shocks, trade and inflation, and four alternative scenarios are simulated. The scenarios are considered regarding the number of countries applying a trade embargo, the exemption of oil and gas, and the potential trade diversions with third countries such as China. We obtained a significant fall in GDP (−1.7%), 3.7 m lost jobs and 3% raise over the prewar inflation rate. For trade shock, large indirect effects are obtained, indicating the high relevance of the sectors and countries exposed to the war and the sanctions. The republics of the former Soviet Union, as well as the satellite countries of the former communism, face the harshest adverse impacts. This work shows the importance of breaking Russia's colonial economic ties to the countries in Eastern Europe.

H. Blakkisrud

Abstract Russia’s post-1991 nation-building project has been torn between competing interpretations of national identity. Whereas the other former Soviet republics opted for nation-building centered on the titular nation, Russia’s approach to national identity was framed by the fact that the RSFSR had been defined not as a designated national homeland but as a multi-ethnic federation. This, coupled with Russia’s definition as the legal successor of the Soviet Union, suggesting continuity and a history of uninterrupted statehood, has enabled a range of rivaling understandings of how to define the “nation.” Focusing on top-down official nation-building, this article examines how, against a backdrop of shifting political contexts, structural constraints, and popular attitudes, the Kremlin has gradually revised its understanding of what constitutes the “Russian nation.” Four models for post-Soviet Russian nation-building are identified – the ethnic, the multi-national, the civic, and the imperial. Over time, the correlation of forces among these has shifted. The article concludes that, despite some claims of an ethno-nationalist turn after 2014, the Kremlin still employs nationalism instrumentally: National identity has undoubtedly become more russkii-centered, but, at the same time, the Kremlin keeps the definition of “Russianness” intentionally vague, blurring the boundaries between “nation” and “civilization.”

V. A. Fedotova

The study aims to identify peculiarities of sociocultural adaptation (factors, coping strategies and anticipatory competence) of students from India, China and Arab countries. The research is based on the data obtained from the first-, second- and third-year students from India (73 respondents), China (45 respondents), Arab countries (64 respondents). The “Russian language proficiency” factor shows more significance for students from India and China, compared to students from Arab countries. Students from China, India and Arab countries tend to start and maintain relationships, to participate in academic activities, to have hobbies and interests and interact with other students. The prosocial coping strategy is predominant for Arab, Indian and Chinese students, regardless of their culture of origin, which proves  universality of the strategy. Representatives of a polychronic culture (students from Arab countries and India) lack temporal anticipatory competence,with Arab students showing the lowest value of this parameter. Chinese  students differ from representatives of a polyactive culture (Arab students) or a reactive-polyactive culture (Indian students) as they can hardly predict how a person they know would act in a certain situation.

Лидия Танушевска

Проект NEWSLA — это проект, получивший поддержку программы ERASMUS MUNDUS. Включает в себя универсальную подготовку современной формы второй ступени высшего образования по славистике, подготовлен тремя университетами (Силезский университет в Катовицах, Остравский университет в Остраве, Университет имени Св. Кирилла и Мефодия в Скопье). Программа обучения, разрабатываемая в рамках этого проекта, будет содержать также курс на тему «Город в литературе и культуре» этих трех стран, охватывающий следующие темы: город как центр мира, город как мифологическое место, геокультурная символика города, феномен «потерянных» городов, отношение человека к городу, фланирование или искусство прогулки по городу и город как переводческая проблема. В статье представлены различные аспекты и примеры из указанной программы обучения. Статья поступила в редакцию 17.01.2022. Цитирование Танушевска Л. Топос города — широкое поле для создания курса лекций в рамках проекта NEWSLA // Славянский альманах. 2022. No 1–2. С. 293–303. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2022.1-2.3.06

L. Rybakovsky, V. Savinkov, N. Kozhevnikova

The article provides a brief history of the emergence of demographic forecasts, shows their use by the United Nations, the range of countries for which forecasts were made and are being drawn up, considers demographic forecasts that were carried out during the Soviet era and provides a detailed analysis of demographic forecasts for Russia. In contrast to the forecasts of the population of the Soviet Union as a whole, for Russia they initially began to focus on the downward dynamics. It is concluded that over two decades (1996-2015) in countries with a predominance of the Slavic ethnos (excluding the former republics of Yugoslavia), the population as a whole has decreased to 95.5%, while in countries with a predominance of the Anglo-Saxon ethnos — it increased to 123.8%. The forecasts given in the article are compared with the actual size of the population that has already taken place. Everywhere in countries with a predominance of the Slavic ethnos, the actual population is higher than the predicted, and in countries with a predominance of the Anglo-Saxon ethnos, on the contrary. Comparing the forecasts with the actual population dynamics, the conclusion is substantiated about a noticeable change in the ratio between the two groups of countries united by ethnicity, a decrease in the demographic potential of the Slavic group and its increase in the group with a predominance of the Anglo-Saxon ethnos. In the final part of the work, it is said that the presented rates of change in the population size in 35 years and then in another 50 years, arising from the UN demographic forecasts for 2050 and 2100, as well as the demographic dynamics in the 90s of the twentieth century and in the first 15 years of the new century, indicate that if Russia, like other Slavic countries do not make radical efforts and, accordingly, do not consistently take effective measures to change the demographic trends, then the same thing can happen to Russia as has happened in different centuries to many countries such as Assyria, the Hunnic Empire, etc. The current geopolitical situation in which Russia is, its status as a great power, the country's largest territory in the world, favorable geographical position and colossal natural resources, dictate the need to increase its economic, defense and, naturally, demographic potential.

Marat Kappasov

Introduction. The article, based on the “Materials on the Kyrgyz (Kazakh) Land Use Collected and Developed by the Statistical Parties of the Turgai-Ural Resettlement Region”, examines the crafts of the nomads of the Lbischensky, Uralsky, Turgai, Irgiz, Temir uyezds in the early 20th century. Temir, Lbishchensky and Ural uyezds belonged to the Ural region, Turgai and Irgiz uyezds to the Turgai region. Methods and materials. Using the mathematical method, the method of comparative analysis and content analysis, the author shows how much income per person came from crafts in the studied uyezds and proves that crafts were only additional industries and could not compete with nomadic cattle breeding. The article examines the crafts that brought the greatest income. Farmhands, transportation, groundhog hunting, fishing, etc., were well-known crafts; the Muslim spiritual cult and its servants was an unusual craft. Analysis. Our article shows that the studied uyezds had their own craft specializations. For example, a significant number of nomads in Lbischensky uyezd were engaged in transportation, in Turgai uyezd in hunting groundhogs, in Irgiz uyezd in hunting and fishing. Results. At the end of the article, the author concludes that the majority of nomads were primarily engaged in crafts as farmhands due to their poverty.

Elena Glavatskaya, Elizaveta Zabolotnykh

Феномен этнической мобилизации, развернувшейся на всем постсоветском пространстве, невозможно понять без изучения форм сохранения и трансляции этнической идентичности в советское время. При всей обширности историографии, посвященной изучению еврейской идентичности в советский период, сюжеты, связанные с религиозностью, редко становились объектом исследований. Цель работы – выявить религиозные практики, которые продолжали существовать в среде еврейского населения Свердловска до 1961 г. – времени закрытия синагоги. В качестве источников использованы отчеты уполномоченного по делам религиозных культов и данные, полученные в ходе полевых исследований среди жителей города. Авторы постарались выяснить, насколько сохранялась и в какой форме помнится календарная обрядность, а что ушло из повседневной жизни свердловских евреев. В результате проведенных исследований было установлено, что численность религиозной общины в 1950‑е гг. достигала 500 чел., что составляло около 3 % от всего еврейского населения города. При этом еврейская религиозная община Свердловска являлась самой крупной и активной во всей области. В синагоге большее число прихожан собиралось на Песах, Йом Кипур, Рош ха-Шана и Суккот. Меньше верующих приходило на Хануку, а Пурим вообще остался незамеченным для уполномоченного по делам религиозных культов. Особенность воспоминаний информантов о праздниках (в основном о Песахе и Пуриме) – то, что все они связаны с описанием угощений. Это объясняется рядом факторов: обстоятельствами послевоенного голодного времени; возрастом информантов – все они были детьми, для которых вкусная еда являлась важнейшей составляющей любого праздника; уходом традиции в приватную сферу домашних застолий; стремлением старших родственников оградить детей от угроз, связанных с возможными обвинениями в религиозности. Полученные результаты позволяют утверждать, что праздничная обрядность, продолжая сохраняться даже в нерелигиозных семьях, хотя и в ограниченном виде, на протяжении 1940–1950‑х гг. подпитывала еврейскую идентичность.

Alexandr Romensky

Introduction. The article discusses the motive of a “miracle in a fiery furnace”, based on the story of the Three Holy Children in the Book of Daniel. Methods. The study provides a comparative analysis of the Biblical topos about the trial by fire in Byzantine, Western European and Eastern sources. A semiotic approach of textual study is used. Analysis. In Byzantine hagiography and hymnography, the plot of the “Three Holy Children” was interpreted as a prototype of the Incarnation, so, the sacred situation was reproduced in new historical conditions. In the Lives of Bishops of Cherson, the plot about miracle in the furnace is used for construction the local sacred history. Similar motives are found in the narratives about the baptism of Rus, such as Vita Basilii (the fifth book of Theophanes Continuatus), Vita beati Romualdi by Petrus Damiani, Historia de predicatione episcopi Brunonis. In narrative about conversion of Özbeg Khan to Islam, literary plot was connected with shamanistic representations about the holy fire. Results. The Biblical topos of the “fiery furnace” underwent a semantic transformation within the framework of various discourses. It was used in Byzantine texts for constructing the Christian Identity, while was enhanced by Turkic mythology in Muslim tradition.

G. Soroka, Tomasz

Светлана Зайцева

A. S. Kuznetsov

The present research featured the content, specific features, and potential of military diaries as a historical source in the anthropology of the Great Patriotic War. The study was based on the views of the leading Soviet and modern specialists in the field of source studies and historical methodology. The author defined three approaches to the place of diaries in the classification of historical sources: 1) diaries as ego-documents, 2) military diaries as memoirs, 3) diaries as a separate group of personal documents. The research objective was to determine the potential of military diaries as a source for anthropological studies of the Great Patriotic War. The method of content analysis revealed the most important aspects for the dairy writers in extreme military environment. The biographical method based on the diary analysis made it possible to describe the image of homo militaris during the Great Patriotic War. Military diaries demonstrated a great potential for studies of war routine, healthcare, psychology, and enemy perception through the eyes of an ordinary military participant, the psychology of warring man, the perception of an enemy during World War I.

I. G. Dokuchaeva

The evacuation of industrial enterprises, educational institutions, and millions of Soviet citizens during the Great Patriotic War is a tragic page in the history of Russia. This complex operation involved the evacuation and placement of hundreds of schools and factory training institutions in the rear areas of the country. The article describes the scale and complexity of the restoration of the work of educational institutions of Labor Reserves in the conditions of Western Siberia at the initial stage of the war. It includes an analysis of the restructuring process of Labor Reserve schools. The author evaluates the importance of mobilization measures taken to attract young people to accelerated vocational training. The paper also features the problem of the relationship between the management of the Labor Re-serves and the industrial and transport enterprises where students had to do practical training and got employed after graduation. The research offers a comparative statistics of growth in the number of educational institutions and stu-dents.

James H. Meyer

The history of Muslim populations in Russia and other former republics of the Soviet Union is long and varied. In a Pew–Templeton poll conducted in Russia in 2010, 10 percent of respondents stated that their religion was Islam, while Muslims also make up a majority of the population in six post-Soviet republics: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Muslims have long lived in regions across Russia, with far-flung communities ranging from distant outposts of Siberia to western cities like Moscow and St. Petersburg. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were more Muslims in the Russian Empire than there were in Iran or the Ottoman Empire, the two largest independent Muslim-majority states in the world at the time. Historically, the Muslim communities of Russia have been concentrated in four main regions: the Volga–Ural region in central Russia, the Crimea, the Caucasus, and Central Asia. While Muslim communities across former Soviet space share both differences and similarities with one another with regard to language and religious practices, their respective relations with the various Russian states that have existed over the years have varied. Moreover, Russian and Soviet policymaking toward all of these communities has shifted considerably from one era, and one ruler, to another. Throughout the imperial and Soviet eras, and extending into the post-Soviet era up to the present day, therefore, the existence of variations with regard to both era and region remains one of the most enduring legacies of Muslim–state interactions. Muslims in Russia vary by traditions, language, ethnicity, religious beliefs, and practices, and with respect to their historical interactions with the Russian state. The four historically Muslim-inhabited regions were incorporated into the Russian state at different points during its imperial history, often under quite sharply contrasting sets of conditions. Today most, but not all, Muslims in Russia and the rest of the former USSR are Sunni, although the manner and degree to which religion is practiced varies greatly among both communities and individuals. With respect to language, Muslim communities in Russia have traditionally been dominated demographically by Turkic speakers, although it should be noted that most Turkic languages are not mutually comprehensible in spoken form. In the North Caucasus and Tajikistan, the most widely spoken indigenous languages are not Turkic, although in these areas there are Turkic-speaking minorities. Another important feature of Muslim–state interactions in Russia is their connection to Muslims and Muslim-majority states beyond Russia’s borders. Throughout the imperial era, Russia’s foreign policymaking vis-à-vis the Ottoman Empire and Iran was often intimately connected to domestic policymaking toward Muslim communities inside Russia. While this was a less pronounced feature of Moscow’s foreign policymaking during the Soviet era, in the post-Soviet era, policymaking toward Muslims domestically has once again become more closely linked to Russia’s foreign policy goals.

Oleg Gorbachev

Статья продолжает тему «самовольных мигрантов», поднятую Л. Сигельбаумом и Л. П. Мох в работе “Escaping in Twentieth-Century Russia”. По мнению автора, Российское государство в течение большей части XX столетия наиболее остро реагировало на нарушения политического режима, часто предпочитая не замечать экономическую миграцию. Это происходило из-за тщательно скрываемой неспособности власти тотально контролировать население. Нарушения режима территориальных перемещений индивидуальными мигрантами были возможны по причине несогласованных действий центральных и местных органов власти. По мере постепенной либерализации советской системы во второй половине XX в. у мигрантов появлялось все больше возможностей для легальных перемещений. Отказ от силового регулирования миграционных потоков, вытеснение политического фактора в миграциях экономических привели к сужению пространства «самовольности».

Aleksey Valer'evich Antoshin

Boris Kolesnikov

This article identifi es and gives an outline of views of Milan Rastislav Štefánik, one of the leaders of the Czechoslovak national movement, on the Russian revolution and bolshevism. The article also touches upon problems of the Czechoslovak national movement as Russia played the main role in their solution. In the course of his trips to Russia, Štefánik took a positive attitude to our country. During his fi rst journey to Russia in 1906–1907, he had an opportunity to become comprehensively familiar with the country, explore and get to love its vast expanse because from St Petersburg he set out for Tashkent. In the future he came to be a witness of events taking place in Russia in the period of revolution and civil war. Revolutionary events of 1917 have convinced Štefánik that Russia is losing its positions of a strong and infl uential country and cannot support the national movemenets of Czechs and Slovaks. The scholar considered bolshevism to be a reason for the decline of Russia. He regarded bolshevism as a threat that might like a bonfi re spread onto other nations. Because of this he regarded his activity for the strengthening of the military readiness of Czechoslovac legions in Siberia as his contribution to the resistance to bolshevists’ ideas.