The waters, seas and oceans have traditionally been a source of inspiration for the search for the truth. It also manages to negate the human worldview that associates it with various elements of myth and superstition. The waters, sea and oceans are also a place with the advantage of consolidating ties between countries, forming a united, mutual understanding and unity spirit and generating mutual wealth. It is an invaluable, irreplaceable and modified property. Historiography in Southeast Asia saw a close relationship between people named "humans‵‵ in the South China Sea, Sulu Sea, Sulawesi Sea, Flores Sea, Java Sea, Banda Sea and so on. History has shown how they have fought hard through various waves and storms in the seas and oceans simply to ensure that the next generation holds the souls of the sailors. It has made the region a centre of superior civilization as well as a model for the centers of other world civilizations. Therefore, this writing aims to reassess the history of the existence of the Austronesian seafarers from the perspective of the history in Southeast Asia themselves. The results of this study have opened the enactment of whether it is true that the origin of this Austronesian seafarer’s tribe originated in Taiwan as stated in the theory of migration and linguistics. In other words, the Austronesian seafarer today come from Southeast Asia itself and have migrated out to expand their civilizations in regions of Oceania such as Polynesia, Melanesia, and Micronesia all the way to Taiwan up to Madagascar. There is no easy answer to this matter and need to study from various disciplines and space to find strong evidence of the Austronesian seafarers.
ABSTRACT In Potential History: Unlearning Imperialism (2019) Ariella Azoulay highlights how histories of slavery and colonialism and the acquiring, taking, stealing and looting of artefacts from people and communities around the world by Western imperial actors are often two sides of the same coin. This conversation brings together scholars and curators to address these intricate and entangled histories and their legacies in the context of the German presence in the Pacific. Pia Wiegmink, a scholar of transatlantic slavery, interviews Emma Christopher, an Australian historian currently working on a database project to document “blackbirding” in the Pacific, Oliver Lueb, a German curator of an Oceania collection in a German museum, and Imelda Miller, an Australian South Sea Islander curator working with collections and archaeological sites in Queensland, Australia.
Melocanninae is sister to other subtribes of Paleotropical woody bamboos with some 90 species mainly concentrated in Asia. However, phylogenetic relationships within the subtribe are poorly known. Here, we filled the gaps in complete plastome data of Melocanninae, reconstructed the phylogeny of Melocanninae, and further estimated divergence time and ancestral distribution range. Our results showed that the two major genera, Cephalostachyum Munro and Schizostachyum Nees, were paraphyletic. Species of Cephalostachyum were resolved in two successive basal clades, whereas Annamocalamus H. N. Nguyen, N. H. Xia, & V. T. Tran was embedded in the Schizostachyum clade. Different plastid regions provided inconsistent signals for the relationship of Melocanna and Pseudostachyum. Conservative loci supported a successive divergence rather than sister relationship between them and the difference may be caused by long‐branch attraction. We infer that Melocanninae originated in the East Himalaya to northern Myanmar in the early Miocene. Three routes were revealed in forming its present biogeographic pattern: in situ diversification on the Asian mainland, dispersing southwest to Sri Lanka and to the Western Ghats in South India, and spreading southeast to Malesia and Oceania by way of the Indo‐China Peninsula. The rapid uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the intensification of Asian monsoons since the Miocene and the sea level fall events since the Late Miocene might be potential driving forces for diversification of Melocanninae and, particularly the latter event, for the species radiation of Schizostachyum.
Discovery Around the World. London: Ward Lock, 1999. Print. O’Brian, Patrick. Joseph Banks: A Life. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1987. Print. Parry, William. Omai (Mai), Sir Joseph Banks, and Daniel Charles Solander. 1775–76. National Portrait Gallery, London. Web. 2 Apr. 2021. Rose, Edwin. “From the South Seas to Soho Square: Joseph Banks’s Library, Collection, and Kingdom of Natural History.” Notes and Records 73 (2019): 499–526. Print. Scobie, Ruth. “‘Bunny! O! Bunny!’: The Burney Family in Oceania.” Eighteenth-Century Life 42.2 (2018): 56– 72. ProjectMUSE. Web. 19 May 2021. Sloan, Kim. A New World: England’s First View of America. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2007. Print. Smith, Bernard. European Vision and the South Pacific. New Haven: Yale UP, 1985. Print. Thomas, Nicholas. Discoveries: The Voyages of Captain Cook. New York: Penguin, 2003. Print. Thrush, Coll. Indigenous London. New Haven: Yale UP, 2016. Print. von Zinnenburg Carroll, Khadija. “Museopiracy: Redressing the Commemoration of Endeavour’s Voyage to the Pacific in Processions for Tupaia.” Third Text 33.4–5 (2019): 541–58. Print. West, Benjamin. Portrait of Sir Joseph Banks. 1771. The Heslam Trust, Lincoln. Web. 2 Apr. 2021. Wulf, Andrea. The Brother Gardeners: Botany, Empire and the Birth of an Obsession. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009. Print.
Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig is one of the most widespread core component species of mangrove forests in the Indo-West Pacific (IWP) region, and as such is suitable for examining how genetic structure is generated across spatiotemporal scales. We evaluated the genetic structure of this species using maternally inherited chloroplast (cp) and bi-parentally inherited nuclear DNA markers, with samples collected across the species range. Both cp and nuclear DNA showed generally similar patterns, revealing three genetic groups in the Indian Ocean, South China Sea (with Palau), and Oceania, respectively. The genetic diversity of the Oceania group was significantly lower, and the level of population differentiation within the Oceania group was significantly higher, than in the South China Sea group. These results revealed that in addition to the Malay Peninsula—a common land barrier for mangroves—there is a genetic barrier in an oceanic region of the West Pacific that prevents gene flow among populations. Moreover, demographic inference suggested that these patterns were generated in relation to sea level changes during the last glacial period and the emergence of Sahul Shelf which lied northwest of Australia. We propose that the three genetic groups should be considered independent conservation units, and that the Oceania group has a higher conservation priority.
quite often leave the radio playing all night on the bedside table; my only company in an all too empty house. It shuts out the noises of the night: the cry of the great owl in the rain-forest trees, the scurrying of possums on the roof, or the rustle of the neighbourhood carpet snake, a beautiful multi-coloured python, slithering into or out of the roof-space. I’m used to him (or her). She’s harmless —just another presence in the night.
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, History of Oceania (South Seas)
This article focuses on Alison Wong’s 2009 novel As the Earth Turns Silver, the first published by a New Zealand writer of Chinese descent, and considers the expectations and pressures placed on the author as a result of her ethnic background. As argued in the article, the “competing demands” affecting her as a novelist are solved by reconstructing Chinese New Zealand history as interrelated to the history of other New Zealanders. This is done, primarily, by fictionalising the interracial love story between the two protagonists, a Chinese man and a Pakeha woman, but also by contextualising their romance within a range of interrelated debates on ethnic, gender and national identity. Ultimately, Wong’s creative choices allow her to recover the silenced Chinese voice while exploring issues that were and continue to be of upmost importance for New Zealanders of all ethnic backgrounds.
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, History of Oceania (South Seas)
After the Second World War ended, Canada was no longer mainly composed of its two dominant ethnocultural groups, French and English, but rather constituted by polyethnicity; meaning, Canadian culture was made up of many different ethnic groups. Since then, Canada has actively embraced multiculturalism and on 12 July 1988, the House of Commons passed Bill C-93, ‘An Act for the preservation and enhancement of multiculturalism in Canada’. The Canadian multicultural experience has been much portrayed as a celebration of ethnicity where different cultural groups share their customs and learn from each other. However, it is recently being rumoured that the multiculturalism hype is not all it is cut out to be and segregates communities rather than integrate. According to Canadian authors Keith Banting and Will Kymlicka, “in much of the world and particularly in Europe, there is a widespread perception that multiculturalism has failed” (44). In this paper, I examine some recent common issues of concern, especially, racism and discrimination, through the literary expression of Canadian playwrights and writers such as George F. Walker, Cecil Foster, and Mordecai Richler. These writers are not meant to represent any ethnic group as a whole, but rather try to project a general feeling about the nation in individual ways. I will finally explore the idea of how perhaps multiculturalism in Canada is evolving into another state since migratory patterns and the social circumstances that Canada is facing in the 21st century have changed. Today, the idea of celebrating different ethnicities and customs is no longer as important as celebrating the transcultural or “transnational” aspects of relations between individuals and groups of immigrants.
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, History of Oceania (South Seas)