Research objectives: To characterize the legal status of a basqaq, daruga and shihne in the Turkic-Mongol states during the epoch of the Mongol Empire and its uluses, as well as to prove of the authentication of these offices. Authors intend to clarify the basic rights and obligations of these officers and their position in the administrative structure on a base of legal monuments, official acts, chronicles, and historical works. The first part of the article is an analysis of shihne institution.
Materials and methods of research: The basic materials are historical sources including decrees of rulers, historical chronicles and political treatises as well as results of previous researches. Authors use structure functional analysis historical legal method, comparative historical and comparative legal approach, institutional analysis, critical analysis of sources and researches.
Scientific novelty: It is the first attempt at research of problem of correlation of the terms “basqaq” and “daruga” and as well as their Persian analogue “shihne” on a base of legal acts on the appointment for these office. Also, it is the first Russian translation of three yarlyks on the appointment of shihne from the “Dastur al-katib fi ta‘yin al-maratib” by Muhammad b. Hindushah Nakhchivani, which are studied using an interdisciplinary approach.
Results of the research: The authors find that shihne was a special officer who represented the interests of the ruler (sultan, khan, ilkhan) in the certain region. His functions included providing stability for the region while ensuring the loyalty of its population using different ways including forced and procedural methods. This office could function at the different levels of administrations – from the region (vilayet, ulus) to smaller settlements. The second, forthcoming part of the article will be devoted to the comparative analysis of the status of shihne with that of basqaq and daruga and the evolution of these offices in the Turkic-Mongol states.
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Civilization
This article substantiates the possibility of obtaining data on extinct Finno-Ugric languages of Central Russia through a formalized catalogue of substrate toponyms of Finno-Ugric origin within the historical Merya lands (HML). The key to etymologizing lexical facts within the local toponymic system, presumably left by the Merya and Muroma languages, lies in the identification of several dozen instances of geographical name calquing. This approach suggests that the study of the local substrate toponymic system is akin to deciphering the writing through existing bilinguals. The presumable calques provide the most reliable toponymic evidence for these extinct languages. Mapping these calques within the HML reveals a strong correlation with the locations of archaeological sites, which are thought to be left by the Merya in the late 1st to early 2nd millennium AD, indicating their time and history of origin. The recurrence and widespread nature of these cases reduce the probability of random matches to near zero. The number of toponymic bases involved in the calquing process exceeds 70 units. This is sufficient to perform primary observations on the phonetic and word-formation features of substrate lexical facts from the perspective of historical phonetics and historical lexicology of Finno-Ugric languages. The study revealed not only instances of Russian toponymic calques but also repeatedly occurring cases of calquing between different dialects (languages) of extinct Finno-Ugric ethnic groups. This alone indicates the presence of not one but several Finno-Ugric dialects (languages) in the HML territory before Russian settlement. The first part of the article demonstrates examples and the importance of detecting cases of calquing for the formation of an initial set of reliable etymologies. The second part will present an analysis of the phonetic and word-formation features of the identified linguistic facts of the extinct Finno-Ugric languages in the HML and their closest correspondences in the Finno-Volga languages.
This article was inspired by a paper written by Czesław Robotycki, which was entitled O banalizacji tekstów w etnografii [On the Trivialization of Texts in Ethnography]. According to Robotycki, the trivialization boils down to the disproportion between the tools used and the social and cultural reality they describe. This is particularly the case when authors resort to ready‑made and often identical interpretative clichés, usually theories that are popular at a given time. This article is, in a sense, an elaboration of Robotycki’s ideas, although its main aim is to provide key information and categories related to the understanding of the Buddhist concept of emptiness which, from the perspective of Buddhist thought, expresses the complexity of all phenomena while sensitizing us to the fact that every generalization, whether it is a single word or an elaborate theory, is at best a form of image of the reality described in this way.
يناقش هذا البحث تلابوقا خان سادس حكام دولة مغول القبجاق تلك البلاد التي تعرف ايضاً باسم دولة مغول القبيلة الذهبية والغوص بسيرته الشخصية وحروبه الخارجية كالحرب التي دار رحاها مع الدولة الايلخانية تلك الدولة المغولية الاخرى التي اسسها هولاكو خان وقامت على انقاض الخلافة العباسية مروراً بحرب تلابوقا خان في بلاد الكرل (هنغاريا) .
كما تضمن البحث تأثير مقتل تلابوقا خان على اوضاع مسلمي القبجاق على يد خصمه طقطاي الذي كان يعتنق الديانة الشامانية المغولية إذ قطع مقتل هذا الخان سلسلة من الحكام المسلمين الذين تعاقبوا على زعامة بلاد القبجاق ,ام ان تاثير الدين يبقى محدودا في السياسة المغولية وفق الاسس والمبادئ التي وضعها جنكيزخان مؤسس الامبراطورية المغولية التي تقضي بالولاء السياسي المطلق للمغول ويترك مسالة اختيار الدين حرية شخصية من حكام ورعايا طالما التزموا بالقوانين المغولية
Shandong province, located in the Lower Yellow River, is one of the birthplaces of ancient Chinese civilization. However, the comprehensive genetic histories of this region have remained largely unknown until now due to a lack of ancient human genomes. Here, we present 21 ancient genomes from Shandong dating from the Warring States period to the Jin-Yuan Dynasties. Unlike the early Neolithic samples from Shandong, the historical samples are most closely related to post-Late Neolithic populations of the Middle Yellow River Basin, suggesting a population turnover in Shandong from the Neolithic Age to the Historical era. In addition, we detect a close genetic affinity between the historical samples in Shandong and present-day Han Chinese, showing long-term genetic stability in Han Chinese at least since the Warring States period.
Norma González Ruda, Ibette Alfonso Pérez, Raquel Bermúdez Morris
La orientación educativa en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la educación superior puede coadyuvar al cumplimiento de las exigencias en la formación de profesionales en el siglo XXI. No obstante, este espacio no constituye aún, un ámbito privilegiado para programar acciones de orientación educativa, los profesores no cuentan con una guía para realizar esta labor. El objetivo del trabajo se centra en reflexionar sobre los fundamentos teórico-metodológicos para realizar la orientación educativa en el PEA de la educación superior. Para estudiar este particular se desarrolló una investigación que permitió la revisión, interpretación y contrastación de diversas fuentes bibliográficas mediante los métodos histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético y el inductivo-deductivo. Estos métodos permitieron el análisis de la información obtenida y la elaboración de síntesis conclusivas en el plano teórico. Los resultados obtenidos en el análisis de los modelos estudiados evidencian que la orientación educativa debe ser realizada por un personal especializado o que ha sido preparado para cumplir con esta labor. Aunque se reconoce en los modelos más actuales al profesor como agente orientador, no quedan esclarecidos los fundamentos teórico-metodológicos para la orientación que debe realizar este agente educativo en el PEA de la educación superior. Se hace necesario entonces, integrar los fundamentos que aportan los modelos de orientación educativa con los fundamentos de la Didáctica, de manera que se ofrezca una base conceptual y metodológica para la orientación educativa en el PEA de la educación superior.
The study of the nomads of the South of Russia still arouses continued interest among Russian and foreign scholars, who study nomad, local historians, whose works reflect the history of nomads in Central Asia. However, we think that there are not enough works covering this topic and chronological framework, studying the history of the Turkmen nomadic people living within modern borders in the administrative-territorial composition of the Stavropol Territory, is somewhat more modest. Historically, Turkmens roamed the steppes of the Eastern Caspian region. In the middle of the 17th century. Several groups of Turkmen moved to the northwestern Caspian region, where they were included in the uluses of the Kalmyk Khanate. According to archival material, the Turkmens were first mentioned in 1653, when more than 1.5 thousand Turkmen families, under the threat of invasion by the Khiva khans, named the peninsula Mangyshlak and arrived in the Lower Volga region, where they joined the Kalmyks. Also, Turkmens continued to arrive from Mangyshlak throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries.The relevance of the study is explained by modern trends in actively turning to the historical past of both individual and entire nations, returning to the traditions and customs of their ancestors, primarily in the education of the younger generation. Despite all the developments in the historiography of the Turkmen people, economic issues have not been sufficiently studied and require more detailed study. In the framework of this work, the author has attempted to expand the scope of the study of the problem.
On April 25–26, 2024, in the spiritual capital of the Turkic world, the city of Turkestan, an international conference “Golden Horde and its heritage” was held, dedicated to the 800th anniversary of the formation of the Ulus of Jochi and the chairmanship of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). The event was organized by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the SCO Secretariat, the Scientific Institute for the Study of Ulus Jochi, the Akimat of the Turkestan Region and the International Kazakh-Turkish University, H.A.Yasawi. The conference was attended by more than 40 leading scientists, experts and researchers from Kazakhstan, Russia and Tatarstan, Uzbekistan and Karakalpakstan, Egypt, Qatar, Kuwait, and Turkey.
The main goal of the conference was to create a platform where representatives of the academic and modern scientific and educational communities could discuss the role and significance of the Golden Horde in world history, exchange views on new conceptual approaches and trends in the study of this very relevant and at the same time controversial and insufficiently studied topics at national and regional levels, and to develop strategies for future collaborative research.
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Civilization
N. Nurazizah, Ima Halimatusadiah, I. Tabroni
et al.
Background. Islam is a religion that prioritizes the principles of truth and justice for all its adherents. Factors that encourage Muslims to achieve independence are ideological, political, economic, social and cultural factors. Islam has an important role in the development of education in Indonesia. There are three sectors of Islamic education in Indonesia, namely formal, informal and non-formal. Purpose. The purpose of this research is to find out 1.) The history of the development of Islam in Indonesia after independence. 2.) The impact of the development of Islam in Indonesia. 3.) The process of development of Islamic civilization. So from the description above, the author will explain how the development of Islam in Indonesia after independence, what caused the emergence of the Islamic renewal movement, especially in Indonesia. Method. This research uses the type of literature study (library research). The data collection technique carried out in this study uses a study of bibliographic sources from books and articles in scientific journals related to the subject matter, reading data with the thoughts of experts with a constructive approach and interpretation of the contents of the main discussion related to the development of Islam after independence. Results. After Indonesia's independence in 1945, Islamic civilization in the country continued to develop and made significant contributions in various aspects of life. Conclusion. After independence, Islamic education was one of the key points in the development of Islamic civilization in Indonesia. The thinking and writing of Indonesian Islamic intellectuals also developed with many studies, writings and translations of classical and modern Islamic works. The Salafi movement that insists on returning to the teachings of Islam is considered to be fully associated with the salafushalih (early generations of Islam), and emerged and developed after independence.
summary:The phrase "disease of civilization" and concomitant lexicons, such as "pathologies of modernization," frequently surface across public and global health discourses. This is particularly the case within the framework of cancer research in Africa. In this article, the authors trace the emergence of these grammars of progress at the beginning of the twentieth century as a biomedical lens through which to analyze and frame cancer in Africa. Arguing with Ann Stoler for a recursive understanding of colonial and postcolonial history, the authors follow in detail the lexical shifts and recursions across the twentieth century, as these grammars move from diseases of civilization to development and modernization. In tracing these lexical shifts, they place them within the broader understandings of Africa and the African body as an other against which Euro-America frames itself.
This research aims to discuss the periodization model of the history of civilization and the development phases of Islamic education. The historical periodization of Islamic civilization and Islamic education developed simultaneously because education existed because of the existence of a civilization. Islamic civilization and education began with the presence of Islam in Mecca. The Prophet established that Islamic education is based on the Koran and Hadith so that all the values of Islamic education are found in the Koran. Harun Nasution divides the history of Islamic civilization into three periods, namely the classical period, the medieval period and the modern period. The development of Islamic education goes hand in hand with the historical development of Islamic civilization. In the classical period, Islamic education was centered on the Prophet, Khulfaur Rasyidin, the Umayyad daulah and the Abbasid daulah. In the middle period, Islamic education focused on three large empires, namely the Ottoman Empire in Turkey, the Safavid empire in Persia and the Mughal empire in India. Meanwhile, in the modern period Islamic education experienced significant changes because in the medieval period Islam experienced decline. Islamic education was born with a new face to develop Islamic education in various aspects.
En este artículo se estudia la obra de Juan de Sobiñas, vecino de Medina del Campo, a través de la documentación conservada. Se detallan las obras contratadas con este bordador desde 1577 a 1593.
Research objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyze the story of Oghuz Khan, which is located in the beginning of Kadyr Ali-bek’s Genghisnāma; to compare this narrative with Rašīd al-Dīn’s Oghuznāma, which is the main source of the work, and other variants of Oghuznāma and to reveal their similarities and original features.
Research materials: The sources used in this study mainly consist of Kadyr Ali-bek’s work based on the Qazan manuscript and various Oghuznāma variants carrying Islamic motifs. The main sources include Rashīd al-Dīn Faḍlallāh’s Oghuz narrative in Jāmīʿ al-tawārīkh, Yazïǰïoġlu ‘Ali’s Tavārikh-i Āl-i Selǰuk. The poetic Oghuznāmas, the pre-Islamic version, texts from the periods after Kadyr Ali-bek, and especially texts that do not share the same narrative structure and instead present different genealogical stories, were not influential in the comparative process.
Results and novelty of the research: Kadyr Ali-bek’s work is known as Jāmīʿ al-tawārīkh in the academic area, as it is considered a translation of Rašīd al-Dīn’s work. However, when it comes to the Oghuz narrative, it can be seen that the author actually used other sources, but avoided mentioning their names. Comparisons with other Oghuznāma variants show that Kadyr Ali-bek either used the same source as Yazïǰïoġlu ‘Ali, a 15th-century Ottoman historian who wrote Tavārikh-i Āl-i Selǰuk, or directly adapted his work. Because the composition of the two texts is almost the same when the omitted or removed parts from the text are set aside.
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Civilization