Hasil untuk "History of Austria. Liechtenstein. Hungary. Czechoslovakia"

Alessandra Zurolo

The concept of body is closely related to that of illness and its various manifestations, a connection that can be observed from a range of perspectives. The present study draws upon the metaphors of the body found in selected German medical textbooks and aims to compare the image of the healthy and the pathological body in the tradition of German-language medical education with how it is presented in selected writings by the author who perhaps most emblematically – within the sphere of German literature – provided examples of the theme in question: Franz Kafka. The politicisation of the body, its presentation as a space of definition, refusal, violation, renegotiation of the norm (which recalls Foucault’s thought) and the subsequent definition and manifestation of the pathological are indeed revealed in Franz Kafka’s work in an exemplary manner. The study will explore the differences and points of contact between the medical notion of the body and its artistic-literary representation, starting from the metaphor of illness as a violation of the norm, as found in medical textbooks and selected novels. The analysis thus offers a contribution to the definition of the body in both the medical and literary spheres, and, more generally, to the description of the different manifestations, functions and relationships of the use of metaphor for the same concept in different fields of knowledge.

Louise O. Vasvári

Gemma and Fiorello La Guardia were born in New York to a Jewish mother from Austro-Hungarian Trieste and an Italian Catholic father. The impoverished family returned to Europe when the siblings were teenagers, where both ended up having sustained relationships with Budapest (where their mother is buried to this day). As a youth Fiorello worked for the American Embassy in Budapest and in Fiume, while Gemma married a Hungarian Jew and lived for 26 years in interwar Budapest, from where her family was deported in June 1944. This study aims to treat the La Guardia family's (mostly obfuscated) Jewish origins and Gemma's memoir, which is an important if too scant testimony of her interwar life in Budapest and to the deportation and destruction of an unusual Hungarian Jewish family, as well as an early documentation to the horrors of Ravensbrück.  Nevertheless, details of the Gemma's life in Budapest, as well as about the probable causes of her brother's decades-long strained relationship with her are obfuscated in her memoir. Through interwar Hungarian and U.S. newspaper records from 1930's I document the problems caused for Fiorello in his American political life by his sister having revealed details of their family origins.

Mykola Derzhalyuk

The article reveals the national liberation struggle in Subcarpathian Rus in the first half of the twentieth century, the role of the local elite in achieving the autonomy and statehood of Carpathian Ukraine, and the decisive infiuence of international relations on its fate. The author analyzes the main factors that contributed to the development and victory of Ukrainian state-building processes in all their ethnic territories. These include the fall of the Russian Empire and the Central Powers under the military burden due to their active participation in the First World War, and their collapse, in particular Austria-Hungary, the rise of the national liberation struggles of the peoples of this monarchy, its dismemberment and the formation of six new states in its place, favorable international conditions for the realization of the right to self-determination only for certain enslaved peoples, which were beneficial to the Entente countries. Much attention is paid in the article to the state-building processes in Subcarpathian Rus in the interwar period. These include: autonomy on December 21, 1918 as part of the Hungarian People’s Republic and on April 2, 1919 as part of the Hungarian Soviet Republic; autonomy on October 11, 1938 as part of the Czechoslovak Republic (Czechoslovakia), statehood of Carpathian Ukraine on March 15, 1939, and the reunification of Transcarpathian Ukraine on November 27, 1945 with the Ukrainian SSR as part of the Soviet Union. It is emphasized that the last two events rise above all others, since they became fateful in the life of Ukrainians in Transcarpathia on the thorny path of formation of a united and independent Ukrainian state at the end of the twentieth century. It is concluded that the exponents of the political face of Transcarpathia in the twentieth century as part of the Czech Republic were local figures, descended from Ukrainian-Hungarian families, whose actions were in line with general democratic values and served the interests of these two ethnic groups that dominated the region. It is emphasized that the basis of the liberation struggle in the Czech period was the ideology of Ukrainophilia, which was realized due to favorable international factors, such as federalization and the collapse of the Czechoslovak Republic. When Transcarpathia was part of Hungary, political forces that advocated territorial autonomy and denied pro-Ukrainian and pro- Soviet policies prevailed in the region. Their activities were dominated by the Ugro-Rusyn ideology aimed at uniting all Rusyn lands (Transcarpathia, Presov, Maromorosia) within Hungary, as it was before the collapse of the Habsburg monarchy. They helped to strengthen the dominance of the unitary Hungarian state, became the implementers of the Ugro-Ruthenian policy, and formed an independent Ruthenian nation out of the Ukrainians of this region, as the fourth full-fiedged East Slavic nation among the «Russian,» Belarusian, and Ukrainian. It is noted in the article that the consequences of Hungary’s activities in Transcarpathia in 1939-1944 showed a significant retreat in the political, legal and democratic development of the region compared to the Czech period. These conclusions are based on the following factors. An important reason for this was the war and the unfavorable international situation. The totalitarian form of government in Hungary, the military gendarmerie order, the unitary administration of Transcarpathia, the failure to hold parliamentary elections, Hungary’s failure to grant autonomy to the predominant Ukrainian Rusyns of the Carpathian territory, the introduction of monolingualism instead of the proclaimed Hungarian- Ruthenian bilingualism in all spheres of administrative and everyday life, the annulment of land, educational and administrative reforms during the Czechoslovak Republic, the ban on pro-Ukrainian organizations and the use of the native language, unsuccessful attempts to create a Rusyn nation out of the human and material resources of Transcarpathia became a source of meeting Hungary’s needs in the German-Soviet war. The leading ethnic groups of Transcarpathia (Ukrainian Rusyns, Hungarians, Germans, Jews, and Gypsies) suffered greatly. 20% of the inhabitants of Transcarpathia died during World War II and in the first postwar years, which is the highest rate of human and material losses among the countries participating in that war. It is confirmed in the article that the Ukrainian national idea and the Ukrainian language in Transcarpathia, despite the oppression and ban in 1939-1944, remained indestructible. The local intelligentsia and members of the Scientific Society of Transcarpathia (STZ) themselves used Ukrainian literature and language, the norms of which formed the basis of various projects of the Ruthenian language, which found support among the local population and students. The activities of the Hungarian authorities in Transcarpathia aimed at forming a separate Ruthenian nation and its language proved to be unproductive. A separate Ruthenian language was never created, and the local language, as a dialect of Ukrainian, continued to dominate the Ruthenian population of Transcarpathia as a spoken language. It is noted in the article that Rusyns in Hungary are legally recognized as a separate minority among 13 national minorities with significant cultural and educational rights. A whole group of modern specialists in Hungary and Transcarpathia, as well as in other countries, continue the course of their colleagues of the interwar period and are increasingly insistent that the existence of a separate Ruthenian nation and its language be recognized at the international level as the fourth among the East Slavic peoples – «Russians,» Ukrainians, Belarusians, and Ruthenians. At present, they: continue to argue that the majority of Rusyns live in Transcarpathia, Slovakia, Poland, Romania, Serbia, and Croatia; classify the majority of Ukrainians in Transcarpathia and other countries as Rusyns, which is a political fraud; avoid reporting the number of Ukrainians living in these countries, and that Ukrainians/ Rusyns have no autonomy in any of these countries of residence. It is emphasized that the assessment of the Act of Reunification of Ukrainian Rusyns of Transcarpathia with Soviet Ukraine on November 27, 1945, as a fateful event in their thousand-year history was fully confirmed only after Ukraine gained independence with the collapse of the USSR. Without such a perspective, the obstacles to periodizing the era of barbarism and civilization in the history of Transcarpathia would have been insurmountable, and the main conclusions drawn from the analysis of the stay of Subcarpathian Rus within Hungary in 1939-1944 would have remained unproven.

Miloslav Szabó

This article analyses the most important trends in the history of anti-Semitism in Central Europe in the interwar period, with a focus on Austria and Czechoslovakia (until 1938), supplemented by Hungarian connections and an excursus into the period of the Slovakian state (1939–1945). The focus is on the areas of semantics (‘Judeo-Bolshevism’ and ambiguities of racism), social practice (Numerus Clausus and cultural ‘Judaization’) as well as political and legal programmes (‘solution to the Jewish question’ in the context of Catholicism). Additionally, the relationship between autochthonous forms of anti-Semitism and the role model function of Nazi Germany are analysed.

Mikhail G. Katz

Infinitesimals have seen ups and downs in their tumultuous history. In the 18th century, d'Alembert set the tone by describing infinitesimals as chimeras. Some adversaries of infinitesimals, including Moigno and Connes, picked up on the term. We highlight the work of Cauchy, Noël, Poisson and Riemann. We also chronicle reactions by Moigno, Lamarle and Cantor, and signal the start of a revival with Peano.

Kiwhan Song, Boyuan Chen, Max Simchowitz et al.

Classifier-free guidance (CFG) is a key technique for improving conditional generation in diffusion models, enabling more accurate control while enhancing sample quality. It is natural to extend this technique to video diffusion, which generates video conditioned on a variable number of context frames, collectively referred to as history. However, we find two key challenges to guiding with variable-length history: architectures that only support fixed-size conditioning, and the empirical observation that CFG-style history dropout performs poorly. To address this, we propose the Diffusion Forcing Transformer (DFoT), a video diffusion architecture and theoretically grounded training objective that jointly enable conditioning on a flexible number of history frames. We then introduce History Guidance, a family of guidance methods uniquely enabled by DFoT. We show that its simplest form, vanilla history guidance, already significantly improves video generation quality and temporal consistency. A more advanced method, history guidance across time and frequency further enhances motion dynamics, enables compositional generalization to out-of-distribution history, and can stably roll out extremely long videos. Project website: https://boyuan.space/history-guidance

Mária Réthelyi

Robert van Leeuwen

The early history of string theory is marked by a shift from strong interaction physics to quantum gravity. The first string models and associated theoretical framework were formulated in the late 1960s and early 1970s in the context of the S-matrix program for the strong interactions. In the mid-1970s, the models were reinterpreted as a potential theory unifying the four fundamental forces. This paper provides a historical analysis of how string theory was developed out of S-matrix physics, aiming to clarify how modern string theory, as a theory detached from experimental data, grew out of an S-matrix program that was strongly dependent upon observable quantities. Surprisingly, the theoretical practice of physicists already turned away from experiment before string theory was recast as a potential unified quantum gravity theory. With the formulation of dual resonance models (the "hadronic string theory"), physicists were able to determine almost all of the models' parameters on the basis of theoretical reasoning. It was this commitment to "non-arbitrariness", i.e., a lack of free parameters in the theory, that initially drove string theorists away from experimental input, and not the practical inaccessibility of experimental data in the context of quantum gravity physics. This is an important observation when assessing the role of experimental data in string theory.

Peter Pastor

Renée Winter

This paper investigates home videos made by Hojda Stojka, the son of Ceija Stojka (1933-2013), artist and survivor of Auschwitz, Ravensbrück, and Bergen-Belsen. Based on a close reading of significant video sequences, a narrative interview with the videographer, and Ceija Stojka’s publications and films, it analyses how the auto/biographical videos relate to the persecution of the parents’ generation. The paper focuses on the importance of spaces like kitchens, cars and stages, on the value assigned to auto/biographical audiovisual recordings, and the recontextualization and integration of photographs and television recordings into the family memory.

Veronika Marková, M. Minárik

The intention of this paper is to provide an insight into the history of alternative punishments. It examines punishment in the territory of Austria-Hungary, Czechoslovakia and traces the historical development of punishment and punishment in Slovakia throughout history. It introduces the concept of ordalia as a form of medieval punishment in the territory of Hungary and the subsequent abandonment of the harshest forms of punishment. The article deals with forms of punishment in the Czechoslovak Republic after the Second World War.

Simona Bareikytė, I. Deviatnikovaitė, Barbara Jacevič et al.

Judicial review of the legality of administrative acts is one of the most important elements of the rule of law. The institute of administrative justice began to develop in the 19th century: in 1872 The French Council of State was given a function of judicial review, the Administrative Court in Vienna (Austria-Hungary) was established in 1867, in Baden (Germany) in 1863, etc. After the First World War, administrative courts were established in several European countries. The law on the Supreme Administrative Court and its Jurisdiction in Czechoslovakia was adopted in 1918. The Law for the Supreme Administrative Court in Poland was issued in 1922. Administrative courts were also functioning in other countries (Latvia, Estonia). In Lithuania administrative courts were established for the first time in 1999, although up to fifteen draft laws on the Administrative Court were prepared in the interwar Lithuania. This article was written on the occasion of the centenary of the Polish administrative courts. Thus, the purpose of the article is to familiarize the readers with Lithuanian administrative courts, starting with the development of the institute of administrative justice from 1918 and ending with the perspectives of judicial review formed in that time. Therefore, the authors of the article set the following objectives: to remind of the origins of administrative justice in Lithuania from 1918 to 1940; to reveal the course of the establishment of administrative courts after the Restoration of the Independence of the Republic of Lithuania in 1990, briefly discussing who and on the basis of which legal acts controlled the legality of administrative acts during the Soviet era; to provide the insights of institutional evelopment as well as competence development of the administrative courts; to present contemporary administrative process, giving some insights about the status quo; to present the features of and the most relevant reforms of administrative process. Abbreviations used in the article are as follows: CSARL – Central State Archive of the Republic ofLithuania, MDWLLAS – Manuscript Department of the Wróblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences.

Muhammad Zubair Khan, Oleg E. Peil, Apoorva Sharma et al.

In the rapidly expanding field of two-dimensional materials, magnetic monolayers show great promise for the future applications in nanoelectronics, data storage, and sensing. The research in intrinsically magnetic two-dimensional materials mainly focuses on synthetic iodide and telluride based compounds, which inherently suffer from the lack of ambient stability. So far, naturally occurring layered magnetic materials have been vastly overlooked. These minerals offer a unique opportunity to explore air-stable complex layered systems with high concentration of local moment bearing ions. We demonstrate magnetic ordering in iron-rich two-dimensional phyllosilicates, focusing on mineral species of minnesotaite, annite, and biotite. These are naturally occurring van der Waals magnetic materials which integrate local moment baring ions of iron via magnesium/aluminium substitution in their octahedral sites. Due to self-inherent capping by silicate/aluminate tetrahedral groups, ultra-thin layers are air-stable. Chemical characterization, quantitative elemental analysis, and iron oxidation states were determined via Raman spectroscopy, wavelength disperse X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry measurements were performed to examine the magnetic ordering. These layered materials exhibit paramagnetic or superparamagnetic characteristics at room temperature. At low temperature ferrimagnetic or antiferromagnetic ordering occurs, with the critical ordering temperature of 38.7 K for minnesotaite, 36.1 K for annite, and 4.9 K for biotite. In-field magnetic force microscopy on iron bearing phyllosilicates confirmed the paramagnetic response at room temperature, present down to monolayers.

Leonid I. Gurvits

Space Very Long Baseline Interferometry is a radio astronomy technique distinguished by a record-high angular resolution reaching single-digit microseconds of arc. The paper provides a brief account of the history of developments of this technique over the period 1960s-2020s.

Doreen Fraser, Maria Papageorgiou

The formulation of a measurement theory for relativistic quantum field theory (QFT) has recently been an active area of research. In contrast to the asymptotic measurement framework that was enshrined in QED, the new proposals aim to supply a measurement framework for measurements in local spacetime regions. This paper surveys episodes in the history of quantum theory that contemporary researchers have identified as precursors to their own work and discusses how they laid the groundwork for current approaches to local measurement theory for QFT.

M. Havlíček, A. Vyskočil, Martin Caletka et al.

Water-powered facilities (WPFs) have traditionally been a pillar of the economy and social development. Therefore, the state took an interest in having these objects recorded and mapped in relevant maps and registers. This article focuses on identifying and localizing WPFs in the Moravice River basin in the so-called Sudetenland, Czechia, between the years 1763 and 2021. Specifically, the evolution and (dis)continuity of the WPFs are assessed through an analysis of cartographic and archival sources, reflecting the wider socioeconomic and demographic context as explanatory variables. The cartographic sources included old military topographic maps of Austria-Hungary and Czechoslovakia from four periods (the mid-18th century, mid-19th century, end of the 19th century, and mid-20th century) on the one hand and two state water-powered facility registers from 1930 and 1953 on the other. The archival sources included funds from regional and state archives. The results show that the count of WPFs peaked during the 19th century, after which there occurred a steep decline caused by societal and economic changes, namely, the expulsion of the local German population, nationalization in the postwar period, and economic and organizational transformations in the socialist era. Special attention is paid to hydropower plants, whose evolution reflects the outlined economic processes.

F. Jeschke

Hungarian pattern,” including anti-Jewish policies, in view of changing diplomatic, economic, and military circumstances and constraints. Rather than a pre-Holocaust/Holocaust break, then, March 1944 figures within a broader process of destructive state violence in Hungary, including the Novi Sad massacre. Moving from the massacre to its memory, von Klimó offers a narrative of progress: The memory discourse evolved through Stalinist and post-1956 communist distortions, eventually facilitating in the 1980s a recognition not just of the Jewish victims of the massacre and the Holocaust but also of other victims whom the communist state had heretofore sought to silence. These included ethnic Hungarians in the Bačka whom Tito’s partisans murdered in 1944–45, Hungarian soldiers during World War II now depicted as war victims, ethnic Hungarian minorities in wartime Hungarian territories lost to Romania and Czechoslovakia, and the various victims of communist governments in Hungary. This, then, gave rise to a “post-heroic society” in Hungary that helps explain the nonviolent fall of the communist regime in 1989. Considering that this is a key argument in the book (16–17), the idea of a “post-heroic society,” which appears only once more (153), requires more elaboration. Instead, the book concludes with an analysis of the acquittal of Képiró in 2011 that, von Klimó asserts, proves the success of the 1989 transition, as it “demonstrated that Hungary had become a democratic, constitutional state with an independent judiciary” (187). It was clear already in 2011, however, that Hungarian prime minister Viktor Orbán was aiming to transform Hungary into a nondemocratic state, with the judiciary as a key target of attack. Holocaust memory also came under attack in the decade since then, with Orbán essentially reviving the communist memory politics of the 1950s that portrays the Holocaust in Hungary as a German history with Hungary as the victim. Thus, Képiró’s acquittal could be seen differently: as the failure of Hungarian society to follow Cseres and accept the responsibility of normal Hungarians as Holocaust perpetrators. Rather than progress, we find ourselves, tragically, almost where the story of the massacre’s memory began. My critique, however, speaks to the importance of the book and the discussion it prompts. Remembering Cold Days traces a story that should interest all Hungarians and, more broadly, students of genocidal violence across the world and the politics of memory around it, past and present.

D. Popović, Svetislav V. Kostić

This paper presents the story of the world’s first multilateral double taxation treaty, a treaty concluded in Rome after the end of World War I by all the successor states of former Austria-Hungary with the exception of Czechoslovakia. On the centennial of this treaty the authors first present its historical, legal and economic background and attempt to determine which of the quite few already existing double taxation treaties served as the model for a document which preceded the work done under the auspices of the League of Nations on the topic of double taxation. Concluding that it was the 1899 Austria-Hungary/Prussia double taxation treaty which served as inspiration for the drafters of the 1922 Rome double tax convention, the authors continue to analyse and compare their individual provisions. Subsequently, the authors turn to the question of why this multilateral treaty never came into force and present interesting historical data found in the archives of Yugoslavia. In the end, the authors conclude that the tale of the Rome double taxation convention reminds us in our modern environment about the values of common sense even in adverse political circumstances and clearly shows that multilateralism should not be abandoned as a prospective option. Multilateral convention, double taxation, World War I, League of Nations, Austria-Hungary, source, residence.

Gustavo Rodrigues Rocha, Dean Rickles, Florian J. Boge

It will be presented in this chapter a historical account of the consistent histories interpretation of quantum mechanics based on primary and secondary literature. Firstly, the formalism of the consistent histories approach will be outlined. Secondly, the works by Robert Griffiths and Roland Omnès will be discussed. Griffiths' seminal 1984 paper, the first physicist to have proposed a consistent-histories interpretation of quantum mechanics, followed by Omnès' 1990 paper, were instrumental to the consistent-histories model based on Boolean logic. Thirdly, Murray Gell-Mann and James Hartle's steps to their own version of consistent-histories approach, motivated by a cosmological perspective, will then be described and evaluated. Gell-Mann and Hartle understood that spontaneous decoherence could path the way to a concrete physical model to Griffiths' consistent histories. Moreover, the collective biography of these figures will be put in the context of the role played by the Santa Fe Institute, co-founded by Gell-Mann in 1984 in Santa Fe, New Mexico, where Hartle is also a member of the external faculty.

Berno Buechel, Selina Gangl, Martin Huber

We analyze the impact of obtaining a residence permit on foreign workers' labor market and residential attachment. To overcome the usually severe selection issues, we exploit a unique migration lottery that randomly assigns access to otherwise restricted residence permits in Liechtenstein (situated between Austria and Switzerland). Using an instrumental variable approach, our results show that lottery compliers (whose migration behavior complies with the assignment in their first lottery) raise their employment probability in Liechtenstein by on average 24 percentage points across outcome periods (2008 to 2018) as a result of receiving a permit. Relatedly, their activity level and employment duration in Liechtenstein increase by on average 20 percentage points and 1.15 years, respectively, over the outcome window. These substantial and statistically significant effects are mainly driven by individuals not (yet) working in Liechtenstein prior to the lottery rather than by previous cross-border commuters. Moreover, we find both the labor market and residential effects to be persistent even several years after the lottery with no sign of fading out. These results suggest that granting resident permits to foreign workers can be effective to foster labor supply even beyond the effect of cross-border commuting from adjacent regions.