Hasil untuk "Economic geography of the oceans (General)"

J. Kanis, C. Cooper, R. Rizzoli et al.

SummaryGuidance is provided in a European setting on the assessment and treatment of postmenopausal women at risk from fractures due to osteoporosis.IntroductionThe International Osteoporosis Foundation and European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis published guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in 2013. This manuscript updates these in a European setting.MethodsSystematic reviews were updated.ResultsThe following areas are reviewed: the role of bone mineral density measurement for the diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of fracture risk; general and pharmacological management of osteoporosis; monitoring of treatment; assessment of fracture risk; case-finding strategies; investigation of patients; health economics of treatment. The update includes new information on the evaluation of bone microstructure evaluation in facture risk assessment, the role of FRAX® and Fracture Liaison Services in secondary fracture prevention, long-term effects on fracture risk of dietary intakes, and increased fracture risk on stopping drug treatment.ConclusionsA platform is provided on which specific guidelines can be developed for national use.

Munazza Akhtar, Arshia Habib, Umer Javeid et al.

Purpose: This study examines how export quality (EQI) interacts with institutional quality (IQI), GDP per capita (GDPPC), and urbanisation (URB) to shape greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Asia, concentrating on whether IQI controls the environmental impact of EQI and in what circumstances does export modernisation translate into cleaner production and lower emissions. Design: Based on a theory-driven framework, this research utilises an econometric approach suitable for heterogeneous Asian panels, embedding an EQI×IQI interaction term to measure moderation. A log–log transformation provides elasticities and enables interpretation of short- and long-run dynamics, while considering cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity. Findings: Higher EQI mitigate GHG emissions when IQI is strong, via better environmental implementation, cleaner technology diffusion, and access to green finance; in contrast, weak IQI can temper or reverse this effect, allowing carbon-intensive upgrade paths. URB and GDPPC impact energy demand and technology integration, with urbanisation conceivably declining emissions under robust governance but boosting them when governance is weak. The study indicates that the marginal effect of EQI on GHG changes with IQI levels, evidencing a context-dependent technology-for-green policy channel in Asia. Originality: The paper establishes a conditional EQI–GHG mechanism moderated by IQI within an Asia-focused context, tests the EQI×IQI interaction in a log–linear ARDL/PMG-ARDL framework, and highlights sectoral/regional heterogeneity to inform policy design in diverse Asian economies.

Kurniawan Prambudi Utomo Utomo, Muhammad Aziz Winardi N, Suhardoyo et al.

This study aims to analyze the impact of the sustainability of MSMEs affected by infrastructure development and environmental factors on financial performance, especially profitability and insolvency in the Nusantara Capital City (IKN) in East Kalimantan. MSMEs have an important role in the national and local economies, but they are vulnerable to structural changes. The development of the IKN driven by infrastructure, technology, and sustainability provides strategic opportunities to increase the competitiveness and resilience of MSMEs within the framework of IPAT (Impact, Population, Affluence, Technology). This study uses a quantitative approach with the Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) method to analyze the direct and indirect relationships between variables. The research sample consisted of 85 MSMEs that met the research criteria. The results of the study show that the sustainability of MSMEs does not have a significant direct influence on financial performance. On the contrary, infrastructure and environmental factors have a positive and significant influence. In addition, environmental factors significantly mediate the relationship between infrastructure and financial performance, while the mediating role in the relationship between MSME sustainability and financial performance is not proven. These findings show that the sustainability of MSMEs is highly dependent on the quality of infrastructure and environmental management. The application of the IPAT perspective at the micro level shows that the technological and environmental dimensions are able to transform MSME activities into improved financial performance. Policy implications emphasize the importance of integrating infrastructure development and environmental policies in strengthening the sustainable resilience of MSMEs.

Andrzej Raszkowski, Bartosz Bartniczak, Amit Kumar

The aim of this article is to assess the quality of life (QoL) in Central and Eastern Europe through a comparative analysis that identifies key determinants of well-being and evaluates their relative importance across countries. The study situates the assessment within the unique historical and socio-economic transformation of the region, from centrally planned economies to market-oriented systems and subsequent integration into the European Union. Using 42 indicators grouped into thematic domains, material living conditions, health, education, labour activity, safety, governance, and the environment, the research applies descriptive statistics and the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method to construct a composite QoL index and rank eleven countries according to their performance. The findings reveal substantial disparities, with Estonia and Lithuania achieving the highest QoL scores, while Romania and Bulgaria lag behind. The results highlight the decisive influence of income levels, healthcare accessibility, educational attainment, and environmental quality on overall well-being. The paper concludes with evidence-based policy implications, emphasising investment in education, healthcare systems, sustainable infrastructure, and environmental protection as essential pathways to more balanced and inclusive development across the region.

Elena Zavyalova, E. Shamanina, E. Starikova et al.

This bilingual textbook is designed to develop a system of knowledge in the field of socioeconomic geography. It examines general theoretical issues, including the typology of countries based on political organization, forms of political organization based on administrative-territorial structure, and various approaches to country typology. It highlights current issues and trends related to the populations of various countries, types of population reproduction, and the sex, age, and ethnolinguistic composition of the world's population. Particular attention is paid to the world's natural resources: their structure, types, and geographic distribution. Countries with leading reserves of key natural resources are highlighted. The land and water resources of wildlife and the World Ocean are described in detail. The sectoral and territorial structure of global industry is analyzed, including ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, knowledge-intensive industries, and agriculture. For university students majoring in Economics and International Economic Relations, including international students.

Dasheng Lu, Yuanjie Lin, Sunyang Le et al.

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PBDEs, are major environmental and food safety concerns due to their bioaccumulative and toxic properties. However, comprehensive research on the concentrations and influencing factors of POPs across different food types and regions, particularly in underdeveloped regions of western China, remains scarce. This study conducted a comprehensive assessment of POPs contamination in six food types (pig liver, pork, freshwater fish, marine fish, beef, and eggs) from western China by integrating environmental, geographical, socio-economic data, and food POP concentrations with machine learning and multivariate analyses to evaluate distribution patterns, key influencing factors, and associated health risks. The results showed distinct contamination patterns across food types and regions. Among all food, pig liver exhibited the highest levels of ∑PCDD/Fs, while marine fish showed elevated PBDEs and ndl-PCBs, highlighting the influence of organ-specific bioaccumulation and global oceanic pollution. Freshwater fish displayed higher ∑PCDD/Fs due to localized agricultural and industrial pollution. Regional differences were most pronounced in pork, with higher contamination in Yunnan and Sichuan, driven by industrial emissions, biomass burning, and geographical factors. Regression models, particularly Random Forest and SHAP analyses, identified food type, latitude, GDP, and climatic conditions as key predictors of POP variability. Risk assessments indicated that dietary exposure to POPs from high-consumption foods remained within safety thresholds, posing no significant health risks to the general population. This study highlights the utility of advanced analytical tools in understanding contamination dynamics and emphasizes the need for systematic monitoring, targeted interventions, and enhanced food safety regulations, particularly in western China.

Bogusław Wacławik, Joanna Popławska, Arkadiusz Sułek et al.

ESG reporting is a key process through which companies provide detailed information regarding their impact on the environment (E), society (S) and corporate governance (G). The aim of the article is to present the authors' research results on the reporting of environmental information in the field of ESG among companies from the energy sector and the defence industry, represented by the example of PIT-RADWAR, listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange in 2022-2023. The methodology was based on a review of the literature on the subject, legal acts and own research, which used non-financial reports of listed companies regarding ESG information. According to the authors, the article adds value to the literature on the subject, in particular in terms of gathering source material and discussing it. Considering the growing importance of ESG factors in the defence sector, the article also highlights the emerging trend of ESG reporting in this industry using the example of PIT-RADWAR S.A., emphasising its growing importance and the sector's first steps towards increasing the transparency of non-financial reporting. The subject matter of the article can form the basis for further detailed empirical research on ESG reporting.

Paweł Wolski

The article presents, which was his purpose, an analysis of waste management in Poland and the changes occurring over the years. According to Statistics Poland, 121 million tonnes of waste were generated in 2021, of which 11.3% was municipal waste. Waste volume increased to 123 million tonnes in 2023. The main sources of waste, as in previous years, were mining and extraction (61.9%), manufacturing (22.0%), and electricity, gas, steam, and hot water generation and supply (12.7%). Of the total waste generated in 2021, approximately 48% was recovered, 44% was disposed of by landfilling, and 7% by other means. In 2021, 13,674,000 tonnes of municipal waste were generated.  Effective waste management is essential for ensuring the efficient use of natural resources and sustainable economic growth. In Poland, the amount of municipal and packaging waste produced is increasing. Environmental awareness, however, promotes their rational management. Recovery and recycling are becoming increasingly popular methods of waste management, which is particularly noticeable in the case of packaging waste, amounting to 60%. Therefore, adequate waste management is the future of our planet.

Jack William Skinner, Jörn Callies, Albion Lawrence et al.

The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission provides two-dimensional sea surface height (SSH) maps at unprecedented resolution, but its signal is a combination of balanced meso- and submesoscale turbulence, unbalanced internal waves, and small-scale noise. Interpreting the meso- and submesoscale flow features captured by SWOT requires a careful isolation of the balanced signal. We present a statistical method to do so in regions where internal-wave signals are negligible, such as western boundary current regions and the Southern Ocean. Our method assumes Gaussian statistics for both the balanced flow and the noise, which we infer by fitting parametric models to the observed SSH wavenumber spectrum. Using these inferred parameters, we perform a Bayesian inversion to reconstruct swath-aligned SSH maps that fill the nadir gap. We evaluate the method using synthetic data from a high-resolution simulation with realistic SWOT-like noise added. Comparisons with the underlying model data show that our reconstruction successfully removes small-scale noise while preserving meso- and submesoscale eddies, fronts, and filaments down to a feature scale of 10km. The comparison also demonstrates that the posterior uncertainty is a reliable estimate of the error.

O. Korol

The article examines the influence of the factor of threats and dangers on international tourist arrivals for particular countries and for the world in general. In particular, the influence of this factor on changes in the dynamics of international tourist arrivals, which were observed due to significant negative growth to the previous year, was revealed. It was established which events that had the nature of a threat or danger, influenced these changes, and also clarified which of these events had a local, regional and global nature. The study is based on the methodological principles of induction using methods of mathematical statistics, in particular the analysis of time series. It is assumed that the events that had the character of a threat or danger manifested themselves in the time series due to significant negative increases in international tourist arrivals recorded until the previous year. The study is based on the statistical indicators of accounting for inbound tourist flows proposed by the UNWTO – international tourist arrivals. Statistical data are also taken from UNWTO sources. It has been established that the factor of threats and dangers affects international tourism through terrorist acts, military conflicts, pandemics, and natural disasters. It is confirmed that these events manifest themselves in the time series of international tourism arrivals due to significant negative increases compared to the previous year. Among the terrorist threats, the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001 was the most extensive in terms of consequences for international tourism. The USA suffered the most from these events, which in 2003 compared to the millennium, lost 20% of international tourists. The war in Iraq in 2003 also had a negative impact on inbound tourist flows to the USA. Although the terrorist attacks took place in the United States, they were related to air passenger transport, which is the leading international tourism. Because of this, the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001 had global consequences. For example, in Australia after the terrorist attacks of September 2001 a three-year trend with barely noticeable negative dynamics emerged, and the second Australian airline "Ansett" went bankrupt. The factors of threats and dangers, which had the character of a military conflict, had a significant impact on the international tourism of Ukraine. Initially, it had a local significance, in particular, in 2014, after the annexation of Crimea and the beginning of russia's military aggression in Donbas, the number of international tourists in Ukraine decreased to 12.7 million, which was half as much as compared to the previous year. In 2022, after russia's full-scale invasion to Ukraine, this factor began to affect international tourism at the regional level. At that time, international tourist flows to Ukraine decreased by 45% and reached a minimum of 2.173 million arrivals, which was less than 9% of the number of international tourists who visited Ukraine in 2013. Atypical pneumonia (SARS) had regional impact on the dynamics of international tourism in 2003. The Asia-Pacific region was most affected by it, where the number of arrivals decreased by 9%; and Southeast Asia, from where the epidemic spread, showed a double-digit negative growth (-13.7%). COVID-19 has caused a global, unprecedented decline in international tourism across all tourist regions of the world, due to lockdowns and restrictions on international travel. According to the UNWTO, in 2020 the number of international tourists decreased by 72% compared to 2019. This led to huge economic losses in the tourism industry. Threats and dangers in international tourism also have a natural origin. In particular, the reduction of international tourist arrivals to Turkey by 23% was associated with the devastating 7.7-magnitude earthquake that occurred on August 17, 1999 near the shores of the Sea of Marmara. Due to the earthquake of December 26, 2004 in the Indian Ocean, the west coast of Thailand was covered by a tsunami, which particularly affected the popular tourist island of Phuket. For 1996-2008 the dynamics of international tourism in the Bahamas, in addition to the reduction due to the September 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, depended on such natural catastrophic phenomena as hurricanes. Key words: international tourism market, tourist arrivals, tourism factor, threats and dangers, time series.

E. Sherin

The paper examines sectoral and geographical structure of China’s foreign trade cooperation with Russia in general and Siberian regions in particular. The history of foreign economic relations between Russia and China is revealed. The share and place of China in the structure of Russian commodity supplies have been determined. The geographical and commodity structure of China’s exports and imports, as well as the share and place of Russia in the country’s foreign trade turnover, have been identified. The role of Siberia in the structure of Russian-Chinese foreign trade cooperation and the dynamics of its share in recent years are shown. The share and value indicators of trade turnover and the main commodity groups of exports and imports of China and each Siberian region are calculated. More detailed attention is paid to the regions being leaders in the structure of Siberian-Chinese cooperation, in terms of both in export and import. The significance of foreign trade with China for the Siberian regions is determined. Issues of investment cooperation between Russia and China are touched upon, as well as the dynamics of the use of national currencies in foreign trade transactions between countries. The ways of commodity communication between China and Siberia are explained. The features and problem areas of their foreign trade cooperation are identified. Taking into account the intensified turn of Russia’s vector of cooperation to the east in 2022, several promising ways of interaction between China and Russia in general and the Siberia in particular have been proposed. Namely: increasing the depth of processing of Siberian exported raw materials, increasing non-raw material exports from Siberia, further modernizing the railway infrastructure of eastern Russia, an alternative route for transporting Siberian bulk cargo to the East Asian market through Kazakhstan, creating an international transport corridor through Mongolia, constructing new elements of railway infrastructure, including the border crossing, Russia’s third railway access to the Pacific Ocean, the development of interstate interaction at the level of small and medium-sized businesses.

Halina Kiryluk, Joanna Godlewska, Maciej Cygler

Universities have an important role to play in the process of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the United Nations in its 2015 Declaration, which specifically addresses their contribution in the areas of education, research and social impact. The main objective of the article is to review the approaches of Polish higher education institutions (HEIs) to the formulation of sustainable development strategies by reference to their position in international rankings. The study focused on three international rankings: UI GreenMetric, THE Impact Rankings and QS World University Rankings: Sustainability. The methodology used included literature review and critique, analysis of documents and other source materials, descriptive analysis and comparative analysis. The paper contributes to deepening and advancing the academic debate on the role of universities in achieving the SDGs and improving institutional governance to accelerate progress towards their implementation.

Christian Vedel

In 1825 a storm cut a new channel through Denmark's Limfjord, providing an exogenous shock to first-nature geography. Difference-in-differences estimates show the channel increased trade immediately and, within a generation, lifted population by 26.7 percent - an elasticity of 1.6 relative to the improved market access. Higher fertility and economic growth of new industries, not migration, drove the expansion. A mirror experiment - the waterway's closure circa 1086-1208 - caused symmetric declines in medieval coin and building finds, bolstering external validity. These results offer the first robust causal evidence that first-nature geomorphology shapes the location of economic activity.

Zachary Sheldon, Peeyush Kumar

This paper explores the intersection of economic anthropology and generative artificial intelligence (GenAI). It examines how large language models (LLMs) can simulate human decision-making and the inductive biases present in AI research. The study introduces two AI models: C.A.L.L.O.N. (Conventionally Average Late Liberal ONtology) and M.A.U.S.S. (More Accurate Understanding of Society and its Symbols). The former is trained on standard data, while the latter is adapted with anthropological knowledge. The research highlights how anthropological training can enhance LLMs' ability to recognize diverse economic systems and concepts. The findings suggest that integrating economic anthropology with AI can provide a more pluralistic understanding of economics and improve the sustainability of non-market economic systems.

Kshama Dwarakanath, Tucker Balch, Svitlana Vyetrenko

We present ABIDES-Economist, an agent-based simulator for economic systems that includes heterogeneous households, firms, a central bank, and a government. Agent behavior can be defined using domain-specific behavioral rules or learned through reinforcement learning by specifying their objectives. We integrate reinforcement learning capabilities for all agents using the OpenAI Gym environment framework for the multi-agent system. To enhance the realism of our model, we base agent parameters and action spaces on economic literature and real U.S. economic data. To tackle the challenges of calibrating heterogeneous agent-based economic models, we conduct a comprehensive survey of stylized facts related to both microeconomic and macroeconomic time series data. We then validate ABIDES-Economist by demonstrating its ability to generate simulated data that aligns with the relevant stylized facts for the economic scenario under consideration, following the learning of all agent behaviors via reinforcement learning. Specifically, we train our economic agents' policies under two broad configurations. The first configuration demonstrates that the learned economic agents produce system data consistent with macroeconomic and microeconomic stylized facts. The second configuration illustrates the utility of the validated simulation platform in designing regulatory policies for the central bank and government. These policies outperform standard rule-based approaches from the literature, which often overlook agent heterogeneity, shocks, and agent adaptability.

Kazuki Sakamoto, Connor T. Jerzak, Adel Daoud

Earth observation (EO) data such as satellite imagery can have far-reaching impacts on our understanding of the geography of poverty, especially when coupled with machine learning (ML) and computer vision. Early research used computer vision to predict living conditions in areas with limited data, but recent studies increasingly focus on causal analysis. Despite this shift, the use of EO-ML methods for causal inference lacks thorough documentation, and best practices are still developing. Through a comprehensive scoping review, we catalog the current literature on EO-ML methods in causal analysis. We synthesize five principal approaches to incorporating EO data in causal workflows: (1) outcome imputation for downstream causal analysis, (2) EO image deconfounding, (3) EO-based treatment effect heterogeneity, (4) EO-based transportability analysis, and (5) image-informed causal discovery. Building on these findings, we provide a detailed protocol guiding researchers in integrating EO data into causal analysis -- covering data requirements, computer vision model selection, and evaluation metrics. While our focus centers on health and living conditions outcomes, our protocol is adaptable to other sustainable development domains utilizing EO data.

Felix Schürmann

The Congo estuary is a space of transitions not only in hydrological but also in historical terms. When from the 1860s the centuries-old slave trade ended and foreign companies established trading posts along the lower river to export raw materials, mapmakers from Europe began to relate the Congo with what they perceived as “world traffic” in new ways. Grounded in a close reading and contextualisation of two nautical charts by the British Admiralty, a general map from a German geographic journal, and an economic map by a French officer, this article discusses how maps reflected the dynamics at the lower section of the river under the conditions of colonial globalisation. During the nineteenth century, mapping rivers and oceans translated notions of globality into a visual language and thus significantly contributed to envisioning aquatic and terrestrial parts of the earth as a spatial continuum. Driven by an underlying capitalist desire increasingly directed towards the Congo basin, the maps in question transformed the river area from a terra incognita into a potentially controllable area and confirmed interpretations of the estuary as a portal of global relevance. Royal Navy officers mapped the estuary in contexts of unfolding imperial power and at times during military operations. While aiming at demystifying the river, the maps also formed projection surfaces for fantasies, fictions, and imaginations. Mapmakers processed knowledge from the riverine BaKongo communities only selectively and filtered it through a standardised repertoire of cartographic signs, thus participating in a “nihilisation” (Luckmann/Berger) of African knowledge.

A. Petrov

The article is about the development of the struggle between Russia and England for colonies in the North Pacific Ocean. The purpose of our research is to show the relationship between events in the North Pacific Ocean and the general course of colonization of new territories. The interest of Peter the Great in England is considered. The article identifies factors that contributed to the development of the American northwest, including the level of geographical knowledge in both countries about the borders of America and Asia. It is shown that their study became a complex and multifaceted process in which English and Russian navigators took part, and it was controlled by the state authorities of both countries. The importance of the initiative of private commercial companies in the development of territories is emphasized. It is noted that Great Britain initially pursued a cautious policy, which gave way to an active phase at the end of the 18th century. If Great Britain’s interest was primarily associated with the search for a northern route from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, then Russia’s advance to the north-west of America was due to economic and political reasons. The article looks at the changes in the attitude of Russia as well as England in relation to the territories under consideration throughout the period under study. It is concluded that the peculiarities of sailing in the waters of the Pacific Ocean made a collision on the high seas less likely than in coastal waters and on land, where Russian fur hunters were subsequently opposed by representatives of the Hudson’s Bay Company. The article is written on the basis of an interdisciplinary approach, using archival sources. The results we obtained can be used in the theoretical and practical parts of interaction with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region, as well as England.

Katharina M. Gallmeier, J. Prochaska, P. Cornillon et al.

Abstract. We have assembled 2 851 702 nearly cloud-free cutout images (sized 144 km × 144 km) of sea surface temperature (SST) data from the entire 2012–2020 Level-2 Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) dataset to perform a quantitative comparison to the ocean model output from the MIT General Circulation Model (MITgcm). Specifically, we evaluate outputs from the LLC4320 (LLC, latitude–longitude–polar cap) 148∘ global-ocean simulation for a 1-year period starting on 17 November 2011 but otherwise matched in geography and the day of the year to the VIIRS observations. In lieu of simple (e.g., mean, standard deviation) or complex (e.g., power spectrum) statistics, we analyze the cutouts of SST anomalies with an unsupervised probabilistic autoencoder (PAE) trained to learn the distribution of structures in SST anomaly (SSTa) on ∼ 10–80 km scales (i.e., submesoscale to mesoscale). A principal finding is that the LLC4320 simulation reproduces, over a large fraction of the ocean, the observed distribution of SSTa patterns well, both globally and regionally. Globally, the medians of the structure distributions match to within 2σ for 65 % of the ocean, despite a modest, latitude-dependent offset. Regionally, the model outputs reproduce mesoscale variations in SSTa patterns revealed by the PAE in the VIIRS data, including subtle features imprinted by variations in bathymetry. We also identify significant differences in the distribution of SSTa patterns in several regions: (1) in an equatorial band equatorward of 15∘; (2) in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), especially in the eastern half of the Indian Ocean; and (3) in the vicinity of the point at which western boundary currents separate from the continental margin. It is clear that region 3 is a result of premature separation in the simulated western boundary currents. The model output in region 2, the southern Indian Ocean, tends to predict more structure than observed, perhaps arising from a misrepresentation of the mixed layer or of energy dissipation and stirring in the simulation. The differences in region 1, the equatorial band, are also likely due to model errors, perhaps arising from the shortness of the simulation or from the lack of high-frequency and/or wavenumber atmospheric forcing. Although we do not yet know the exact causes for these model–data SSTa differences, we expect that this type of comparison will help guide future developments of high-resolution global-ocean simulations.

Richard Thér, Tomáš Mangel

This study focuses on the introduction of pottery-forming methods employing rotational motion in relation to social and economic conditions and their transformations during the La Tène period in Central Europe. It explores the diversity of technological practices on a broader geographical scale in several regions of the Czech Republic with various demographic, social, and environmental conditions during this period. The study is based on the idea that a technological process is a cultural trait whose adoption is the result of a cultural selection. These interactions are facilitated by the performances of the technological process and its products. The technological analysis relies on a recently developed quantitative analytical technique based on calculating the orientation of components of the ceramic body supplemented by qualitative classification of diagnostic features observed on X-ray images and CT reconstructions. By applying the methodology to an extensive collection of pottery samples, we have obtained a robust picture of the adoption and spread of different variants of the application of rotational motion. Based on this evidence, we proposed evolutionary scenarios that show the unique interplay of the performances of the individual variants of this general innovative idea with specific local socio-cultural conditions.