{"results":[{"id":"ss_f0d8f58f262cb3f0183b220112480e7b2e565e66","title":"Writing as an object and subject of science: semiotics, philology, linguistics and paralinguistics of writing","authors":[{"name":"I. E. Kim"}],"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to systematically organize the philological and semiotic sciences that examine the phenomenon of writing from various perspectives: as a representative form of language, a communicative system of sociolinguistic practice, a texture of speech, and a sign system characterized by a distinct set of signs. The multifaceted nature of writing has given rise to a wide array of theoretical and applied scientific disciplines connected to it. It has been established that the study of writing encompasses four primary areas of knowledge: semiotics, philology, linguistics, and paralinguistics. This classification aligns with the overall trajectory of philological science and its broader activities. Moreover, within these areas, we can identify several subfields: general theoretical disciplines (such as general philology and grammatology), specific theoretical disciplines (including graphics, graphemics, and metagraphemics), applied disciplines (like paleography, textology, and sphragistics), orthological studies (pertaining to spelling and punctuation), practical disciplines (such as typography and script decipherment), and even artistic practices (like calligraphy and font design).","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2025,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.25205/2713-1165-2025-2-139-157","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f0d8f58f262cb3f0183b220112480e7b2e565e66","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":69},{"id":"doaj_https://doi.org/10.24335/gacz-8q41","title":"Wadliwa pozycja języka w realizacjach fonemu samogłoskowego /i/ oraz w realizacjach fonemów spółgłoskowych /ɕ, ʑ, ʨ, ʥ, ɲ, j","authors":[{"name":"Lilianna Konopska "}],"abstract":"W pracy podjęto zagadnienia itowego układu języka w realizacjach fonemu samogłoskowego /i/, a także fonemów spółgłoskowych, w których realizację wpisany jest itowy układ języka. Omówiono wyniki współczesnych badań logopedycznych nad wybranymi anatomiczno-czynnościowymi uwarunkowaniami wadliwych realizacji fonemów spółgłoskowych /ɕ, ʑ, ʨ, ʥ, ɲ, j/ oraz /i/, a także zjawisko depalatalizacji.","source":"DOAJ","year":2024,"language":"","subjects":["Philology. Linguistics"],"doi":"https://doi.org/10.24335/gacz-8q41","url":"https://www.logopedia-ptl.pl/index.php/logopedia/article/view/247","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":68},{"id":"doaj_10.35905/inspiring.v7i2.9567","title":"Impact of Artificial Intelligence (Chatgpt and Google-Bard) on Undergraduates’ Creative Writing Skills at A University in Northeastern Nigeria","authors":[{"name":"Abubakar Salihu"},{"name":"Muhammad Mukhtar Aliyu"},{"name":"Nur Fadillah  Nurchalis"}],"abstract":"\nArtificial intelligence (AI) has a profound influence on various facets of modern-day society, notably within the realm of education. Its application in educational settings is extensive, primarily aimed at improving the methods of instruction and knowledge acquisition. Thus, this research investigates the impact of AI tools (ChatGPT, Google Bard) on the creative writing skills of Nigerian undergraduates using a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental research design. Eighty (80) third-year undergraduates participated in the study. Data were collected using pretest-posttest writing tasks. The writing scripts were graded using creative writing assessment rubrics. Paired sample t-test analysis was conducted to compare the pretest-posttest writing scores using SPSS. The results of the analysis showed a significant improvement in the participants’ overall writing scores after using the AI tools. The results also show significant improvement in all the aspects of creative writing: image, voice, characterization and story. Finally, the study makes some recommendations for practice and further studies.\n\r\n\n \n","source":"DOAJ","year":2024,"language":"","subjects":["Philology. Linguistics"],"doi":"10.35905/inspiring.v7i2.9567","url":"https://ejurnal.iainpare.ac.id/index.php/inspiring/article/view/9567","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":68},{"id":"doaj_10.1515/jccall-2024-0006","title":"Mobile learning for less-commonly taught languages: design and application","authors":[{"name":"Tang Jinlan"},{"name":"Zhai Yuming"},{"name":"Li Lingxiao"},{"name":"Liu Peixin"},{"name":"Deng Hongxun"}],"abstract":"The increasing development of emerging technologies contributes to ubiquitous and personalized language learning. Hence this study reported a project of designing and applying mobile learning for a less-commonly taught language, Fijian language, at a university in China. Guided by the natural approach and the immersion method of foreign language learning, and principles of multimedia learning, a Fijian language learning application was designed and applied, involving creating a Fijian language environment via situational simulation and offering sufficient language practice and immediate feedback based on speech evaluation and adaptive learning. The rationale, course design, technology support, along with students’ Fijian learning experiences gauged from a questionnaire and an online group interview are documented and discussed. Learners reported increased interest, improvements in spoken communication and learner autonomy. The study will yield implications to future mobile language learning resources design and the pedagogy of integrating the application into teaching and learning of foreign languages.","source":"DOAJ","year":2024,"language":"","subjects":["Computational linguistics. Natural language processing"],"doi":"10.1515/jccall-2024-0006","url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jccall-2024-0006","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":68},{"id":"doaj_10.3389/fcomm.2024.1386279","title":"Visual attention and phonological processing in children with developmental language disorder","authors":[{"name":"María Fernanda Lara-Díaz"},{"name":"Judy Costanza Beltrán Rojas"},{"name":"Yennifer Aponte Rippe"}],"abstract":"IntroductionDevelopmental Language Disorder (DLD) is a neurobiological condition characterized by insufficient language and communication development, with no underlying physical, sensory, or cognitive explanations. A prominent feature among children with DLD is their struggle with phonological processing, a pivotal skill for later reading proficiency. Recent research suggests that children with DLD may also exhibit impairments in various non-linguistic cognitive abilities, including memory, attention, and perception. Of particular importance is visual attention, which plays a critical role in integrating visual perceptual information with diverse cognitive and linguistic processes.ObjectiveTo characterize visual attention during phonological processing tasks in Colombian children with DLD.MethodologyThis study employed a cross-sectional descriptive experimental design involving 20 children diagnosed with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) and 20 children without language difficulties. All participants underwent language, vocabulary, and phonological awareness tests. Additionally, an experimental task utilizing the eye-tracking method was designed and administered to measure phonological processing with phonological and lexical distractors.ResultsChildren with DLD exhibited diminished performance on phonological awareness tasks, as evidenced by their lower scores. This was further supported by the experimental phonological processing task, where an interference effect was observed in the presence of lexical distractors for word recognition, but not with phonological distractors.ConclusionChildren with DLD demonstrated deficiencies in both phonological awareness and visual attention skills during linguistic and phonological processing tasks. They also exhibit reduced sensitivity in identifying phonological relations such as rhyme. The study discusses these findings along with their clinical implications, emphasizing the importance of assessing online processing abilities in children with DLD and considering the influence of other cognitive abilities on their linguistic performance.","source":"DOAJ","year":2024,"language":"","subjects":["Communication. Mass media"],"doi":"10.3389/fcomm.2024.1386279","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcomm.2024.1386279/full","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":68},{"id":"ss_702b52a4cd22d2a562c6687f9bd261a233241f47","title":"Russian Diachronic Linguistics and Philology. Three Decades of Research in Italy (years 1991-2021)","authors":[{"name":"Alessandro Maria Bruni"}],"abstract":"The present paper provides scholars with a critical assessment of research into Russian diachronic linguistics and Russian philology carried out by Italian Slavicists over the last thirty years. This article first examines how Italian scholars have understood and engaged with fundamental issues in the history of the Russian language, which have been at the centre of discussion on an international level. It then explores the advances made in Italian research on historical grammar and emphasises the peculiarity of the approach to textual criticism developed by Italian scholars and its relevance to Russian philology. Finally, the paper discusses major Italian contributions regarding specific issues in Russian diachronic linguistics and philology, which reveal innovative solutions to long-standing problems. While further exploration is necessary in several areas, in qualitative terms, the hitherto accomplished research cannot but be positively assessed.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2024,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.36253/studi_slavis-15915","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/702b52a4cd22d2a562c6687f9bd261a233241f47","pdf_url":"https://oaj.fupress.net/index.php/ss/article/download/15915/12809","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":68},{"id":"ss_06d26f8fbad59be727ec39e759b928448c5f17ba","title":"Germanic Philology: Perspectives in Linguistics and Literature\n , ed. Tina Boyer and Heiko Wiggers. Series in Language and Linguistics. Wilmington, DE: Vernon Press, 2024, xxxvi, 207 pp., 19 b/w ill.","authors":[{"name":"Albrecht Classen"}],"abstract":"In a way, all Medieval Studies are philology-centered, that is, they focus on the written or spoken word as found in manuscripts or other media (epigraphs, etc.). But philology itself, especially in the Germanic context, does not fare well any longer. Nevertheless, some researchers make a valid effort to uphold this academic discipline, even though it might be more difficult to define it today with the widening of historical linguistics and related fields. The present volume, competently edited by Tina Boyer and Heiko Wiggers, grew out of sessions at the MLA annual conferences and combines a range of philological topics some of which pertain to the Middle Ages, others fall beyond that chronological divide and can only be touched upon here.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2024,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.3726/med.2024.01.26","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/06d26f8fbad59be727ec39e759b928448c5f17ba","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":68},{"id":"ss_6676b51a9ec800f05d9f2f619661b9a35b7a3a93","title":"Biobibliographic index of scientific works of Doctor of Philology, Professor, Head of the Department of General Linguistics of the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv Floriy Serhiyovych Batsevych (2015–2023)","authors":[{"name":"S. Buk"},{"name":"Svitlana Hryhoruk"}],"abstract":"Розвідку присвячено науково-дослідницькій, викладацькій та керівницькій діяльності проф. Ф. Бацевича. Досліджено його найцитованіші праці, рецензії на його видання, зібрано відгуки його аспірантів та докторантів про співпрацю з ним як науковим керівником і консультантом. Описано експертну наукову діяльність Ф. Бацевича, роботу кафедри загального мовознавства Львівського університету під його керівництвом.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2024,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.30970/vpl.2024.76.12588","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6676b51a9ec800f05d9f2f619661b9a35b7a3a93","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":68},{"id":"doaj_10.20310/1810-0201-2023-28-1-89-102","title":"Didactic-methodic and psychological features of the use of video materials in teaching a foreign language","authors":[{"name":"A. V. Zamkovaya"}],"abstract":"Modern technology is expanding the possibilities of classes and determining the need for new forms of learning. The study of multimedia technology is currently developing in an academic way. Visuals in general play a huge, sometimes decisive role in digital communication. The article is devoted to the usage of video materials in the foreign language classes, the author considers the methods of video resources usage in the process of teaching foreign languages, aimed at forming communicative competence of the students. The author analyses psycho-didactic possibilities of audiovisual teaching materials. Particular attention is paid to the peculiarities of clip thinking, the level of visual literacy and the typology of video resources for teaching foreign languages. The aim of the article is to develop a methodology of applying teaching and authentic video resources in the process of foreign language teaching aimed at forming audiovisual literacy and communicative competence of students. The author concludes that the rational use of video materials and video resources contributes to a deeper involvement of students in learning a foreign language, stimulates the development of creative thinking, social skills, contributes to the mastery of knowledge, skills and abilities of understanding, speaking and writing.","source":"DOAJ","year":2023,"language":"","subjects":["Education (General)","Philology. Linguistics"],"doi":"10.20310/1810-0201-2023-28-1-89-102","url":"https://vestsutmb.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/173","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":67},{"id":"doaj_https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2238-2593.organicom.2022.205774","title":"Eu tenho apenas uma literatura e não é minha: reflexões de uma experiência sino-espanhola","authors":[{"name":"Paloma Chen"}],"abstract":"Reflexões situadas em uma identidade sino-utiel-valenciana-wenzhounesa-espanhola são vistas como experiências particulares e minoritárias pela hegemonia ocidental, que atribui rótulos de hipersexualização, fetichização, exotismo e criminalização às mulheres asiáticas. Diante do cânone reconhecido pelas instituições educativas eurobrancas como literatura universal, autoras e criadoras migrantes e pessoas racializadas reivindicam espaços com obras literárias e artísticas sobre noções críticas como identidade, legado ou memória, em linguagens fronteiriças, mestiças, fraturadas. Assim, desarmam o sujeito dessubjetivado e desencarnado chamado “autor”, que domina um sistema literário que exclui ao invés de incluir.","source":"DOAJ","year":2023,"language":"","subjects":["Social Sciences","Communication. Mass media"],"doi":"https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2238-2593.organicom.2022.205774","url":"https://www.revistas.usp.br/organicom/article/view/205774","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":67},{"id":"ss_26e9d19640cfde8fb1e44e30e61b17c067d3d781","title":"Archibald Henry Sayce (1845–1933) and the Transition from 19th-Century Comparative Philology to 20th-Century General Linguistics","authors":[{"name":"J. Subbiondo"},{"name":"Marcin Kilarski"}],"abstract":"Abstract In language study in the West, the nineteenth century was dominated by comparative philology, and the past century by general linguistics. In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, linguists introduced ideas inconsistent with traditional comparative philology that foreshadowed general linguistics. While Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913) is recognized as a leading founder of general linguistics, other linguists also moved the discipline in this direction. We focus on Archibald Henry Sayce’s (1845–1933) Principles of Comparative Philology (1893) because it anticipated general linguistics, and because the book and its author have been overlooked despite their relevance to the history of linguistics. However, as the author of several works on the languages, literatures, and religions of the Ancient Near East, Sayce was regarded as one of the most erudite scholars of his time. As an example of Sayce’s innovative contribution, we examine his theoretical and methodological principles, including the need for inductive generalizations based on large samples of data, the value of lesser-known languages as a window onto fundamental principles of language, and the status of linguistics vis-à-vis emerging fields of related study. Sayce’s treatment of examples from non-Indo-European languages reflects a tension between comparative philology as it was practiced in the late nineteenth century and twentieth-century comparative and typological linguistics. On the one hand, the principles mentioned above are indicative of the uniformitarian principle, the emphasis on inductive generalizations in American structuralism, and the avoidance of various types of bias in modern typology. On the other hand, his reinterpretation of examples from the languages of North America, Southern Africa, and Tasmania as evidence of the lack of abstract and generic terms not only violated his methodological assumptions but was also consistent with the common nineteenth-century practice of treating words as an index of civilizational development.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2023,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.14746/stap.2023.58.04","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/26e9d19640cfde8fb1e44e30e61b17c067d3d781","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.14746/stap.2023.58.04","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":67},{"id":"ss_70bc7829a38f4ba1439920810af673197aacc2ca","title":"Modern issues of philology: theoretical and applied linguistics","authors":[{"name":"Оксана Торба"},{"name":"Станіслав Пашко"}],"abstract":"The collective monograph highlights the current problems of theoretical and applied modern linguistics; representations of the national-linguistic picture of the world; theories and practices of translation as a means of intercultural communication; teaching methods and organization of the educational process in the context of intercultural communication in institutions of higher education. For scientists, teachers of institutions of higher education, post-graduate students, doctoral students, higher education holders of bachelor's and master's degrees. The materials of the collection will be of interest to scientists, teachers and students, everyone involved in the scientific and theoretical analysis of modern issues of linguistics and translation studies.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2023,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.36994/978-966-388-669-5-2023-284","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/70bc7829a38f4ba1439920810af673197aacc2ca","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.36994/978-966-388-669-5-2023-284","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":67},{"id":"ss_6fbe3b003b2313893797d2798544e840c634037d","title":"NEW TRENDS IN PHILOLOGY: INTERNET-LINGUISTICS","authors":[{"name":"Світлана Литвин"},{"name":"Анжела Сікалюк"},{"name":"Владислава Пермінова"}],"abstract":"","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2023,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.52058/2786-6165-2023-1(7)-54-63","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6fbe3b003b2313893797d2798544e840c634037d","pdf_url":"http://perspectives.pp.ua/index.php/vno/article/download/3581/3601","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":67},{"id":"ss_396f15b799fcb9dd5bd3a74d992cf78e6657d36a","title":"Ancient Indo-European Languages between Linguistics and Philology","authors":[{"name":"Michele Bianconi"},{"name":"M. Capano"},{"name":"Domenica Romagno"},{"name":"Francesco Rovai"}],"abstract":"","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2022,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.1163/9789004508828","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/396f15b799fcb9dd5bd3a74d992cf78e6657d36a","is_open_access":true,"citations":2,"published_at":"","score":66.06},{"id":"doaj_https://doi.org/10.24434/j.scoms.2022.03.3340","title":"The value of face-to-face communication in the digital world: What people miss about in-person interactions when those are limited","authors":[{"name":"Jonathan Gruber"},{"name":"Eszter Hargittai"},{"name":"Minh Hao Nguyen"}],"abstract":"Face-to-face communication is important for building and maintaining relationships. The COVID-19 pandemic led to severe limitations in people’s face-to-face interactions, resulting in most people relying more heavily on digital communication for social connection. Existing research has contributed to the understanding of how face-to-face communication is used alongside digital communication. However, we know little about what elements of face-to-face interactions people miss especially when in-person meetings are heavily reduced, and how this is related to their use of digital communication for social connection. In this study, we draw upon survey data that we collected in spring 2020 from a national sample of U. S. adults to answer these questions. We find that most people missed elements of face-to-face interactions and particularly valued spontaneous interactions, physical closeness, and independence from technology about in-person interactions. More frequent and increasing use of popular digital modes such as voice calls, video calls, text messages, and social media were all positively related to missing face-to-face communication. Our results contribute to the understanding of the role and value of in-person interactions in a digital world.","source":"DOAJ","year":2022,"language":"","subjects":["Communication. Mass media","Social Sciences"],"doi":"https://doi.org/10.24434/j.scoms.2022.03.3340","url":"","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":66},{"id":"doaj_The+Riches+of+Hands-on+Subtitling+in+the+Foreign+Language+Classroom","title":"The Riches of Hands-on Subtitling in the Foreign Language Classroom","authors":[{"name":"Chengcheng Wang Wang"},{"name":"Jorge Díaz Cintas"}],"abstract":"\nUsing subtitles and subtitling as a means of diversifying foreign language teaching and learning has become increasingly popular in recent decades, particularly across Europe, where the European Commission has promoted, among others, the development of projects like ClipFlair, a web-based subtitling platform for foreign language learning (FLL). As part of this boost of research on FLL through subtitling, this empirical study was conducted in mainland China, where the role of subtitling in foreign language classroom has not been widely recognised by scholars. Carried out on seventeen higher education level Chinese L1 students, the experiment studied the effects of performing subtitling activities on English L2 vocabulary acquisition and discovered that doing subtitling tasks from L2 to L1 can result in a significantly better performance in vocabulary acquisition than doing intralingual subtitling activities (L2 to L2) or doing non-subtitling activities.\n","source":"DOAJ","year":2022,"language":"","subjects":["Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar"],"url":"https://ojsspdc.ulpgc.es/ojs/index.php/LFE/article/view/1450","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":66},{"id":"ss_83ae2ea80807e941287b3e5216c486155a885f4e","title":"Khabtagaeva, B. (Ed.). Historical Linguistics and Philology of Central Asia: Essays in Turkic and Mongolic Studies. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2022, pp. 494, ISBN: 978-90-04-49995-9","authors":[{"name":"Deniz Demi̇ryakan"}],"abstract":"Khabtagaeva, B. (Ed.). Historical Linguistics and Philology of Central Asia: Essays in Turkic and Mongolic Studies. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2022.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2022,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.35236/jots.1111606","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/83ae2ea80807e941287b3e5216c486155a885f4e","pdf_url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2407573","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":66},{"id":"ss_fefdc877f11b8abb9419d21c1f76cc1236a0ed78","title":"MODERN TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LINGUISTICS AND PHILOLOGY","authors":[{"name":"Denis Vladlenov"},{"name":"Надія Пашкова"},{"name":"M. Lychuk"},{"name":"O. Prysiazhniuk"},{"name":"K. Prysiazhniuk"},{"name":"Ольга Дьолог"},{"name":"Олена Медвідь"},{"name":"Марія Грінченко"},{"name":"Світлана Руденко"},{"name":"Наталія Ступницька"}],"abstract":"All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. The content and reliability of the articles are the responsibility of the authors. When using and borrowing materials reference to the publication is required. Collection of scientific articles published is the scientific and practical publication, which contains scientific articles of students, graduate students, Candidates and Doctors of Sciences, research workers and practitioners from Europe and Ukraine. The articles contain the study, reflecting the processes and changes in the structure of modern science.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2022,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.46299/isg.2022.mono.philol.2","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/fefdc877f11b8abb9419d21c1f76cc1236a0ed78","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.46299/isg.2022.mono.philol.2","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":66},{"id":"ss_d13429a56e09365c171247f8efbb4ca0c0a3c418","title":"Linguistics and Philology—Separate, Overlapping or Subordinate/Superordinate Disciplines?","authors":[{"name":"J. Naudé"},{"name":"Cynthia L. Miller-Naudé"}],"abstract":"In this paper, we explore arguments concerning the disciplinarity of linguistics and philology as fields of academic knowledge. We begin with a brief historical overview of philology and linguistics. We then consider the question of whether linguistics and philology in the twenty-first century should be viewed as separate disciplines or as overlapping disciplines, or whether one discipline—philology—should be viewed as a superordinate discipline which subsumes linguistics.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2021,"language":"en","subjects":["Sociology"],"doi":"10.25159/2663-6573/8573","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d13429a56e09365c171247f8efbb4ca0c0a3c418","is_open_access":true,"citations":1,"published_at":"","score":65.03},{"id":"ss_c767c1f3caec25129c6731e46ab9d579f83e41aa","title":"Studies in Asian Historical Linguistics, Philology and Beyond","authors":[{"name":"John Kupchik"},{"name":"José Andrés Alonso Fuente"},{"name":"M. Miyake"}],"abstract":"","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2021,"language":"en","subjects":["History"],"doi":"10.1163/9789004448568","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c767c1f3caec25129c6731e46ab9d579f83e41aa","is_open_access":true,"citations":1,"published_at":"","score":65.03}],"total":793434,"page":1,"page_size":20,"sources":["CrossRef","DOAJ","Semantic Scholar"],"query":"Philology. Linguistics"}