{"results":[{"id":"arxiv_2603.28669","title":"Superintelligence and Law","authors":[{"name":"Noam Kolt"}],"abstract":"The prospect of artificial superintelligence -- AI agents that can generally outperform humans in cognitive tasks and economically valuable activities -- will transform the legal order as we know it. Operating autonomously or under only limited human oversight, AI agents will assume a growing range of roles in the legal system. First, in making consequential decisions and taking real-world actions, AI agents will become de facto subjects of law. Second, to cooperate and compete with other actors (human or non-human), AI agents will harness conventional legal instruments and institutions such as contracts and courts, becoming consumers of law. Third, to the extent AI agents perform the functions of writing, interpreting, and administering law, they will become producers and enforcers of law. These developments, whenever they ultimately occur, will call into question fundamental assumptions in legal theory and doctrine, especially to the extent they ground the legitimacy of legal institutions in their human origins. Attempts to align AI agents with extant human law will also face new challenges as AI agents will not only be a primary target of law, but a core user of law and contributor to law. To contend with the advent of superintelligence, lawmakers -- new and old -- will need to be clear-eyed, recognizing both the opportunity to shape legal institutions as society braces for superintelligence and the reality that, in the longer run, this may be a joint human-AI endeavor.","source":"arXiv","year":2026,"language":"en","subjects":["cs.CY"],"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.28669","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.28669","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"2026-03-30T16:51:51Z","score":70},{"id":"arxiv_2601.06237","title":"Data-Dependent Goal Modeling for ML-Enabled Law Enforcement Systems","authors":[{"name":"Dalal Alrajeh"},{"name":"Vesna Nowack"},{"name":"Patrick Benjamin"},{"name":"Katie Thomas"},{"name":"William Hobson"},{"name":"Carolina Gutierrez Muñoz"},{"name":"Catherine Hamilton-Giachritsis"},{"name":"Juliane A. Kloess"},{"name":"Jessica Woodhams"},{"name":"Daniel Butler"},{"name":"Mark Law"},{"name":"Ralph Morton"},{"name":"Benjamin Costello"},{"name":"Amy Burrell"},{"name":"Tim Grant"},{"name":"Prachiben Shah"},{"name":"Frances Laureano de Leon"},{"name":"Mark Lee"}],"abstract":"Investigating serious crimes is inherently complex and resource-constrained. Law enforcement agencies (LEAs) grapple with overwhelming volumes of offender and incident data, making effective suspect identification difficult. Although machine learning (ML)-enabled systems have been explored to support LEAs, several have failed in practice. This highlights the need to align system behavior with stakeholder goals early in development, motivating the use of Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering (GORE).   This paper reports our experience applying the GORE framework KAOS to designing an ML-enabled system for identifying suspects in online child sexual abuse. We describe how KAOS supported early requirements elaboration, including goal refinement, object modeling, agent assignment, and operationalization. A key finding is the central role of data elicitation: data requirements constrain refinement choices and candidate agents while influencing how goals are linked, operationalized, and satisfied. Conversely, goal elaboration and agent assignment shape data quality expectations and collection needs.   Our experience highlights the iterative, bidirectional dependencies between goals, data, and ML performance. We contribute a reference model for integrating GORE with data-driven system development, and identify gaps in KAOS, particularly the need for explicit support for data elicitation and quality management. These insights inform future extensions of KAOS and, more broadly, the application of formal GORE methods to ML-enabled systems for high-stakes societal contexts.","source":"arXiv","year":2026,"language":"en","subjects":["cs.CY"],"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.06237","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2601.06237","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"2026-01-09T15:22:02Z","score":70},{"id":"doaj_10.35516/law.v52i4.11190","title":"Durra Gas Field Crisis of 2023 in Light of The Rules of International Law","authors":[{"name":"Nada  Al-Duaij"}],"abstract":"\nObjectives: This study aims to highlight the dangers posed by the territorial dispute over the gas field between Iran, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia. It focuses on peaceful methods to resolve such conflicts and clarifies the reasons fueling these disputes, particularly the reliance on national legislation to define territorial waters and economic zones, without considering international law principles regarding the rights of adjacent states.\n\n\nMethods: This study adopts the historical approach to explore the relationship between Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Iran regarding the gas field claims. It also employs a comparative approach to analyze similar international disputes and a descriptive approach to assess the gas field's ownership under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.\n\n\nResults: The study finds that the Dorra gas field is rightfully Kuwait's, without shared rights with any other regional state, and highlights Kuwait's right to partner with Saudi Arabia. Key findings include the need to pursue peaceful dispute resolution methods and the importance of avoiding armed conflict whenever possible.\n\n\nConclusion: The study concludes that the Dorra gas field is located in Kuwait's exclusive economic zone. Iran's national legislation, which defines its economic zone and territorial sea, contradicts international law and aims to claim the Dorra field under its sovereignty. Kuwait's agreement with Saudi Arabia to jointly exploit the field is a legitimate right. Iranian objections have a defined path for peaceful resolution and should not escalate to armed conflict.\n","source":"DOAJ","year":2025,"language":"","subjects":["Islamic law"],"doi":"10.35516/law.v52i4.11190","url":"https://dsr.ju.edu.jo/djournals/index.php/Law/article/view/11190","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":69},{"id":"arxiv_2509.09508","title":"Incorporating AI incident reporting into telecommunications law and policy: Insights from India","authors":[{"name":"Avinash Agarwal"},{"name":"Manisha J. Nene"}],"abstract":"The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into telecommunications infrastructure introduces novel risks, such as algorithmic bias and unpredictable system behavior, that fall outside the scope of traditional cybersecurity and data protection frameworks. This paper introduces a precise definition and a detailed typology of telecommunications AI incidents, establishing them as a distinct category of risk that extends beyond conventional cybersecurity and data protection breaches. It argues for their recognition as a distinct regulatory concern. Using India as a case study for jurisdictions that lack a horizontal AI law, the paper analyzes the country's key digital regulations. The analysis reveals that India's existing legal instruments, including the Telecommunications Act, 2023, the CERT-In Rules, and the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, focus on cybersecurity and data breaches, creating a significant regulatory gap for AI-specific operational incidents, such as performance degradation and algorithmic bias. The paper also examines structural barriers to disclosure and the limitations of existing AI incident repositories. Based on these findings, the paper proposes targeted policy recommendations centered on integrating AI incident reporting into India's existing telecom governance. Key proposals include mandating reporting for high-risk AI failures, designating an existing government body as a nodal agency to manage incident data, and developing standardized reporting frameworks. These recommendations aim to enhance regulatory clarity and strengthen long-term resilience, offering a pragmatic and replicable blueprint for other nations seeking to govern AI risks within their existing sectoral frameworks.","source":"arXiv","year":2025,"language":"en","subjects":["cs.CY","cs.AI","cs.HC"],"doi":"10.1016/j.clsr.2026.106263","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.09508","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.09508","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"2025-09-11T14:50:41Z","score":69},{"id":"arxiv_2501.11667","title":"A One-Dimensional Energy Balance Model Parameterization for the Formation of CO2 Ice on the Surfaces of Eccentric Extrasolar Planets","authors":[{"name":"Vidya Venkatesan"},{"name":"Aomawa L. Shields"},{"name":"Russell Deitrick"},{"name":"Eric T. Wolf"},{"name":"Andrew Rushby"},{"name":"Department of Physics"},{"name":" Astronomy"},{"name":"University of California"},{"name":" Irvine"},{"name":" California"},{"name":" USA"},{"name":"School of Earth"},{"name":"Ocean Sciences"},{"name":"University of Victoria"},{"name":" Victoria"},{"name":" Canada"},{"name":"Laboratory for Atmospheric"},{"name":"Space Physics"},{"name":"University of Colorado Boulder"},{"name":" Boulder"},{"name":" Colorado"},{"name":" USA"},{"name":"Sellers Exoplanet Environment Collaboration"},{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center"},{"name":" Greenbelt"},{"name":" Maryland"},{"name":" USA"},{"name":"Blue Marble Space Institute of Science"},{"name":" Seattle"},{"name":" Washington"},{"name":" USA"},{"name":"Department of Earth"},{"name":"Planetary Sciences"},{"name":"Birkbeck University of London"},{"name":" London"},{"name":"United Kingdom"}],"abstract":"Eccentric planets may spend a significant portion of their orbits at large distances from their host stars, where low temperatures can cause atmospheric CO2 to condense out onto the surface, similar to the polar ice caps on Mars. The radiative effects on the climates of these planets throughout their orbits would depend on the wavelength-dependent albedo of surface CO2 ice that may accumulate at or near apoastron and vary according to the spectral energy distribution of the host star. To explore these possible effects, we incorporated a CO2 ice-albedo parameterization into a one-dimensional energy balance climate model. With the inclusion of this parameterization, our simulations demonstrated that F-dwarf planets require 29% more orbit-averaged flux to thaw out of global water ice cover compared with simulations that solely use a traditional pure water ice-albedo parameterization. When no eccentricity is assumed, and host stars are varied, F-dwarf planets with higher bond albedos relative to their M-dwarf planet counterparts require 30% more orbit-averaged flux to exit a water snowball state. Additionally, the intense heat experienced at periastron aids eccentric planets in exiting a snowball state with a smaller increase in instellation compared with planets on circular orbits; this enables eccentric planets to exhibit warmer conditions along a broad range of instellation. This study emphasizes the significance of incorporating an albedo parameterization for the formation of CO2 ice into climate models to accurately assess the habitability of eccentric planets, as we show that, even at moderate eccentricities, planets with Earth-like atmospheres can reach surface temperatures cold enough for the condensation of CO2 onto their surfaces, as can planets receiving low amounts of instellation on circular orbits.","source":"arXiv","year":2025,"language":"en","subjects":["astro-ph.EP"],"doi":"10.1089/ast.2023.0103","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.11667","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.11667","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"2025-01-20T18:48:29Z","score":69},{"id":"doaj_10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3363879","title":"CAMELON: A System for Crime Metadata Extraction and Spatiotemporal Visualization From Online News Articles","authors":[{"name":"Siripen Pongpaichet"},{"name":"Boonyapat Sukosit"},{"name":"Chitchaya Duangtanawat"},{"name":"Jiramed Jamjongdamrongkit"},{"name":"Chancheep Mahacharoensuk"},{"name":"Kantapong Matangkarat"},{"name":"Pattadon Singhajan"},{"name":"Thanapon Noraset"},{"name":"Suppawong Tuarob"}],"abstract":"Crimes result in not only loss to individuals but also hinder national economic growth. While crime rates have been reported to decrease in developed countries, underdeveloped and developing nations still suffer from prevalent crimes, especially those undergoing rapid expansion of urbanization. The ability to monitor and assess trends of different types of crimes at both regional and national levels could assist local police and national-level policymakers in proactively devising means to prevent and address the root causes of criminal incidents. Furthermore, such a system could prove useful to individuals seeking to evaluate criminal activity for purposes of travel, investment, and relocation decisions. Recent literature has opted to utilize online news articles as a reliable and timely source for information on crime activity. However, most of the crime monitoring systems fueled by such news sources merely classified crimes into different types and visualized individual crimes on the map using extracted geolocations, lacking crucial information for stakeholders to make relevant, informed decisions. To better serve the unique needs of the target user groups, this paper proposes a novel comprehensive crime visualization system that mines relevant information from large-scale online news articles. The system features automatic crime-type classification and metadata extraction from news articles. The crime classification and metadata schemes are designed to serve the need for information from law enforcement and policymakers, as well as general users. Novel interactive spatiotemporal designs are integrated into the system with the ability to assess the severity and intensity of crimes in each region through the novel Criminometer index. The system is designed to be generalized for implementation in different countries with diverse prevalent crime types and languages composing the news articles, owing to the use of deep learning cross-lingual language models. The experiment results reveal that the proposed system yielded 86\u0026#x0025;, 51\u0026#x0025;, and 67\u0026#x0025; F1 in crime type classification, metadata extraction, and closed-form metadata extraction tasks, respectively. Additionally, the results of the system usability tests indicated a notable level of contentment among the target user groups. The findings not only offer insights into the possible applications of interactive spatiotemporal crime visualization tools for proactive policymaking and predictive policing but also serve as a foundation for future research that utilizes online news articles for intelligent monitoring of real-world phenomena.","source":"DOAJ","year":2024,"language":"","subjects":["Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering"],"doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3363879","url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10424974/","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":68},{"id":"arxiv_2407.13577","title":"What is glacier sliding","authors":[{"name":"Robert Law"},{"name":"David Chandler"},{"name":"Phillip Voigt"},{"name":"Ivan Utkin"},{"name":"Andreas Born"}],"abstract":"Glacier and ice-sheet motion is fundamental to glaciology. However, we still lack a consensus for the optimal way to relate basal velocity to basal traction for large-scale glacier and ice-sheet models (the 'sliding relationship'). Typically, a single tunable coefficient loosely connected to one or a limited number of physical processes is varied spatially to reconcile model output with observations. Yet, process-agnostic studies indicate that the suitability of a given sliding relationship depends on the setting. Here, we suggest that this arises from myriad overlapping setting- and scale-dependent sliding sub-processes, including complicated near-basal stress states not captured by large-scale models, reviewed here as comprising a basal 'sliding layer'. A corresponding 'bulk layer' then accounts for ice deformation only minimally influenced by bed properties. We provide a framework for incorporating arbitrarily many sub-processes within a given region -- separated into normal ('form drag') and tangential ('slip') resistance at the ice-bed interface, stressing that the maximum scale of cavitation is an important contributor to the division between the two. Under reasonable assumptions, our framework implies that sliding relationships should fall within a sum of regularised-Coulomb and power-law components, with a rough-smooth distinction proving more consequential in dictating sliding behaviour than a traditional hard-soft transition.","source":"arXiv","year":2024,"language":"en","subjects":["physics.geo-ph"],"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.13577","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.13577","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"2024-07-18T15:15:56Z","score":68},{"id":"ss_f4a7d4db5e984568305362fa3b99a799ea3e2bb6","title":"Republic of Indonesia Sovereign Right in North Natuna Sea according to United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982","authors":[{"name":"Belardo Prasetya Mega Jaya"},{"name":"Agus Prihartono Permana Sidiq"},{"name":"Mohamad Fasyehhudin"},{"name":"Nuryati Solapari"}],"abstract":"ABSTRACT A unilateral claim from China is in the form of dots or 9 dotted ‘Nine-dash line' which forms the letter ‘U' intersects with Indonesia Exclusive Economic Zone. Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs of Indonesia, has issued the latest 2017 Map of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. The 2017 NKRI Map is the proposed naming of the sea space, which was previously known as part of the South China Sea (SCS), to the North Natuna Sea. Therefore, this study aims to: (1) analyse how the legality of the sovereign rights of the Republic of Indonesia in the North Natuna Sea-based United Nations Convention on the law the Sea 1982; and (2) analyse how the Indonesian government responds in the North Natuna Sea. This research uses normative research methods. The results show that based on UNCLOS 1982, Indonesia has the legality to exercise sovereign rights in the North Natuna Sea. The Republic of Indonesia confirms that there is no dispute with China in the North Natuna Sea because China’s claims are not legal or not based on United Nations Convention on the law the Sea 1982.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2023,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.1080/18366503.2023.2206261","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f4a7d4db5e984568305362fa3b99a799ea3e2bb6","is_open_access":true,"citations":14,"published_at":"","score":67.42},{"id":"doaj_10.18551/rjoas.2023-10.02","title":"RATIO LEGIS OF JUDICIAL POWER INDEPENDENCE IN CORRUPTION CRIMINAL COURTS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INDONESIA AND HONG KONG","authors":[{"name":"Fauzi A."}],"abstract":"In a nation that adheres to the concept of the separation of powers based on the trias politica principle, the state's authority is divided among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Regarding the judicial branch, it operates with the principle of judicial independence, which is essential for upholding human rights, the rule of law, and justice. To apply this principle, judges are required to perform their duties in accordance with their oath and the law, without any external interference or directives. In Indonesia's legal framework, Article 24, Paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution outlines the exercise of judicial authority by the Supreme Court and various subordinate judicial bodies, including those with general, religious, military, and administrative jurisdiction, as well as the Constitutional Court. This research employs a comparative legal approach, analyzing the legal systems of both Indonesia and Hong Kong to enhance the coherence of national law by evaluating it in relation to another country's legal structure. The findings of this study are as follows: Firstly, the establishment of corruption criminal courts in Indonesia aligns with international agreements such as the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) and the Declaration of Human Rights. However, the Indonesian system employs an ad hoc structure and ad hoc judges, which introduce certain vulnerabilities in ensuring the independence of these judges. Secondly, in Hong Kong, the establishment of corruption criminal courts is constitutionally guaranteed and institutionalized. Hong Kong's constitution explicitly prohibits the creation of ad hoc courts, resulting in a permanent and non-ad hoc court structure. As a result, the assurance of judicial independence for judges in Hong Kong is more robust and secure.","source":"DOAJ","year":2023,"language":"","subjects":["Agriculture (General)"],"doi":"10.18551/rjoas.2023-10.02","url":"http://rjoas.com/issue-2023-10/article_02.pdf","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":67},{"id":"doaj_10.58238/igal.v1i2.27","title":"A (des)consideração do gênero nas decisões do Supremo Tribunal Federal brasileiro sobre os direitos das mulheres trans","authors":[{"name":"Paula Franciele Silva"},{"name":"Clarissa Campani Mainieri"}],"abstract":"\nAs mulheres transexuais são vítimas de diversas formas de violência, reflexo da violência de gênero que opera como uma das raízes que sustentam a violência estrutural e os crimes de Estado. O Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) por seu caráter contramajoritário e como guardião do texto constitucional deve atuar a fim de reduzir as desigualdades sociais. Por essa linha, o presente artigo discute a partir de uma perspectiva crítica as razões pelas quais o gênero deve ser o elemento norteador das decisões judiciais que versem sobre direitos e garantias das mulheres transexuais. O método utilizado para o desenvolvimento da argumentação é a revisão bibliográfica combinada com a análise de julgados da corte superior. O caso analisado é o RE 845779, ainda pendente de decisão final, que trata sobre a possibilidade de mulheres transexuais utilizarem banheiros públicos de acordo com sua identidade de gênero.\n","source":"DOAJ","year":2023,"language":"","subjects":["Law of nations"],"doi":"10.58238/igal.v1i2.27","url":"https://revistaiusgenero.com/index.php/igal/article/view/27","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":67},{"id":"arxiv_2309.05856","title":"Multi-Point Detection of the Powerful Gamma Ray Burst GRB221009A Propagation through the Heliosphere on October 9, 2022","authors":[{"name":"Andrii Voshchepynets"},{"name":"Oleksiy Agapitov"},{"name":"Lynn Wilson"},{"name":"Vassilis Angelopoulos"},{"name":"Samer T. Alnussirat"},{"name":"Michael Balikhin"},{"name":"Myroslava Hlebena"},{"name":"Ihor Korol"},{"name":"Davin Larson"},{"name":"David Mitchell"},{"name":"Christopher Owen"},{"name":"Ali Rahmati"},{"name":"Department of System Analysis"},{"name":"Optimization Theory"},{"name":"Uzhhorod National University"},{"name":" Uzhhorod"},{"name":" Ukraine"},{"name":"Space Sciences Laboratory"},{"name":" :"},{"name":"University of California Berkeley Berkeley"},{"name":"CA 94720"},{"name":" Astronomy"},{"name":"Space Physics Department"},{"name":"National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv"},{"name":" Kyiv"},{"name":" Ukraine"},{"name":"Goddard Space Flight Center"},{"name":"National Aeronautics"},{"name":"Space Administration"},{"name":" Greenbelt"},{"name":" MD"},{"name":"Department of Earth"},{"name":" Planetary"},{"name":"Space Sciences"},{"name":"University of California Los Angeles"},{"name":"Los Angeles"},{"name":" CA}"},{"name":"University of Sheffield"},{"name":" Sheffield"},{"name":" UK"},{"name":"Department of Algebra"},{"name":"Differential Equation"},{"name":"Uzhhorod National University"},{"name":" Uzhhorod"},{"name":" Ukraine"},{"name":"Department of Mathematical Analysis"},{"name":"The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin"},{"name":" Lublin"},{"name":" Poland}"}],"abstract":"We present the results of processing the effects of the powerful Gamma Ray Burst GRB221009A captured by the charged particle detectors (electrostatic analyzers and solid-state detectors) onboard spacecraft at different points in the heliosphere on October 9, 2022. To follow the GRB221009A propagation through the heliosphere we used the electron and proton flux measurements from solar missions Solar Orbiter and STEREO-A; Earth magnetosphere and the solar wind missions THEMIS and Wind; meteorological satellites POES15, POES19, MetOp3; and MAVEN - a NASA mission orbiting Mars. GRB221009A had a structure of four bursts: less intense Pulse 1 - the triggering impulse - was detected by gamma-ray observatories at 131659 UT (near the Earth); the most intense Pulses 2 and 3 were detected on board all the spacecraft from the list, and Pulse 4 detected in more than 500 s after Pulse 1. Due to their different scientific objectives, the spacecraft, which data was used in this study, were separated by more than 1 AU (Solar Orbiter and MAVEN). This enabled tracking GRB221009A as it was propagating across the heliosphere. STEREO-A was the first to register Pulse 2 and 3 of the GRB, almost 100 seconds before their detection by spacecraft in the vicinity of Earth. MAVEN detected GRB221009A Pulses 2, 3, and 4 at the orbit of Mars about 237 seconds after their detection near Earth. By processing the time delays observed we show that the source location of the GRB221009A was at RA 288.5 degrees, Dec 18.5 degrees (J2000) with an error cone of 2 degrees","source":"arXiv","year":2023,"language":"en","subjects":["astro-ph.HE","astro-ph.IM","astro-ph.SR"],"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.05856","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.05856","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"2023-09-11T22:40:01Z","score":67},{"id":"arxiv_2111.09816","title":"A scaling law chaotic system","authors":[{"name":"Xiao-Jun Yang"}],"abstract":"In this article, we propose an anomalous chaotic system of the scaling-law ordinary differential equations involving the Mandelbrot scaling law. This chaotic behavior shows the \"Wukong\" effect. The comparison among the Lorenz and scaling-law attractors is discussed in detail. We also suggest the conjecture for the fixed point theory for the fractal SL attractor. The scaling-law chaos may be open a new door in the study of the chaos theory.","source":"arXiv","year":2021,"language":"en","subjects":["math.DS"],"doi":"10.1142/S0218348X22500578","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.09816","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.09816","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"2021-11-16T19:07:34Z","score":65},{"id":"ss_a2575760f547038265aec296fe74eb409c52cffa","title":"Literature and the Law of Nations, 1580-1680","authors":[{"name":"Christopher N. Warren"}],"abstract":"","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2020,"language":"en","subjects":["Political Science"],"doi":"10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198719342.001.0001","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a2575760f547038265aec296fe74eb409c52cffa","is_open_access":true,"citations":17,"published_at":"","score":64.50999999999999},{"id":"doaj_Parliaments+during+the+Emergency+Regimes","title":"Parliaments during the Emergency Regimes","authors":[{"name":"Nana Uznadze"},{"name":"Giorgi Melikidze"}],"abstract":"Since the beginning of 2020 the World woke up to a new reality: due to the dangers of Pandemic, majority of states are forced to change the rhythm of their lives and put it under the strict measures of emergency regime. The massive deployment of the states of emergency has itself put the need to analyse the legislature governing this institute high on the agenda, in Georgia as well as in the world. As the research has demonstrated, naturally, the state of emergency is announced differently depending on the models of governance, such as participation of various institutions in it or the differences of function allocation, however, at all stages the participation of the Parliament, as a controlling body is significant. The foregoing paper will investigate the state of emergency from the parliamentary perspective: the role of legislative body in this process and the threats, that may emerge when exercising governance, will be analysed.","source":"DOAJ","year":2020,"language":"","subjects":["Law of nations","Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence"],"url":"https://www.constcourt.ge/files/7/JCL%20-%20ENG%20-%20VOL%201%20(2020)%20Special%20Issue/JCL%20-%202020%20Vol.1%20Special%20Issue%20-%20ENG-145-162.pdf","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":64},{"id":"arxiv_2010.13897","title":"The scaling-law flows: An attempt at scaling-law vector calculus","authors":[{"name":"Xiao-Jun Yang"}],"abstract":"In this paper, the scaling-law vector calculus, which is related to the connection between the vector calculus and the scaling law in fractal geometry, is addressed based on the Leibniz derivative and Stieltjes integral for the first time. The Gauss-Ostrogradsky-like theorem, Stokes-like theorem, Green-like theorem, and Green-like identities are considered in the sense of the scaling-law vector calculus. The Navier-Stokes-like equations are obtained in detail. The obtained result is as a potentially mathematical tool proposed to develop an important way of approaching this challenge for the scaling-law flows.","source":"arXiv","year":2020,"language":"en","subjects":["nlin.CD","physics.flu-dyn"],"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.13897","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.13897","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"2020-10-20T03:03:40Z","score":64},{"id":"ss_3e081918d7e6404e766c3328149fd5dbf8dc60b9","title":"Pufendorf on the Law of Sociality and the Law of Nations","authors":[{"name":"Kari Saastamoinen"}],"abstract":"In his grand exposition of natural law, De jure naturae et gentium (hereafter jng),1 Samuel Pufendorf denied the existence of a separate law of nations as a set of positive legislation agreed by all nations. Following Thomas Hobbes, he maintained that the norms which prevailed between sovereign states were nothing but the application of the law of nature to interstate relations.2 The fundamental principle of natural law, in turn, was the duty to cultivate and maintain sociality towards other human beings.3 This much about Pufendorf ’s views can be said without much disagreement among modern commentators. But once we ask what he meant by the endorsement of sociality, among individuals or between states, things become complicated and scholarly opinion diverges. One reason for rival interpretations is that Pufendorf ’s remarks on the law of nature oscillated between two seemingly incompatible positions. On the one hand, he not only observed that human beings are by nature preoccupied with their personal safety and welfare, but also emphasized that observing natural law serves their longterm interests. With such remarks, he appeared to follow Hobbes in deducing natural law from the requirements of","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2019,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.1163/9789004384200_007","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3e081918d7e6404e766c3328149fd5dbf8dc60b9","pdf_url":"https://brill.com/downloadpdf/book/edcoll/9789004384200/BP000008.pdf","is_open_access":true,"citations":5,"published_at":"","score":63.15},{"id":"ss_68cb29b485520908b3a03b5fcd3f634679e70587","title":"Men, Monsters and the History of Mankind in Vattel’s Law of Nations","authors":[{"name":"P. Piirimäe"}],"abstract":"Emer de Vattel has been widely considered a seminal figure in the European tradition of the law of nations. While attaching himself to the earlier tradition of natural jurisprudence, he offered a normative system of the law of nations that was more firmly and explicitly anchored to the political practice of his contemporary Europe than were the doctrines of his predecessors. Vattel promoted the practical applicability of his Droit des gens (1758), stressing that it was not so much written for interested ‘private individuals’, i.e. other scholars or the general public, but it was a ‘law of sovereigns’ that was primarily intended for ‘them and their ministers’. It would not help much, he explained, if his maxims were studied only by those who had no influence over public affairs; the ‘conductors of states’, on the other hand, if they chose to learn this science and adopt its maxims as the ‘compass’ for their policies, could produce many ‘happy results’.1 Vattel emphasized the easy comprehension and applicability of his book, contrasting his approach with that of Christian Wolff, whose treatise on the law of nations could be understood only if one ‘previously studied sixteen or seventeen quarto volumes which precede it’.2 As Vattel famously declared, his original intention was to introduce Wolff ’s system to a wider readership, by rendering his rigid and formal work more ‘agreeable and better calculated to ensure it a reception in the polite world’.3 While it is clear that Vattel’s work amounted to much more than a systematic account of Wolff ’s principles,4 it is in the manner of presentation that the differences between the two scholars are the most striking. Already the choice of French over Latin, the language of diplomats over that of the republic of","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2019,"language":"en","subjects":["Political Science"],"doi":"10.1163/9789004384200_009","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/68cb29b485520908b3a03b5fcd3f634679e70587","pdf_url":"https://brill.com/downloadpdf/book/edcoll/9789004384200/BP000010.pdf","is_open_access":true,"citations":2,"published_at":"","score":63.06},{"id":"doaj_The+Double+Educational-Sanctioning+Objective+in+Brazil+and+in+France%3A+Different+Organizational+Configurations+Directed+to+the+Adolescent+in+Conflict+with+the+Law","title":"The Double Educational-Sanctioning Objective in Brazil and in France: Different Organizational Configurations Directed to the Adolescent in Conflict with the Law","authors":[{"name":"Juliana Vinuto"},{"name":"Dominique Duprez"}],"abstract":"The paper aims to discuss how the dual educational-sanctionary objective, based on the United Nations’ Doctrine for Child Protection, is implemented in three different institutions focused on sanctioning adolescents in conflict with the law. By comparing one Brazilian institution against two French ones, we were able to observe different possibilities to operationalize the principle that understands the adolescent as a developing subject, based on different connections between security and education. The exposed data suggests a trend to emphasize the sanctioning aspect, in spite of the different configurations observed in each context","source":"DOAJ","year":2019,"language":"","subjects":["Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform","Sociology (General)"],"url":"https://revistas.ufrj.br/index.php/dilemas/article/view/23140","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":63},{"id":"ss_7a8f5a182304c74c3b48d31003e072241071913a","title":"Law of Nations","authors":[{"name":"Herbert Hovenkamp"}],"abstract":"","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2019,"language":"en","subjects":["Political Science"],"doi":"10.4324/9780429243417-7","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/7a8f5a182304c74c3b48d31003e072241071913a","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":63}],"total":1927295,"page":1,"page_size":20,"sources":["DOAJ","Semantic Scholar","CrossRef","arXiv"],"query":"Law of nations"}