{"results":[{"id":"ss_000f964393dafe113a8e66734d63b2a145844159","title":"Large Language Models for Software Engineering: A Systematic Literature Review","authors":[{"name":"Xinying Hou"},{"name":"Yanjie Zhao"},{"name":"Yue Liu"},{"name":"Zhou Yang"},{"name":"Kailong Wang"},{"name":"Li Li"},{"name":"Xiapu Luo"},{"name":"David Lo"},{"name":"John C. Grundy"},{"name":"Haoyu Wang"}],"abstract":"Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly impacted numerous domains, including Software Engineering (SE). Many recent publications have explored LLMs applied to various SE tasks. Nevertheless, a comprehensive understanding of the application, effects, and possible limitations of LLMs on SE is still in its early stages. To bridge this gap, we conducted a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) on LLM4SE, with a particular focus on understanding how LLMs can be exploited to optimize processes and outcomes. We selected and analyzed 395 research articles from January 2017 to January 2024 to answer four key Research Questions (RQs). In RQ1, we categorize different LLMs that have been employed in SE tasks, characterizing their distinctive features and uses. In RQ2, we analyze the methods used in data collection, pre-processing, and application, highlighting the role of well-curated datasets for successful LLM for SE implementation. RQ3 investigates the strategies employed to optimize and evaluate the performance of LLMs in SE. Finally, RQ4 examines the specific SE tasks where LLMs have shown success to date, illustrating their practical contributions to the field. From the answers to these RQs, we discuss the current state-of-the-art and trends, identifying gaps in existing research, and highlighting promising areas for future study. Our artifacts are publicly available at https://github.com/security-pride/LLM4SE_SLR.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2023,"language":"en","subjects":["Computer Science"],"doi":"10.1145/3695988","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/000f964393dafe113a8e66734d63b2a145844159","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.10620","is_open_access":true,"citations":891,"published_at":"","score":93.73},{"id":"ss_f402971f33a07333bb81394aa3d0c0e93ca2b960","title":"A Scoping Literature Review of Natural Language Processing Application to Safety Occurrence Reports","authors":[{"name":"John W. Ricketts"},{"name":"David Barry"},{"name":"Weisi Guo"},{"name":"Jonathan Pelham"}],"abstract":"Safety occurrence reports can contain valuable information on how incidents occur, revealing knowledge that can assist safety practitioners. This paper presents and discusses a literature review exploring how Natural Language Processing (NLP) has been applied to occurrence reports within safety-critical industries, informing further research on the topic and highlighting common challenges. Some of the uses of NLP include the ability for occurrence reports to be automatically classified against categories, and entities such as causes and consequences to be extracted from the text as well as the semantic searching of occurrence databases. The review revealed that machine learning models form the dominant method when applying NLP, although rule-based algorithms still provide a viable option for some entity extraction tasks. Recent advances in deep learning models such as Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding are now achieving a high accuracy while eliminating the need to substantially pre-process text. The construction of safety-themed datasets would be of benefit for the application of NLP to occurrence reporting, as this would allow the fine-tuning of current language models to safety tasks. An interesting approach is the use of topic modelling, which represents a shift away from the prescriptive classification taxonomies, splitting data into “topics”. Where many papers focus on the computational accuracy of models, they would also benefit from real-world trials to further inform usefulness. It is anticipated that NLP will soon become a mainstream tool used by safety practitioners to efficiently process and gain knowledge from safety-related text.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2023,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.3390/safety9020022","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f402971f33a07333bb81394aa3d0c0e93ca2b960","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-576X/9/2/22/pdf?version=1680685797","is_open_access":true,"citations":510,"published_at":"","score":82.3},{"id":"ss_4ff15a48ea0d0e402ea089ccd5a36087b612198e","title":"Application of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) in language teaching and learning: A scoping literature review","authors":[{"name":"Locky Law"}],"abstract":"","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2024,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.1016/j.caeo.2024.100174","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4ff15a48ea0d0e402ea089ccd5a36087b612198e","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2024.100174","is_open_access":true,"citations":271,"published_at":"","score":76.13},{"id":"ss_89099c7087e5769506fbc7032d170f000f4829ad","title":"Money, Language, and Thought","authors":[{"name":"M. Shell"}],"abstract":"In Money, Language, and Thought, Marc Shell explores the interactions between linguistic and economic production as they inform discourse from Chretien de Troyes to Heidegger. Close readings of works such as the medieval grail legends, The Merchant of Venice, Goethe's Faust, and Poe's \"The Gold Bug\" reveal how discourse has responded to the dissociation of symbol from thing characteristic of money, and how the development of increasingly symbolic currencies has involved changes in the meaning of meaning. Pursuing his investigations into the modern era, Shell points out significant internalization of economic form in Kant, Hegel, and Heidegger. He demonstrates how literature and philosophy have been driven to account self-critically for a \"money of the mind\" that pervades all discourse, and concludes the book with a discomforting thesis about the cultural and political limits of literature and philosophy in the modern world.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2023,"language":"en","subjects":["Philosophy"],"doi":"10.2307/jj.8501402","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/89099c7087e5769506fbc7032d170f000f4829ad","is_open_access":true,"citations":198,"published_at":"","score":72.94},{"id":"ss_db6ca4fe83e22a1a3a95761e62fe072460ee6d1c","title":"Large Language Models for Cyber Security: A Systematic Literature Review","authors":[{"name":"Hanxiang Xu"},{"name":"Shenao Wang"},{"name":"Ningke Li"},{"name":"Kailong Wang"},{"name":"Yanjie Zhao"},{"name":"Kai Chen"},{"name":"Ting Yu"},{"name":"Yang Liu"},{"name":"Haoyu Wang"}],"abstract":"The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has opened up new opportunities for leveraging artificial intelligence in a variety of application domains, including cybersecurity. As the volume and sophistication of cyber threats continue to grow, there is an increasing need for intelligent systems that can automatically detect vulnerabilities, analyze malware, and respond to attacks. In this survey, we conduct a comprehensive review of the literature on the application of LLMs in cybersecurity (LLM4Security). By comprehensively collecting over 40K relevant papers and systematically analyzing 185 papers from top security and software engineering venues, we aim to provide a holistic view of how LLMs are being used to solve diverse problems across the cybersecurity domain. Through our analysis, we identify several key findings. First, we observe that LLMs are being applied to an expanding range of cybersecurity tasks, including vulnerability detection, malware analysis, and network intrusion detection. Second, we analyze application trends of different LLM architectures (such as encoder-only, encoder-decoder, and decoder-only) across security domains. Third, we identify increasingly sophisticated techniques for adapting LLMs to cybersecurity, such as advanced fine-tuning, prompt engineering, and external augmentation strategies. A significant emerging trend is the use of LLM-based autonomous agents, which represent a paradigm shift from single-task execution to orchestrating complex, multi-step security workflows. Furthermore, we find that the datasets used for training and evaluating LLMs are often limited, highlighting the need for more comprehensive datasets and the use of LLMs for data augmentation. Finally, we discuss the main challenges and opportunities for future research, including the need for more interpretable models, addressing the inherent security risks of LLMs, and their potential for proactive defense. Overall, our survey provides a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art in LLM4Security and identifies several promising directions for future research. We believe that the insights and findings presented in this survey will contribute to the growing body of knowledge on the application of LLMs in cybersecurity and provide valuable guidance for researchers and practitioners working in this field.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2024,"language":"en","subjects":["Computer Science"],"doi":"10.1145/3769676","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/db6ca4fe83e22a1a3a95761e62fe072460ee6d1c","is_open_access":true,"citations":150,"published_at":"","score":72.5},{"id":"ss_ce7a2ea8774b996e7022b3bd712c13b75365fc96","title":"Large Language Models for Forecasting and Anomaly Detection: A Systematic Literature Review","authors":[{"name":"Jing Su"},{"name":"Chufeng Jiang"},{"name":"Xin Jin"},{"name":"Yuxin Qiao"},{"name":"Tingsong Xiao"},{"name":"Hongda Ma"},{"name":"Rong Wei"},{"name":"Zhi Jing"},{"name":"Jiajun Xu"},{"name":"Junhong Lin"}],"abstract":"This systematic literature review comprehensively examines the application of Large Language Models (LLMs) in forecasting and anomaly detection, highlighting the current state of research, inherent challenges, and prospective future directions. LLMs have demonstrated significant potential in parsing and analyzing extensive datasets to identify patterns, predict future events, and detect anomalous behavior across various domains. However, this review identifies several critical challenges that impede their broader adoption and effectiveness, including the reliance on vast historical datasets, issues with generalizability across different contexts, the phenomenon of model hallucinations, limitations within the models' knowledge boundaries, and the substantial computational resources required. Through detailed analysis, this review discusses potential solutions and strategies to overcome these obstacles, such as integrating multimodal data, advancements in learning methodologies, and emphasizing model explainability and computational efficiency. Moreover, this review outlines critical trends that are likely to shape the evolution of LLMs in these fields, including the push toward real-time processing, the importance of sustainable modeling practices, and the value of interdisciplinary collaboration. Conclusively, this review underscores the transformative impact LLMs could have on forecasting and anomaly detection while emphasizing the need for continuous innovation, ethical considerations, and practical solutions to realize their full potential.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2024,"language":"en","subjects":["Computer Science"],"doi":"10.48550/arXiv.2402.10350","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ce7a2ea8774b996e7022b3bd712c13b75365fc96","is_open_access":true,"citations":142,"published_at":"","score":72.25999999999999},{"id":"ss_5a440c1a3d9e955450a73938181a8321db0ee060","title":"Large Language Model for Vulnerability Detection and Repair: Literature Review and the Road Ahead","authors":[{"name":"Xin Zhou"},{"name":"Sicong Cao"},{"name":"Xiaobing Sun"},{"name":"David Lo"}],"abstract":"The significant advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have resulted in their widespread adoption across various tasks within Software Engineering (SE), including vulnerability detection and repair. Numerous studies have investigated the application of LLMs to enhance vulnerability detection and repair tasks. Despite the increasing research interest, there is currently no existing survey that focuses on the utilization of LLMs for vulnerability detection and repair. In this paper, we aim to bridge this gap by offering a systematic literature review of approaches aimed at improving vulnerability detection and repair through the utilization of LLMs. The review encompasses research work from leading SE, AI, and Security conferences and journals, encompassing 43 papers published across 25 distinct venues, along with 15 high-quality preprint papers, bringing the total to 58 papers. By answering three key research questions, we aim to (1) summarize the LLMs employed in the relevant literature, (2) categorize various LLM adaptation techniques in vulnerability detection, and (3) classify various LLM adaptation techniques in vulnerability repair. Based on our findings, we have identified a series of limitations of existing studies. Additionally, we have outlined a roadmap highlighting potential opportunities that we believe are pertinent and crucial for future research endeavors.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2024,"language":"en","subjects":["Computer Science"],"doi":"10.1145/3708522","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/5a440c1a3d9e955450a73938181a8321db0ee060","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.02525","is_open_access":true,"citations":104,"published_at":"","score":71.12},{"id":"ss_2035ec7b878d2527bc2b69f6fc6ed9a69894e0f2","title":"A Literature Survey on Open Source Large Language Models","authors":[{"name":"Sanjay Kukreja"},{"name":"Tarun Kumar"},{"name":"Amit Purohit"},{"name":"Abhijit Dasgupta"},{"name":"Debashis Guha"}],"abstract":"Since the 1950s, post the Turing test, humans have been striving hard to make machines learn the art of mastering linguistic intelligence. Language being a complex and intricate tool of expression used by humans, poses a large number of challenges for AI enabled algorithms to grasp its understanding in entirety. Over the past few years, a chain of efforts have been made to make machines understand linguistic intricacies. Small scale models such as BERT and pre-trained language models (PLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in understanding and solving various language based tasks. Over the period of years, it is also observed that by increasing the parameters scale to larger size, large language models show a significant improvement in performance and showcase abilities to understand context. For the PLMs of a humongous size i.e in the tune of tens or hundreds of billions of parameters, and to understand the large parametric scales, the scientific community introduced the term LLMs - large language models. The whole world witnessed the launch and quick adoption of ChatGPT, an AI chatbot built on LLMs. As the usage of AI algorithms changes the way the scientific community, society and industry works, it is imperative to review the advances of LLMs. Since 2022, almost daily nearly a dozen LLMs are released. These LLMs are categorized as open and closed source. This paper aims to focus on major aspects of open source LLMs - pre-training covering data collection and pre-processing, model architecture and training. We will select open source models released in June, July and August 2023 with training parameters greater than 70 billion parameters and provide a comprehensive survey on the mentioned aspects. As new models are released on daily / weekly basis in the LLM space, in order to keep the survey concise and targeted to important models, we chose to select time-box of 3 months and a large parameter range of 70 billion in our literature survey. We will also cover historical evolution of LLMs and list open items for future directions.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2024,"language":"en","subjects":["Computer Science"],"doi":"10.1145/3647782.3647803","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/2035ec7b878d2527bc2b69f6fc6ed9a69894e0f2","is_open_access":true,"citations":44,"published_at":"","score":69.32},{"id":"ss_7e0d925afbc78b5794f8a2d0b9f86b5cd75627f7","title":"Teaching English as a Foreign Language in Higher Education using flipped learning/flipped classrooms: a literature review","authors":[{"name":"Rosemary Fisher"},{"name":"Quyen Tran"},{"name":"Elena Verezub"}],"abstract":"ABSTRACT Purpose: We systematically reviewed the empirical literature that reports research in the specific context of teaching EFL to identify what is known about the efficacy of using flipped learning to teach EFL, the robustness of this evidence, and to explicate the strengths and weaknesses of the pedagogy in teaching EFL. Design/methodology/approach: Adapting the systematic literature review method and combining it with content analysis of qualitative findings we narrowed our search to 40 articles that were primary studies. Findings and originality: The majority of authors examined student perceptions of their learning; one third investigated the use of flipped learning on the acquisition and development of EFL knowledge, skills and abilities. That students like learning in a flipped learning environment is the strongest finding emerging; many linking it to the facilitation of self regulated learning behaviors. However, research evidence for flipped learning’s contribution to important educational outcomes is not robust and this remains a problem for understanding where or how to target the impact or value of this pedagogy. Nonetheless, other encouraging findings include that using flipped learning to teach EFL was linked to its capacity to improve idiomatic knowledge, oral and writing performance, motivation, and higher order thinking skills. Future research should focus on improving research design and reporting for flipped learning interventions, and focus on investigating key EFL learning skills particularly reading which is comparatively understudied despite its importance to language acquisition. Value: The results clarify for educators that flipped learning’s capacity to influence the acquisition of key learning skills remains largely unproven.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2024,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.1080/17501229.2024.2302984","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/7e0d925afbc78b5794f8a2d0b9f86b5cd75627f7","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17501229.2024.2302984?needAccess=true","is_open_access":true,"citations":37,"published_at":"","score":69.11},{"id":"ss_6c09fbd9a21ab1a4d7c86e0841a3aa68e1fd2a24","title":"The Role of Artificial Intelligence Technology on English Language Learning: A Literature Review","authors":null,"abstract":"","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2023,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.53103/cjlls.v3i2.87","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6c09fbd9a21ab1a4d7c86e0841a3aa68e1fd2a24","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.53103/cjlls.v3i2.87","is_open_access":true,"citations":48,"published_at":"","score":68.44},{"id":"ss_e2920e91537389a39ba4a5cb608729e63ba64ced","title":"The Role of Artificial Intelligence in English Language and Literature Reading Management","authors":[{"name":"Xishen Chen"}],"abstract":"Firstly, this paper analyzes the role of AI in the reading management of English language and literature, establishes the implicit knowledge base of neural network, designs the auxiliary reading system for learning English language and literature, and optimizes the English language and literature management model of AI. The experimental results show that its reading efficiency is increased by 0.48%, and the performance of the credibility model is improved by 0.53% compared with the original system, which greatly optimizes the running time of the system. To some extent, it helps users to manage their time in English language and literature reading, and greatly improves users' reading efficiency and quality. Based on this advantage of AI algorithm, this paper introduces that the algorithm optimizes the reading management model and the training process of neural grid, and constructs a model of English language and literature assisted reading system based on AI. The system can better meet the needs of users in English language and literature reading management.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2024,"language":"en","subjects":["Computer Science"],"doi":"10.4018/ijicte.343319","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e2920e91537389a39ba4a5cb608729e63ba64ced","pdf_url":"https://www.igi-global.com/ViewTitle.aspx?TitleId=343319\u0026isxn=9798369324592","is_open_access":true,"citations":6,"published_at":"","score":68.18},{"id":"doaj_https://doi.org/10.24335/gacz-8q41","title":"Wadliwa pozycja języka w realizacjach fonemu samogłoskowego /i/ oraz w realizacjach fonemów spółgłoskowych /ɕ, ʑ, ʨ, ʥ, ɲ, j","authors":[{"name":"Lilianna Konopska "}],"abstract":"W pracy podjęto zagadnienia itowego układu języka w realizacjach fonemu samogłoskowego /i/, a także fonemów spółgłoskowych, w których realizację wpisany jest itowy układ języka. Omówiono wyniki współczesnych badań logopedycznych nad wybranymi anatomiczno-czynnościowymi uwarunkowaniami wadliwych realizacji fonemów spółgłoskowych /ɕ, ʑ, ʨ, ʥ, ɲ, j/ oraz /i/, a także zjawisko depalatalizacji.","source":"DOAJ","year":2024,"language":"","subjects":["Philology. Linguistics"],"doi":"https://doi.org/10.24335/gacz-8q41","url":"https://www.logopedia-ptl.pl/index.php/logopedia/article/view/247","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":68},{"id":"doaj_10.35905/inspiring.v7i2.9567","title":"Impact of Artificial Intelligence (Chatgpt and Google-Bard) on Undergraduates’ Creative Writing Skills at A University in Northeastern Nigeria","authors":[{"name":"Abubakar Salihu"},{"name":"Muhammad Mukhtar Aliyu"},{"name":"Nur Fadillah  Nurchalis"}],"abstract":"\nArtificial intelligence (AI) has a profound influence on various facets of modern-day society, notably within the realm of education. Its application in educational settings is extensive, primarily aimed at improving the methods of instruction and knowledge acquisition. Thus, this research investigates the impact of AI tools (ChatGPT, Google Bard) on the creative writing skills of Nigerian undergraduates using a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental research design. Eighty (80) third-year undergraduates participated in the study. Data were collected using pretest-posttest writing tasks. The writing scripts were graded using creative writing assessment rubrics. Paired sample t-test analysis was conducted to compare the pretest-posttest writing scores using SPSS. The results of the analysis showed a significant improvement in the participants’ overall writing scores after using the AI tools. The results also show significant improvement in all the aspects of creative writing: image, voice, characterization and story. Finally, the study makes some recommendations for practice and further studies.\n\r\n\n \n","source":"DOAJ","year":2024,"language":"","subjects":["Philology. Linguistics"],"doi":"10.35905/inspiring.v7i2.9567","url":"https://ejurnal.iainpare.ac.id/index.php/inspiring/article/view/9567","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":68},{"id":"doaj_10.36317/kaj/2023/v1.i57.12324","title":"رمزية المكان (الطلل) في شعر حسام الدين الحاجري  ","authors":[{"name":"محمد المهداوي "},{"name":"صادق محمد "}],"abstract":"\nتعد الرموز من التقانات المهمة  التي تثير فضول المتلقي وتزيد رغبته في الوصول الى قصد الشاعر ، والكشف عن دلالاتها القارة داخل نتاجه الشعري ، فديناميكية الرمز تكفل ولوج القارئ الى عمق النص ، فعمل القارئ يصبح فضاء لقراءات متعددة ، ذات الدلالة البعيدة عن الواقع المذكور ، إذ ان الرمز المكاني في النص الأدبي أداة فاعلة في كشف الخبايا النصية المفروزة من دلالاته في بعده المعبر عن البوح المكنون في أهواء الشاعر المكبوتة في دواخلها والمنطوية على ذاتها ، لذا فان اختيار هذا الموضوع يعد محاولة لتسليط الضوء على تلك الرموز وبخاصة الطللية منها ، وإظهار أهميتها في شعر حسام الدين الحاجري ، وما دامت الرموز متعلقة بالقارئ أكثر من ارتباطها بالنص ، لذا وجب على القارئ تفكيك تلك الرموز ، فهذا البحث قائم على رصدها والكشف عن مكنوناتها وبخاصة الرموز (الطللية) بوصفها مكانا محملا بأبعاد وايحاءات كثيرة .\n","source":"DOAJ","year":2023,"language":"","subjects":["History of scholarship and learning. The humanities","Arts in general","Language and Literature"],"doi":"10.36317/kaj/2023/v1.i57.12324","url":"https://journal.uokufa.edu.iq/index.php/kufa_arts/article/view/12324","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":67},{"id":"doaj_10.20310/1810-0201-2023-28-1-89-102","title":"Didactic-methodic and psychological features of the use of video materials in teaching a foreign language","authors":[{"name":"A. V. Zamkovaya"}],"abstract":"Modern technology is expanding the possibilities of classes and determining the need for new forms of learning. The study of multimedia technology is currently developing in an academic way. Visuals in general play a huge, sometimes decisive role in digital communication. The article is devoted to the usage of video materials in the foreign language classes, the author considers the methods of video resources usage in the process of teaching foreign languages, aimed at forming communicative competence of the students. The author analyses psycho-didactic possibilities of audiovisual teaching materials. Particular attention is paid to the peculiarities of clip thinking, the level of visual literacy and the typology of video resources for teaching foreign languages. The aim of the article is to develop a methodology of applying teaching and authentic video resources in the process of foreign language teaching aimed at forming audiovisual literacy and communicative competence of students. The author concludes that the rational use of video materials and video resources contributes to a deeper involvement of students in learning a foreign language, stimulates the development of creative thinking, social skills, contributes to the mastery of knowledge, skills and abilities of understanding, speaking and writing.","source":"DOAJ","year":2023,"language":"","subjects":["Education (General)","Philology. Linguistics"],"doi":"10.20310/1810-0201-2023-28-1-89-102","url":"https://vestsutmb.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/173","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":67},{"id":"ss_9b8439f066848df88954d735d7e3907853069065","title":"A systematic literature review of sex differences in childhood language and brain development","authors":[{"name":"Andrew C. Etchell"},{"name":"Aditi Adhikari"},{"name":"Lauren S. Weinberg"},{"name":"A. Choo"},{"name":"Emily O. Garnett"},{"name":"H. Chow"},{"name":"Soo-Eun Chang"}],"abstract":"ABSTRACT The extent of sex differences in childhood language development is unclear. We conducted a systematic literature review synthesizing results from studies examining sex differences in brain structure and function relevant to language development during childhood. We searched PubMed and Scopus databases, and this returned a total of 46 published studies meeting criteria for inclusion that directly examined sex differences in brain development relevant to language function in children. The results indicate that: (a) sex differences in brain structure or function do not necessarily lead to differences in language task performance; (b) evidence for sex differences in brain and language development are limited; (c) when present, sex differences often interact with a variety of factors such as age and task. Overall, the magnitude of sexual dimorphism of brain developmental trajectories associated with language is not as significant as previously thought. Sex differences were found, however, in studies employing tighter age ranges. This suggests that sex differences may be more prominent during certain developmental stages but are negligible in other stages, likely due to different rates of maturation between the sexes. More research is needed to improve our understanding of how sex differences may arise due to the influence of sex hormones and developmental stages, and how these differences may lead to differences in various language task performance. These studies are expected to provide normative information that may be used in studies examining neurodevelopmental disorders that frequently affect more males than females, and also often affect language development. HIGHLIGHTSSex differences are not as consistent or large as previously thought.Sex differences in brain structure/function do not always result in differences in behavior.Sex differences often interact with a multiple of factors such as age and brain region.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2018,"language":"en","subjects":["Medicine","Psychology"],"doi":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.011","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/9b8439f066848df88954d735d7e3907853069065","pdf_url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc5988993?pdf=render","is_open_access":true,"citations":164,"published_at":"","score":66.92},{"id":"ss_d74faef9207a2c3e5b08368d5ea5786f3a32e77e","title":"Enhancing online english language and literature classrooms: effective and practical teaching strategies","authors":[{"name":"Azadeh Mehrpouyan"}],"abstract":"This paper examines key effective and practical online strategies for teaching and learning literature subjects in online education. The present study also explores the leading concepts and principles of e- teaching strategies and extends to address the way to adopt literary lesson plans to various types of college students, determine subject descriptions, class activities, assignments, assessments, and expectations with students, and build rapport and communication with the students. This article discusses how to enjoy appropriate online media, channels, platforms, and e-pedagogical tools to help the learners and support the college curriculum in literary subjects e.g. poetry, fiction, and drama. The results show that online pedagogues portray and guide interactive literary texts and skills to the students, educators, and course designers and can facilitate instructional methods in learning the English language and literature online.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2022,"language":"en","subjects":["Computer Science","Medicine"],"doi":"10.1007/s10639-022-11235-w","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d74faef9207a2c3e5b08368d5ea5786f3a32e77e","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10639-022-11235-w.pdf","is_open_access":true,"citations":21,"published_at":"","score":66.63},{"id":"doaj_https://doi.org/10.24434/j.scoms.2022.03.3340","title":"The value of face-to-face communication in the digital world: What people miss about in-person interactions when those are limited","authors":[{"name":"Jonathan Gruber"},{"name":"Eszter Hargittai"},{"name":"Minh Hao Nguyen"}],"abstract":"Face-to-face communication is important for building and maintaining relationships. The COVID-19 pandemic led to severe limitations in people’s face-to-face interactions, resulting in most people relying more heavily on digital communication for social connection. Existing research has contributed to the understanding of how face-to-face communication is used alongside digital communication. However, we know little about what elements of face-to-face interactions people miss especially when in-person meetings are heavily reduced, and how this is related to their use of digital communication for social connection. In this study, we draw upon survey data that we collected in spring 2020 from a national sample of U. S. adults to answer these questions. We find that most people missed elements of face-to-face interactions and particularly valued spontaneous interactions, physical closeness, and independence from technology about in-person interactions. More frequent and increasing use of popular digital modes such as voice calls, video calls, text messages, and social media were all positively related to missing face-to-face communication. Our results contribute to the understanding of the role and value of in-person interactions in a digital world.","source":"DOAJ","year":2022,"language":"","subjects":["Communication. Mass media","Social Sciences"],"doi":"https://doi.org/10.24434/j.scoms.2022.03.3340","url":"","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":66},{"id":"ss_6a1f53468910fdcefc96a82d16d4f7d7ab1be6b4","title":"Linguistic discrimination in pedagogical evaluation. A study of teachers of Hungarian language and literature in Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania and Hungary","authors":[{"name":"I. Jánk"}],"abstract":"There is a paucity of research on dialect awareness among teachers, particularly in Hungary. The aim of our research was to demonstrate the existence of linguistic discrimination. The research involved more than 502 Hungarian Language and Literature teachers and teacher trainees from Hungary ( N =216), Slo-vakia ( N =128), Romania ( N =108) and Ukraine ( N =50). Data were collected primarily through a technique similar to matched-guise tests; however, the method of the present research had some additional complexity. The large-scale research ( N =502) clearly supported the assumption that linguistic discrimination was widespread in pedagogical evaluation. Oral performances were recorded which varied in content, language variety and code/mode of language use. Oral performances produced in the standard variety or in the elaborated code of language use (or both) were favored. By contrast, oral productions in dialectal and restricted language — despite the fact that their content was correct — received unfavourable evaluation. Linguistic variability in oral productions with the same content resulted in as much as a full grade of difference in the mean of grades. The differences were statistically significant for each sample, hence the prevalence of linguistic discrimination is proved.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2021,"language":"en","subjects":["Political Science"],"doi":"10.17239/L1ESLL-2021.21.01.09","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6a1f53468910fdcefc96a82d16d4f7d7ab1be6b4","pdf_url":"https://l1research.org/article/download/333/331","is_open_access":true,"citations":7,"published_at":"","score":65.21000000000001},{"id":"ss_36438290f74ad64f0c9756f4eb87859ec40788d1","title":"The language and non-language benefits of literature in foreign language education: An exploratory study of learners’ views","authors":[{"name":"Art Tsang"},{"name":"A. Paran"},{"name":"W. Lau"}],"abstract":"Set against the backcloth of increasing recognition and attention to literature in foreign language education (FLE) globally, this article reports part of a large-scale study of 1,190 secondary-level learners’ views of the benefits of literature, as instantiated by short stories (ShS) and poems and songs (PS) in their English-as-a-foreign-language learning. An inventory of 27 items (13 language-related and 14 non-language-related) was compiled with reference to previous studies and curricular documents. The analyses compared the two modules through independent t-tests, as well as including an exploratory factor analysis to examine latent factors. Findings reveal a three factor structure and a slightly positive view of the benefits of literature. ShS were perceived to be generally more beneficial than PS, especially in the domains of generic skills and work/studies. There were benefits common to ShS and PS, which by extension, may be universal to literary texts at large. This study makes a theoretical contribution by unveiling the potential value of literature in FLE and the three underlying factors of its perceived benefits. Practically, the inventory can be used by foreign language (FL) teachers to measure students’ perceptions to inform their use of literature in FLE.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2020,"language":"en","subjects":["Psychology"],"doi":"10.1177/1362168820972345","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/36438290f74ad64f0c9756f4eb87859ec40788d1","pdf_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10117134/1/Tsang%2C%20Paran%20and%20Lau%20Benefits%20of%20Literature%20In%20FL%20Education.pdf","is_open_access":true,"citations":30,"published_at":"","score":64.9}],"total":3353521,"page":1,"page_size":20,"sources":["DOAJ","Semantic Scholar","CrossRef"],"query":"Language and Literature"}