{"results":[{"id":"ss_4c4d0613fc29ece0be6e4b36b02dd3ae0a0c9763","title":"The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class.","authors":[{"name":"I. Bernstein"}],"abstract":"","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":1992,"language":"en","subjects":["History"],"doi":"10.2307/2080807","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4c4d0613fc29ece0be6e4b36b02dd3ae0a0c9763","pdf_url":"http://www.gbv.de/dms/hbz/toc/ht015222244.pdf","is_open_access":true,"citations":3017,"published_at":"","score":80},{"id":"ss_0500555bb6104ef69e1059f66ef2658593722509","title":"Gendering “The Hidden Injuries of Class”: In‐Work Poverty, Precarity, and Working Women Using Food Banks in Britain","authors":[{"name":"C. Spellman"},{"name":"J. McBride"}],"abstract":"This paper presents the lived experience of white working‐class women in the UK experiencing in‐work poverty and dependent on food banks to survive. Although the precarious labor market emerges as a significant driver in the women's need for food charity, in‐depth investigations into the lives that precarity produces and reinforces remain scarce. Contributing to this gap, our paper uses an ethnographic qualitative approach drawing on feminist research methods to identify women's experiences of in‐work poverty and being in precarious work. Across 2 food banks, 10 women and 6 volunteers were interviewed, complemented by 24 months of comprehensive field notes where the lead author was a regular volunteer with the charities. The paper revisits “The Hidden Injuries of Class” from Sennett and Cobb's (1972) classic study to use as a theoretical lens to draw out the internalized impacts that the participants experienced. We complement the theoretical framing with an intersectional sensitivity, finding that both gender and class were prevailing identities that influenced the women's lived experiences of the explored themes. The combination of these frameworks helped us to discover how the women face a complex internalized struggle in accessing food banks whilst being employed, heavily characterized by classed and gendered constraints associated with precarious work and other external structural disadvantages. The women experienced guilt, shame, the suppression of emotion, and a struggle for self‐validation. Interactions at the food bank were additionally found to be intersubjectively negotiated between the women and the present volunteers. The intersection of both classed and gendered identities exposes these women to ever greater inequalities both within and beyond the workplace.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2025,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.1111/gwao.13237","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0500555bb6104ef69e1059f66ef2658593722509","is_open_access":true,"citations":3,"published_at":"","score":69.09},{"id":"doaj_10.1186/s12651-025-00418-w","title":"Occupational exposures, complementarity and the potential consequences of A.I. for the labour market: some evidence from Ireland","authors":[{"name":"Harry Williamson"},{"name":"Dermot Coates"},{"name":"Kevin Daly"},{"name":"Keith FitzGerald"},{"name":"Neil Gannon"}],"abstract":"Abstract The adoption of AI technology by industry could significantly disrupt our current understanding of “typical” economic activity. As AI comes to pervade more sectors and occupations over time, it is likely that this technology will give rise to challenges and risks but also opportunities and benefits. There is, however, a significant degree of uncertainty regarding how future waves of technological change will impact the economy, including the labour market. Recent research has found that 40% of employment globally is exposed to AI and that this rises to 60% of employment in advanced economies. We analyse exposure and complementarity in tandem in order to better understand the potential impact across occupation types in Ireland. We find that Ireland is relatively more exposed to AI than is the case for other advanced economies. We also find find that female workers in Ireland are more likely to work in highly exposed roles compared to males, that younger Irish workers are more exposed to AI than are older workers, and that both exposure complementarity to AI increase in line with educational attainment. Finally, we contend that the extent to which AI augments, or replaces, human labour in the medium to long-run will depend on a variety of economic, social and policy factors, including levels of AI regulation. JEL classification: J21, J24, O31.","source":"DOAJ","year":2025,"language":"","subjects":["Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand"],"doi":"10.1186/s12651-025-00418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12651-025-00418-w","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":69},{"id":"ss_206cf2c07e12ff5e17a3157aa5eb823b23ccf635","title":"Gendered Mental Labor: A Systematic Literature Review on the Cognitive Dimension of Unpaid Work Within the Household and Childcare","authors":[{"name":"Natalia Reich-Stiebert"},{"name":"L. Froehlich"},{"name":"J. Voltmer"}],"abstract":"With this literature review, we provide a systematic overview on and working definition of mental labor in the context of unpaid work—an inherent cognitive component of daily routines primarily related to domestic or childcare tasks. Our methodology followed PRISMA guidelines, and 31 full-text articles were included. Articles were peer-reviewed and published in social science, sociological, and psychological journals. The studies applied quantitative and qualitative methodological approaches including, interviews, online surveys, observations of family routines, time estimates, and experiments. The samples covered a wide age range, consisting mostly of U.S. American or European middle-class women and men (married or in a relationship). Predominantly, the articles show that women perform the larger proportion of mental labor, especially when it comes to childcare and parenting decisions. Further, women experience more related negative consequences, such as stress, lower life and relationship satisfaction, and negative impact on their careers. We offer an integrative theoretical perspective to explain the gendered distribution of mental labor and cognitive load. We consider theoretical and practical implications of these findings for reducing gender inequality in mental labor in the context of unpaid work within the household and childcare.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2023,"language":"en","subjects":["Medicine"],"doi":"10.1007/s11199-023-01362-0","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/206cf2c07e12ff5e17a3157aa5eb823b23ccf635","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11199-023-01362-0.pdf","is_open_access":true,"citations":64,"published_at":"","score":68.92},{"id":"ss_e45c2a2c373a1f03687a635815521b08e2c764aa","title":"Data and democracy at work: Advanced information technologies, labor law and the new working class. By BrishenRogers. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2023. 288 pp. $50.00 paperback","authors":[{"name":"Opeyemi Akanbi"}],"abstract":"","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2023,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.1111/lasr.12691","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e45c2a2c373a1f03687a635815521b08e2c764aa","is_open_access":true,"citations":5,"published_at":"","score":67.15},{"id":"ss_abf28bd4174ae503cfad00cd887cbe7254f53e6c","title":"How Do COVID-19 Vaccine Policies Affect the Young Working Class in the Philippines?","authors":[{"name":"Rey Hikaru Y. Estoce"},{"name":"O. M. Ngan"},{"name":"P. Calderon"}],"abstract":"Dubbed the “inequality virus”, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has unveiled and magnified many of the global society’s long-standing inequalities and health inequities. This work brings together the phenomena of increased inequality and health inequities felt by the poor and young working class of the Philippines and how they interact negatively with existing vaccine policies. The poor and the young were more likely to have experienced employment disruptions with limited access to technologies that allowed for teleworking. Informal economy workers suffered from diminished labor protection and draconian lockdowns. Disadvantaged areas persistently dealt with limited health resources, and the working class was disproportionately vulnerable to COVID-19 infection. Utilitarian vaccine policies such as mandatory vaccination and the prioritization scheme negatively interacted with these COVID-induced inequalities and health inequities. While the young working class was more likely to be unemployed, mandatory vaccine policy required that they get vaccinated before seeking re-employment. However, the prioritization scheme adopted by the government failed to target them as a priority. This left them in a vulnerable state of prolonged unemployment while on standby for better supply and improved infrastructure for vaccine rollout. Future prospects in terms of economic recovery and health equity will be affected by issues such as potential increased taxation, the rapidly digitalizing labor market that is evolving to favor highly-skilled workers, and the staging of universal healthcare in the country.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2023,"language":"en","subjects":["Medicine"],"doi":"10.3390/ijerph20032593","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/abf28bd4174ae503cfad00cd887cbe7254f53e6c","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/3/2593/pdf?version=1675903091","is_open_access":true,"citations":3,"published_at":"","score":67.09},{"id":"ss_291d49f23ba26e2a0be05a0405b474fb1abd5a9a","title":"Declining Unionization and the Despair of the Working Class","authors":[{"name":"K. Chen"},{"name":"S. Islam"}],"abstract":"While the effects of labor unions on objective conditions have been extensively studied, little is known about their role in individuals’ perceptions of economic circumstances. We investigate whether union density affects the subjective well-being of area residents by exploiting the staggered adoption of right-to-work laws in the United States through a border-county design. We find that unionization promotes happiness for those of low socioeconomic status, including non-college-educated residents and current or former blue-collar job holders, but has no discernible impact on their high-status counterparts. Of affected residents, workers stand to reap the most benefit. We also find that the favorable effect of unionization is transmitted through the assessment of improved financial situation, personal health, and workplace quality. This finding highlights the role of pecuniary and nonpecuniary benefits (for example, on-the-job safety, work-life balance, interpersonal trust, and workers’ autonomy) that unions afford to protect society’s most marginalized groups.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2023,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.1086/724221","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/291d49f23ba26e2a0be05a0405b474fb1abd5a9a","is_open_access":true,"citations":2,"published_at":"","score":67.06},{"id":"doaj_10.1186/s12651-023-00332-z","title":"On the measurement of tasks: does expert data get it right?","authors":[{"name":"Eduard Storm"}],"abstract":"Abstract Using German survey and expert data on job tasks, this paper explores the presence of omitted-variable bias suspected in conventional task data derived from expert assessment. I show expert task data, which is expressed at the occupation-level, introduces omitted-variable bias in task returns on the order of 26–34%. Motivated by a theoretical framework, I argue this bias results from expert data ignoring individual heterogeneity rather than fundamental differences on the assessment of tasks between experts and workers. My findings have important implications for the interpretation of conventional task models as occupational task returns are overestimated. Moreover, a rigorous comparison of the statistical performance of various models offers guidance for future research regarding choice of task data and construction of task measures.","source":"DOAJ","year":2023,"language":"","subjects":["Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand"],"doi":"10.1186/s12651-023-00332-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12651-023-00332-z","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":67},{"id":"doaj_10.52567/trj.v7i02.224","title":"Educational environment perception and cognitive load among physical therapy students during e-learning","authors":[{"name":"Zahid Mehmood"},{"name":"Zubair  Ahmad"},{"name":"Asad  Ullah"},{"name":"Anam  Aftab"},{"name":"Junaid  Akram"},{"name":"Abdul Haseeb  Bhutta"},{"name":"Abdul  Wahab"}],"abstract":"         Background: Understanding students' perception of the educational environment and their cognitive load in this context is crucial for optimizing the effectiveness of e-learning platforms.  Objective: To compare educational environment perception and cognitive load in under-graduates Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) and post-graduate Master in Science of Physical Therapy (MSPT) students having online learning experiences.  Methodology: In this comparative cross-sectional study, data was collected through non-probability convenient sampling from n=274 under-graduates DPT (n=225) and post-graduates MSPT(n=49) students of either gender having one-semester experience of online learning, Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) for measuring educational environmental perception and Rating Scale of Mental Effort (RSME) for measurement of cognitive load. Online self-structured was developed questionnaire and shared through communication media platform and data analysis was made through SPSS version 28.  Results: There were n=225 under-graduates (DPT) and n=49 post-graduates (MSPT) students in which, there were n=208 females and n=66 males.  The overall DREEM score showed that MSPT students are more significantly positive (p\u003c0.001, Cohen’s d=1.01) than DPT students regarding the perception of the educational environment with a large effect size. While there was no significant difference (p=0.114) between MSP and DPT students regarding cognitive load.  Conclusion: Post-graduates (MSPT) students have better educational environmental perception than undergraduate (DPT) students but there was no significant difference in cognitive load in undergraduate (DPT) and post-graduates (MSPT) students.  Keywords: cognition; cognitive load; mental effort; e-learning; physiotherapist.","source":"DOAJ","year":2023,"language":"","subjects":["Vocational rehabilitation. Employment of people with disabilities"],"doi":"10.52567/trj.v7i02.224","url":"http://www.trjournal.org/index.php/TRJ/article/view/224","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":67},{"id":"doaj_10.6092/issn.1561-8048/17605","title":"Labour Law and Metaverse – can they fit together?","authors":[{"name":"Ildiko Racz-Antal"}],"abstract":"The paper focuses on some labour law questions which arise from work in the metaverse. The first question is whether meta-work could be the next new type of work as standard employment relationship, which is going through a transformation in general. Indeed, the idea of personal work – as a main pillar of the employment relationship – was challenged by platform work in the recent years, but metaverse seems to further question the old paradigms. The article shortly examines the question of wages, for instance, as the metaverse generally relies on cryptocurrency (CC) to pay for transactions and purchases. Subsequently, the paper mainly concentrates on the analysis of health and safety at work and of the discrimination ban in metaverse.","source":"DOAJ","year":2023,"language":"","subjects":["Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence","Labor. Work. Working class"],"doi":"10.6092/issn.1561-8048/17605","url":"https://illej.unibo.it/article/view/17605","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":67},{"id":"crossref_10.1017/s0147547922000035","title":"War as Work: Labor and Soldiering in History","authors":[{"name":"Samuel Fury Childs Daly"}],"abstract":"AbstractIn the decade since International Labor and Working-Class History (ILWCH) published its special issue on “Labor and the Military,” treating military service as a problem of labor has grown from a provocation into a major debate. By surveying five recent books on soldiering as a form of labor, this essay poses a set of questions about warfare and work. Is military service best understood as a form of labor, and what might that perspective reveal, or occlude? How do militaries draw the line between those who work and those who fight? Where does that line become blurry? How do soldiers themselves understand the peculiar forms of “work” that war demands? War and work are not separate domains of experience, as these books show. But in some respects, they still demand different tools of analysis.","source":"CrossRef","year":2022,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.1017/s0147547922000035","url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0147547922000035","is_open_access":true,"citations":3,"published_at":"","score":66.09},{"id":"doaj_10.4102/ajod.v11i0.850","title":"Disability-inclusive community development: A case of a community garden in Limpopo province in South Africa","authors":[{"name":"Brian Tigere"},{"name":"Theresa Moyo"}],"abstract":"Background: Persons with disabilities living in rural areas are marginalised and excluded in most developmental initiatives in South Africa. They face many economic, political and social problems; hence, improving their quality of life is a daunting and challenging task which needs interventions from both the state and non-governmental stakeholders.\n\nObjectives: This study aimed to examine the role played by community gardens in rural Limpopo province in uplifting the lives of persons living with disabilities as well as their communities as a whole. Its main objectives were to assess the social and economic benefits they have provided to this group of people.\n\nMethod: A qualitative research design was used for this study. Twenty-one participants were identified through purposive sampling. They were made up of people with disabilities, officials from Departments of Agriculture and Social Development. Face-to-face interviews were used to collect data which was analysed thematically.\n\nResults: Key results were that community gardens have contributed to the economic and social well-being of persons with disabilities. They have assisted them with income to supplement their social grants. They also created jobs for their members and contributed to improved livelihoods of their families.\n\nConclusion: The study demonstrated that people with disabilities are capable people who, if given the necessary support, can transform their livelihoods both socially and economically. The study recommends that a disability access audit be conducted to resolve the accessibility challenges of the garden.","source":"DOAJ","year":2022,"language":"","subjects":["Vocational rehabilitation. Employment of people with disabilities","Communities. Classes. Races"],"doi":"10.4102/ajod.v11i0.850","url":"https://ajod.org/index.php/ajod/article/view/850","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":66},{"id":"doaj_Parents%E2%80%99+Perceptions+of+the+Problems+in+Children+With+Autism+Spectrum+Disorders%3A+A+Qualitative+Study","title":"Parents’ Perceptions of the Problems in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Qualitative Study","authors":[{"name":"Masume Zareei"},{"name":"Seyed Abolfazl Tohidast"},{"name":"Masoomeh Salmani"}],"abstract":"Objectives: Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have valuable experiences of the possible developmental problems and other issues of their children as the primary caregivers. The present study aimed to obtain proper information by considering these experiences using a qualitative approach to explain the parents’ perception of problems in their children with ASD. \nMethods: This study with a qualitative design was performed on 35 parents of children with ASD (33 mothers and 2 fathers) who were selected via purposive sampling. The study data were collected using semi-structured interviews, and all sessions were recorded and immediately transcribed verbatim. We followed the Graneheim and Lundman (2003) content analysis approach (a step-by-step extraction of meaning unit, initial codes, subtheme, and theme).\nResults: We extracted 5 main themes of developmental, language comprehension and expression, social communication, behavioral, and general health problems. Each of these mentioned themes has several subthemes.\nDiscussion: According to the results, the parents’ perceptions and experiences of their ASD children’s problems were similar to the findings reported by experts in a few related studies. Given the lived experiences of the parents of children with ASD, they could help enrich the references regarding the problems of children with ASD. Such data should be considered during the assessment and intervention for this group of children.","source":"DOAJ","year":2022,"language":"","subjects":["Medicine","Vocational rehabilitation. Employment of people with disabilities"],"url":"http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1641-en.pdf","pdf_url":"http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1641-en.pdf","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":66},{"id":"ss_fdf7b92241d22c5b6fba76b7fc0b5bed8e5b6f82","title":"The New Realities of Working-Class Jobs: Employer Practices, Worker Protections, and Employee Voice to Improve Job Quality","authors":[{"name":"Julia R. Henly"},{"name":"Susan J. Lambert"},{"name":"L. Dresser"}],"abstract":"","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2021,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.1177/00027162211028130","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/fdf7b92241d22c5b6fba76b7fc0b5bed8e5b6f82","is_open_access":true,"citations":19,"published_at":"","score":65.57},{"id":"ss_48bd5002d8e9697585e44f4150f81dc12abc0197","title":"Death and Dying in the Working Class","authors":[{"name":"Michael K. Rosenow"}],"abstract":"In the broader field of thanatology, scholars investigate rituals of dying, attitudes toward death, evolving trajectories of life expectancy, and more. Applying a lens of social class means studying similar themes but focusing on the men, women, and children who worked for wages in the United States. Working people were more likely to die from workplace accidents, occupational diseases, or episodes of work-related violence. In most periods of American history, it was more dangerous to be a wage worker than it was to be a soldier. Battlegrounds were not just the shop floor but also the terrain of labor relations. American labor history has been filled with violent encounters between workers asserting their views of economic justice and employers defending their private property rights. These clashes frequently turned deadly. Labor unions and working-class communities extended an ethos of mutualism and solidarity from the union halls and picket lines to memorial services and gravesites. They lauded martyrs to movements for human dignity and erected monuments to honor the fallen. Aspects of ethnicity, race, and gender added layers of meaning that intersected with and refracted through individuals’ economic positions. Workers’ encounters with death and the way they made sense of loss and sacrifice in some ways overlapped with Americans from other social classes in terms of religious custom, ritual practice, and material consumption. Their experiences were not entirely unique but diverged in significant ways.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2021,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.788","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/48bd5002d8e9697585e44f4150f81dc12abc0197","is_open_access":true,"citations":6,"published_at":"","score":65.18},{"id":"ss_8ea2c9e39cf01eeae9139f3576b71193b45838c7","title":"Karl Marx and the Global History of the Civil War: The Slave Movement, Working-Class Struggle, and the American State within the World Market","authors":[{"name":"M. Battistini"}],"abstract":"Abstract This essay stitches together the fragments of Marx's work on the United States that are scattered in newspaper articles, letters, notes, in some digressions in his early writings, in his economic manuscripts and in Capital (1867). The main aim is to show that what we can call a “global history of the Civil War” emerges from his pen: a history that is global not simply in a geographical sense, that is, because it expands the European space beyond the Atlantic and towards the Pacific, but also because of the general meaning it takes on in the history of capitalism. The essay highlights how the Civil War opened the Marxian issue of emancipation, his vision of class struggle and his view of the working class, to the presence of a black proletariat that interacted with the struggle of the white working classes, the latter of which until then had been the main focus of his work. It also highlights how the different and disarticulated voices of labor – slave and free, black and white – on both sides of the Atlantic effected a revolutionary shift in the Civil War: interjecting a “revolutionary turn” into what we can call the “long constitutional history” of the political conflict between North and South that changed the economic and social shape of the nation. More importantly, the essay reconstructs what can be termed the “state moment,” which was entangled with the “long constitutional history” and the “revolutionary turn” of the Civil War. As the transnational calls for emancipation from slavery and wage labor impacted the transnational processes of accumulation of industrial capital, the American state became a player in the world market: its financial and fiscal policies became socially linked to the government of industrial capital. In this sense, as the essay underlines in the conclusion, the “global history of the Civil War” that Marx effectively drafted, outlined the theoretical and political hypothesis that formed the basis of his mature reflection in the pages of Capital: the “emancipation of labour” should be thought of as a global issue, “neither a local nor a national, but a social problem.”","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2021,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.1017/S0147547921000089","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/8ea2c9e39cf01eeae9139f3576b71193b45838c7","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/5FE4B6669063991CEA6B830DEF314313/S0147547921000089a.pdf/div-class-title-karl-marx-and-the-global-history-of-the-civil-war-the-slave-movement-working-class-struggle-and-the-american-state-within-the-world-market-div.pdf","is_open_access":true,"citations":4,"published_at":"","score":65.12},{"id":"ss_a985e4eb1e19d48ead18269a93ac47d9db452d01","title":"The Working Class in the Service Sector: Outlining the Issue and Reviewing Current Sociological Discourse","authors":[{"name":"T. Gavrilyuk"}],"abstract":"This study focuses on reviewing and analyzing the current sociological discourse devoted to the problems of routine service labor. The article reveals such aspects as the specifics of interactive service work, methods for assessing the size and composition of the service portion of the working class, how the updated properties of labor relations influence the traditional methods used by researchers to conceptualize them, the specific qualities of class consciousness inherent to the service sphere. It has been established that in foreign discourse of sociology of labor, research in the service sphere is currently at the forefront. The focus is on such problems as the structure of the new post-industrial working class, the inclusion of the client into the traditional worker/employer dyad as a third element that reconfigures the stable structures of labor relations, the increased importance of “emotional labor”, physicality and the so-called “soft qualities” of workers, the ideology of consumer sovereignty and the problems that it generates, the precarization of labor that leads to the deprivation of interactive service workers, the class consciousness and resistance practices of routine services employees. In domestic science, this issue is considered mainly from the standpoint of economics and management. In Russian sociology, service research has not been fully updated, there is no theoretical foundation, and the concept of service workers as part of the working class has not yet taken form. The majority of Russian authors rely on the structural and functional paradigm in the study of the service sphere, which does not correlate with the problems relevant to international sociology and the methods of their analysis.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2021,"language":"en","subjects":["Sociology"],"doi":"10.19181/socjour.2021.27.3.8425","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a985e4eb1e19d48ead18269a93ac47d9db452d01","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2021.27.3.8425","is_open_access":true,"citations":3,"published_at":"","score":65.09},{"id":"ss_42e32c57ff34d218c94f31d0a5edbe70cde5f56c","title":"Deindustrialization, Working-Class Decline, and the Growth of Health Care","authors":[{"name":"Gabriel Winant"}],"abstract":"Far beyond what we might have expected, the Covid-19 pandemic has posed questions not only of epidemiology but also concerning labor. In 2020, the phenomenon of “essential workers” emerged—with all of its outrages of insufficient staff, equipment, and pay—because we had already designated an enormous workforce as simultaneously necessary for our society’s survival and reproduction, yet individually disposable. The inequality of the disease’s toll in terms of class and race mirrors the composition of the workforce employed in the healthcare system long before 2020: of major urbanized counties in the United States, the one with the largest proportion of its total workforce committed to health care and social assistance is the Bronx, where over 41 percent of inhabitants are Black and over 56 percent are Latinx.1 This fact on its own tells a good deal about the origins of the uneven toll of Covid-19, as the most racially and economically marginalized sections of the population have been forced to work in the most dangerous conditions. Long before the pandemic, the healthcare system was where American society exported social problems in hopes that someone would take care of them. The unique public–private structure of the American welfare state enabled our healthcare institutions to process the dislocation and damage of industrial job loss and the ensuing expansion of inequality, into the form of patient demand for healthcare services—in turn expanding those institutions dramatically in the 1970s and 1980s even as the welfare state in general fell under severe attack. In this regard, the growth of the healthcare system closely parallels the expansion of the carceral state over the same period, and indeed shares an ultimate origin with it—the management of elements of a displaced, surplus population.2","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2021,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.1177/10957960211007122","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/42e32c57ff34d218c94f31d0a5edbe70cde5f56c","is_open_access":true,"citations":2,"published_at":"","score":65.06},{"id":"ss_43ce982d2e8a206dc1a4909fc7511d88b1b18873","title":"Missing Men? Precarity and Declining Labor Force Participation Among Working-Class Men","authors":[{"name":"Robert D. Francis"}],"abstract":"Recent research has noted declining labor force participation among working class men in the United States, but with little attention to the mechanisms underlying such withdrawal. In this article—drawing on in-depth interviews with 61 working-class men from rural Pennsylvania—I address this gap in the literature by prodding respondents on the sequential character of their employment experiences, their perceived vulnerabilities, and the calculations they make in the contexts in which they live. Findings reveal fluctuations in their engagement with work, something I refer to as participation churn. However, respondents’ labor force narratives also show how they adapt to local employment conditions and personal circumstances, a phenomenon referred to as adaptive nonparticipation. The results highlight key mechanisms underlying labor force dropout and have implications for how declining labor force participation should be understood. These findings advance the sociological understanding of how workers—even in precarious positions—assert agency.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2021,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.13001/jwcs.v6i2.6835","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/43ce982d2e8a206dc1a4909fc7511d88b1b18873","pdf_url":"https://journals.uwyo.edu/index.php/workingclassstudies/article/download/6835/5797","is_open_access":true,"citations":1,"published_at":"","score":65.03}],"total":1971951,"page":1,"page_size":20,"sources":["CrossRef","DOAJ","Semantic Scholar"],"query":"Labor. Work. Working class"}