{"results":[{"id":"doaj_10.22051/jml.2024.47694.2589","title":"Analysis of Return Verses in the Interpretation Tales of the First Book of Masnavi","authors":[{"name":"Taher Lavzheh"},{"name":"Fariba Arayesh Tabiat"}],"abstract":"While narrating the stories of Masnavi, Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī in many cases ignores their narration and avoids expressing esoteric knowledge. After explaining the multiple mystical themes and announcing a return to the appearance of the original story, he uses the phrase \"This speech has no end...\" and similar expressions, which act as a verse of the return and reversal of the stories of Masnavi. What links all these stories in a unified text is shown in some of the key words of the aforementioned phrase, which are helpful in explaining the mystical details of the Masnavi. The main purpose of the research is to analyze the \"return verses\" and the main role of their words in drawing the audience's attention to the message of the story, as well as to examine how the form and content of Rūmī's thought can be explained on the basis of the \"return verses\". This research was conducted using the method of content analysis and with regard to the stories of the first book of the Masnavi. Studies show that Rumi, using \"return verses\" and at the intersection of the inner and outer aspects of the story, establishes words, terms, and combinations that play a decisive role in discovering and expanding mystical concepts in that verbal situation. The care in this meaning highlights some of the main purposes of the speech and reveals Rumi's meaning-making creativity in accessing the reader's deeper foundations of mystical experience.","source":"DOAJ","year":2025,"language":"","subjects":["Indo-Iranian languages and literature"],"doi":"10.22051/jml.2024.47694.2589","url":"https://jml.alzahra.ac.ir/article_8084_4509c9f66542d644c8e3abe81e4825d4.pdf","pdf_url":"https://jml.alzahra.ac.ir/article_8084_4509c9f66542d644c8e3abe81e4825d4.pdf","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":69},{"id":"arxiv_2501.05867","title":"Neural Network Verification is a Programming Language Challenge","authors":[{"name":"Lucas C. Cordeiro"},{"name":"Matthew L. Daggitt"},{"name":"Julien Girard-Satabin"},{"name":"Omri Isac"},{"name":"Taylor T. Johnson"},{"name":"Guy Katz"},{"name":"Ekaterina Komendantskaya"},{"name":"Augustin Lemesle"},{"name":"Edoardo Manino"},{"name":"Artjoms Šinkarovs"},{"name":"Haoze Wu"}],"abstract":"Neural network verification is a new and rapidly developing field of research. So far, the main priority has been establishing efficient verification algorithms and tools, while proper support from the programming language perspective has been considered secondary or unimportant. Yet, there is mounting evidence that insights from the programming language community may make a difference in the future development of this domain. In this paper, we formulate neural network verification challenges as programming language challenges and suggest possible future solutions.","source":"arXiv","year":2025,"language":"en","subjects":["cs.PL","cs.LG","cs.LO"],"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.05867","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.05867","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"2025-01-10T11:08:40Z","score":69},{"id":"arxiv_2511.05759","title":"Language Generation: Complexity Barriers and Implications for Learning","authors":[{"name":"Marcelo Arenas"},{"name":"Pablo Barceló"},{"name":"Luis Cofré"},{"name":"Alexander Kozachinskiy"}],"abstract":"Kleinberg and Mullainathan showed that language generation in the limit is always possible at the level of computability: given enough positive examples, a learner can eventually generate data indistinguishable from a target language. However, such existence results do not address feasibility. We study the sample complexity of language generation in the limit for several canonical classes of formal languages. Our results show that infeasibility already appears for context-free and regular languages, and persists even for strict subclasses such as locally threshold testable languages, as well as for incomparable classes such as non-erasing pattern languages, a well-studied class in the theory of language identification. Overall, our results establish a clear gap between the theoretical possibility of language generation in the limit and its computational feasibility.","source":"arXiv","year":2025,"language":"en","subjects":["cs.CL","cs.AI","cs.FL","cs.LG"],"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.05759","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2511.05759","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"2025-11-07T23:06:48Z","score":69},{"id":"arxiv_2505.18159","title":"Advancing Uto-Aztecan Language Technologies: A Case Study on the Endangered Comanche Language","authors":[{"name":"Jesus Alvarez C"},{"name":"Daua D. Karajeanes"},{"name":"Ashley Celeste Prado"},{"name":"John Ruttan"},{"name":"Ivory Yang"},{"name":"Sean O'Brien"},{"name":"Vasu Sharma"},{"name":"Kevin Zhu"}],"abstract":"The digital exclusion of endangered languages remains a critical challenge in NLP, limiting both linguistic research and revitalization efforts. This study introduces the first computational investigation of Comanche, an Uto-Aztecan language on the verge of extinction, demonstrating how minimal-cost, community-informed NLP interventions can support language preservation. We present a manually curated dataset of 412 phrases, a synthetic data generation pipeline, and an empirical evaluation of GPT-4o and GPT-4o-mini for language identification. Our experiments reveal that while LLMs struggle with Comanche in zero-shot settings, few-shot prompting significantly improves performance, achieving near-perfect accuracy with just five examples. Our findings highlight the potential of targeted NLP methodologies in low-resource contexts and emphasize that visibility is the first step toward inclusion. By establishing a foundation for Comanche in NLP, we advocate for computational approaches that prioritize accessibility, cultural sensitivity, and community engagement.","source":"arXiv","year":2025,"language":"en","subjects":["cs.CL","cs.LG"],"doi":"10.18653/v1/2025.americasnlp-1.4","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.18159","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.18159","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"2025-05-10T06:11:58Z","score":69},{"id":"doaj_10.55253/2024.nubihar.1387589","title":"\n                            Mîrektiya Kêsanê\n                        ","authors":[{"name":"Hanifi Taşkın"}],"abstract":"\n                        Gelek mîrektiyên kurdan hene ku gelek bi hêz temendar bûne. Ji wan yek Mîrektiya Bitlîsê ye ku 760 salî desthilatdar bûye. Mirektiyan Cizîrê û Hekariyê jî bi nav û deng bûne. Bi navê beglik û mîrek wekî Miks, Hîzan Mehmûdî û wekî din jî hebûne. Lêbelê Mîrektiya Kêsanê heta niha nehatiye naskirin. Xebat li ser vê Mîrektiyê nehatine kirin. Me jî xebatek li ser vê mijarê hem di qadê da hem jî di çavkaniyan da kir. Bi alîkriya rêberên herêmê em çûne Sunbanê. Me yek ji endamên wê mîrmalbatê ku Cemîl Begê ye tesbît kir û agahiyên pêwîst jê wergirtin. Çi ku li ser erdnigariya vê binemala mîrektiyê bi hûrgilî yan xebat nehatine kirin, yan jî ji aliyê çand, huner, dîrok û erdkolojiyê ve kêm xebatên zanistî çêbûne. Lewra hê jî gelek cih hene ku li ser herêmeke din tên hesibandin, yan jî nayêne naskirin; lê di nav gel da bi navekî cuda têne binavkirin. Ew herêm yan jî şaxên malmîrekan tam nehatine tesbîtkirin. Zemanê berê, serdema navîn rêveberiya herêma Kurdistanê ji aliyê axa, mîr û begên kurdan ve hatiye îdarekirin. Yek ji wan jî Mîrektiya/Beglika Kêsanê ye. Ev Mîretiya han, ji dema şerê Ulama û Şeref Xanê Bitlîsî bi şûn ve ava bûye û heta dema Murad Begê Kêsanî dewam kiriye. Desthilatdariya Osmanî ew rûxandiye. Mîrekên Kêsanê herçiqas nêzê 250 û 300 sal ev herêm îdare kirine jî dîroka medreseya wê digihîje heta 383 salan berê. Ev herêma ku em ê li serê bixebitin, navenda Mîrektiyê Kêsanê û Keleha Sunbanê derdora 60-70ê gundî nav xwe da dihewîne. Em ê behsa Keleha Mîran, Medreseya ‘Ebdulah Beg, dêr û camiyên wan bikin. Herweha dê jiyana Fileh û Musulmanên ku wê hingê çawa bi awayekî biedalet bi hev ra mi‘amele kirine bibe mijara lêkolînê. Dê şopa çîrok û serpêhatiya vê mîrektiya ku wekî sancaqekê bûye cihê gerandin û nivîstekên medrese û kêlikên têkildarî Begen Kêsanê bihên vekolan.","source":"DOAJ","year":2024,"language":"","subjects":["Indo-Iranian languages and literature","Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar"],"doi":"10.55253/2024.nubihar.1387589","url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/doi/10.55253/2024.nubihar.1387589","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":68},{"id":"arxiv_2401.07815","title":"Anti-Context-Free languages","authors":[{"name":"Carles Cardó"}],"abstract":"Context-free languages can be characterized in several ways. This article studies projective linearisations of languages of simple dependency trees, i.e., dependency trees in which a node can govern at most one node with a given syntactic function. We prove that the projective linearisations of local languages of simple dependency trees coincide with the context-free languages.   Simple dependency trees suggest alternative dual notions of locality and projectivity, which permits defining a dual language for each context-free language. We call this new class of languages anti-context-free. These languages are related to some linguistic constructions exhibiting the so-called cross-serial dependencies that were historically important for the development of computational linguistics. We propose that this duality could be a relevant linguistic phenomenon.","source":"arXiv","year":2024,"language":"en","subjects":["cs.FL"],"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.07815","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.07815","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"2024-01-15T16:38:44Z","score":68},{"id":"ss_4a1bf59fc9b3f82659d3fe6c42dfd0e8c5749a35","title":"G. A. Dzagurov and the Japhetic theory of academician N. Ya. Marr: Commented re-edition of the text","authors":[{"name":"Vittorio Springfield Tomelleri"}],"abstract":"The present work introduces to the annotated re-edition of an article written by the prominent Ossetian scientist, folklorist and teacher Grigory Alekseevich Dzagurov (1888–1979), which was published in 1924 under the title “The Japhetic Theory of Academician N. Ya. Marr and the Question of the Origin of the Ossetians”. The text, reproduced in a new annotated version with identification of the sources used by the author, introduces to the new linguistic theory promoted by Academician N. Ya. Marr (1864–1934), postulating the relationship between Hamito-Semitic and Kartvelian languages as well as the idea of linguistic mixing and crossing. By deliberately overusing direct quotations from the works of the creator of Japhetic linguistics, Dzagurov gives a brief overview of the main provisions of Marr’s linguistic theory, showing its direct relation to the question of the dual nature, Indo-European (Iranian) and Japhetic, of Ossetic. At that time, as is well known, linguistic arguments were readily provided when discussing thorny questions about the ethnogenesis of peoples. Overall, Dzagurov’s article has historical significance in many respects. Firstly, it testifies to the reception of the Japhetic stage of Marr’s linguistic theory (that is, before the emergence of the New Doctrine of Language) with respect to the study of the Iranian linguistic world in the Northern Caucasus. Secondly, such ideas about the phenomena of the Caucasian substrate and language mixing were skillfully developed over the following decades by one of the best students of Marr, V. A. Abaev (1900–2001), who identified numerous Caucasian elements in the Ossetian language at all language levels. Finally, it is interesting to notice that it was Dzagurov who gave a recommendation on Abaev’s application for admission to the Petrograd State University, thus indirectly contributing to the onset of an important stage in the history of Ossetian studies and, in general, Soviet linguistics.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2024,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.21638/spbu09.2024.112","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4a1bf59fc9b3f82659d3fe6c42dfd0e8c5749a35","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2024.112","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":68},{"id":"doaj_10.22034/perlit.2022.47418.3138","title":"بازنمایی عدم قطعیت در رمان دیلمزاد اثر محمّد رودگر","authors":[{"name":"آرزو پوریزدان پناه کرمانی"}],"abstract":"یکی از موضوعات مهم زندگی بشر امروز و به تبع آن یکی از مهم‌ترین مختصّات پسامدرنیسم، عدم قطعیت است. نفوذ این اصل به حوزة ادبیّات و تأثیرپذیری رمان از آن سبب جذّابیت هرچه بیشتر رمان‌های مدرن و پست‌مدرن برای خواننده و مشارکت هرچه بیشتر خواننده در خوانش رمان شده‌است. رمان «دیلمزاد» اثر محمّد رودگر یکی از رمان‌های برگزیدة دفاع مقدّس است که در آن از عوامل گوناگونی برای ایجاد تشکیک و عدم قطعیت بهره‌گرفته شده‌است و ساخت‌مایة اصلی آن را عدم قطعیت تشکیل می‌دهد.در جستار حاضر، جلوه‌های متفاوت عدم قطعیت در رمان «دیلمزاد» با روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی بررسی و از این رهگذر تمهیدات نویسنده برای ایجاد عدم قطعیت و قراردادن خواننده در مرز باور و ناباوری تحلیل شده‌است. یافته‌های تحقیق حکایت از آن دارد که در این رمان، عدم قطعیت در سطوح زبانی، روایت، شخصیّت‌پردازی، زاویة دید و زمان و مکان داستان نمود یافته و از این میان، در سطح زبانی رمان از برجستگی خاصّی برخوردار است. همچنین نویسنده با داستانی‌کردن واقعیت و آمیختن خیال و واقعیت به همراه بی‌توجّهی به رابطة علّت و معلولی در داستان، بر تشکیک مخاطب و عدم قطعیت داستان افزوده است.","source":"DOAJ","year":2022,"language":"","subjects":["Indo-Iranian languages and literature","Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania"],"doi":"10.22034/perlit.2022.47418.3138","url":"https://perlit.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_15204_bb46cac438e5b58e98934eb85333a8d3.pdf","pdf_url":"https://perlit.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_15204_bb46cac438e5b58e98934eb85333a8d3.pdf","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":66},{"id":"doaj_10.30465/crtls.2022.35308.2159","title":"A Critical Review on the Book  New Left Thinkers","authors":[{"name":"Tayebe Domanlou"}],"abstract":"The New Left Thinkers is undoubtedly one of the most controversial and newsworthy works of the late English philosopher, Roger Scruton, which has been published in recent decades as a critique of the new left thinkers. Scruton analyzed, and critiqued the most important contemporary philosophers in the last decades, aimed to decrypt the new speak of the left discourse. The most common aspect between these thinkers, more than anything else, is the distance from the right discourse. By critical reading, Scruton tried to simplify the idea, complex language, and complicated theories of the New Left. He wanted to show how these ideas were emerged in emotional reaction to the historical events of their time, and actually they were rooted in the human’s need for faith and belief in something. Although criticizing the mainstream of Scruton’s time is a courageous subject, special and scares, and we can admire Scruton for doing this, in final analysis of this work, I must say Scruton argued and criticized the new left in a way that he should be criticized too. In the other word we can criticize Scruton as the same point that he criticized and accused the new left. Regardless of the content of his arguments, as the methodological view, his approach to these texts is selective, unscientific and emotional. By critical reviewing of this book, I try to prove my claim about the selective and emotional approach of Scruton in this article. Without arguing the content of his discussions, as far as possible, I show that the value-based approach and believing in single truth, and anger and hated of the Left and the New Left are the basis of his argument in criticizing the personality of thinkers, selecting and describing their theory and finally Seizure as he desired the argument. He argued in the same way and the same style that he claimed the New Left did it.","source":"DOAJ","year":2022,"language":"","subjects":["Indo-Iranian languages and literature","General Works"],"doi":"10.30465/crtls.2022.35308.2159","url":"https://criticalstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_7977_89effff0fad08d7e597b33c26205de4a.pdf","pdf_url":"https://criticalstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_7977_89effff0fad08d7e597b33c26205de4a.pdf","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":66},{"id":"doaj_10.30465/crtls.2021.34219.2088","title":"بررسی انتقادی کتاب کاربردشناسی واژگانی و نظریة ذهن: فراگیری پیوندها","authors":[{"name":"رامین گلشائی"}],"abstract":"این مقاله ترجمة کتاب کاربردشناسی واژگانی و نظریة ذهن: فراگیری پیوندها، نوشتة سندرین زوفری و ترجمۀ محمدحسن ترابی، شهره صادقی و الهه کمری را بررسی و نقد می‌کند. نظریة ذهن یکی از مهم‌ترین حوزه‌های مطالعاتی در روان‌شناسی شناختی است که توانایی افراد در درک حالات ذهنی خود و دیگران را بررسی می‌کند. این کتاب با رویکردی میان‌رشته‌ای سعی می‌کند جوانب گوناگون رابطة نظریة ذهن و کاربردشناسی زبان را بکاود. در این مقاله، کتاب از منظر ساختاری و شکلی و نیز محتوایی بررسی شده است. از نقاط قوت کتاب، می‌توان به ترجمة بسیار روان و خوش‌خوان، دقت قابل‌قبول ترجمه، پانویسی اصطلاحات تخصصی و اسامی خاص، واژه‌نامة دوزبانه، و رعایت اصول ویرایشی اشاره کرد. از کاستی‌های کتاب نیز می‌توان یک‌دست‌نبودن برخی معادل‌های به‌کاررفته در کتاب، ضعف و کم‌دقتی در صحافی، و برخی خطاهای املایی و دستوری را برشمرد. درمجموع، کلیت کتاب به‌دلیل پرداختن به موضوعی بدیع و برخورداری از ترجمه‌ای خوب و روان مثبت ارزیابی می‌شود و می‌تواند منبع ارزش‌مندی برای پژوهش‌گران فارسی‌زبان به‌منظور تحقیقات میان‌رشته‌ای در حوزه‌های زبان و نظریة ذهن باشد.","source":"DOAJ","year":2022,"language":"","subjects":["Indo-Iranian languages and literature","General Works"],"doi":"10.30465/crtls.2021.34219.2088","url":"https://criticalstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_8063_944a2720c239113fb2da88ae10ec8e97.pdf","pdf_url":"https://criticalstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_8063_944a2720c239113fb2da88ae10ec8e97.pdf","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":66},{"id":"doaj_10.22059/jflr.2022.340212.942","title":"بررسی آ سیب های آموزش از راه دور بریادگیری دانشجویان زبان آلمانی","authors":[{"name":"فاطمه خداکرمی"}],"abstract":"با همه‌گیری‌کرونا درسراسردنیا تمامی فعالیت‌های آموزشی‌تعطیل شدند و تنها گزینۀ ادامه فعالیت مراکز آموزشی\"آموزش از راه‌ دور\" بود. در‌ این پژوهش تلاش شده کیفیت و تاثیرآموزش مجازی بر یادگیری دانشجویان ورودی جدید زبان‌آلمانی که شروع تحصیل‌آنها در دانشگاه همزمان با تغییرسیستم آموزش‌حضوری به شکل آموزش آنلاین- مجازی بوده‌است، درسه مهارت زبانی خواندن، نوشتن، صحبت‌ کردن‌ مورد ارزیابی قرارگیرد و سطح علمی دروس پایۀ تعداد 55 نفر از دانشجویان درچهار بخش‌خواندن، زبان ‌گفتاری، زبان نوشتاری و دستور در آزمون‌های پایانی نیمسال اول 1401-1400 در دو سطح کمی و کیفی بررسی و همچنین دیدگاه آنها درباره‌آموزش‌ از راه دور مورد ارزیابی قرارگیرد. نتایج حاصل از این ارزیابی‌حاکی از تفاوت قابل توجه در قبولی دانشجویان است؛ هیجکدام از دانشجویان جامعه آماری این تحقیق بر خلاف سنوات گذشته در مواد امتحانی دروس پیش‌دانشگاهی و ترم یک رد نشدند، این در حالی است که براساس ارزیابی فقط 12% از دانشجویان ورودی جدید به زبان آلمانی آشنایی داشتند و %80 از دانشجویان‌ تجربۀ آموزش از راه دور نداشتند و سطح آگاهی آنها از اطلاعات فناوری پایین بوده‌است، ضمنا دراین بررسی مزایا و معایب مختلف یادگیری از راه دور و راه حل‌های آموزشی برای رفع مشکلات ناخواسته بواسطۀ ضعف‌ها و نقصان‌های آموزش از راه دور ارائه گردید.","source":"DOAJ","year":2022,"language":"","subjects":["Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar","Indo-Iranian languages and literature"],"doi":"10.22059/jflr.2022.340212.942","url":"https://jflr.ut.ac.ir/article_88745_6fcffc72c309beaa639cf93b32e31e14.pdf","pdf_url":"https://jflr.ut.ac.ir/article_88745_6fcffc72c309beaa639cf93b32e31e14.pdf","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":66},{"id":"arxiv_2208.06061","title":"Structural Biases for Improving Transformers on Translation into Morphologically Rich Languages","authors":[{"name":"Paul Soulos"},{"name":"Sudha Rao"},{"name":"Caitlin Smith"},{"name":"Eric Rosen"},{"name":"Asli Celikyilmaz"},{"name":"R. Thomas McCoy"},{"name":"Yichen Jiang"},{"name":"Coleman Haley"},{"name":"Roland Fernandez"},{"name":"Hamid Palangi"},{"name":"Jianfeng Gao"},{"name":"Paul Smolensky"}],"abstract":"Machine translation has seen rapid progress with the advent of Transformer-based models. These models have no explicit linguistic structure built into them, yet they may still implicitly learn structured relationships by attending to relevant tokens. We hypothesize that this structural learning could be made more robust by explicitly endowing Transformers with a structural bias, and we investigate two methods for building in such a bias. One method, the TP-Transformer, augments the traditional Transformer architecture to include an additional component to represent structure. The second method imbues structure at the data level by segmenting the data with morphological tokenization. We test these methods on translating from English into morphologically rich languages, Turkish and Inuktitut, and consider both automatic metrics and human evaluations. We find that each of these two approaches allows the network to achieve better performance, but this improvement is dependent on the size of the dataset. In sum, structural encoding methods make Transformers more sample-efficient, enabling them to perform better from smaller amounts of data.","source":"arXiv","year":2022,"language":"en","subjects":["cs.CL"],"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.06061","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.06061","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"2022-08-11T22:42:24Z","score":66},{"id":"arxiv_2209.02422","title":"Jeopardy: An Invertible Functional Programming Language","authors":[{"name":"Joachim Tilsted Kristensen"},{"name":"Robin Kaarsgaard"},{"name":"Michael Kirkedal Thomsen"}],"abstract":"Algorithms are ways of mapping problems to solutions. An algorithm is invertible precisely when this mapping is injective, such that the initial problem can be uniquely inferred from its solution.   While invertible algorithms can be described in general-purpose languages, no guarantees are generally made by such languages as regards invertibility, so ensuring invertibility requires additional (and often non-trivial) proof. On the other hand, while reversible programming languages guarantee that their programs are invertible by restricting the permissible operations to those which are locally invertible, writing programs in the reversible style can be cumbersome, and may differ significantly from conventional implementations even when the implemented algorithm is, in fact, invertible.   In this paper we introduce Jeopardy, a functional programming language that guarantees program invertibility without imposing local reversibility. In particular, Jeopardy allows the limited use of uninvertible -- and even nondeterministic! -- operations, provided that they are used in a way that can be statically determined to be invertible. To this end, we outline an \\emph{implicitly available arguments analysis} and three further approaches that can give a partial static guarantee to the (generally difficult) problem of guaranteeing invertibility.","source":"arXiv","year":2022,"language":"en","subjects":["cs.PL","cs.CL"],"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.02422","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2209.02422","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"2022-09-06T11:38:42Z","score":66},{"id":"doaj_10.22059/jflr.2021.318571.808","title":"رویکرد بینافرهنگی در آموزش زبان ایتالیایی. مورد تحقیق: دوره کوتاه زبان در ایتالیا","authors":[{"name":"فاطمه عسگری"}],"abstract":"برنامه‌های آموزشی و فرهنگی تبادل دانشجو و دوره‌های کوتاه‌مدت آموزش زبان و فرهنگ خارجی که معمولاً در دانشگاه‌های جامعۀ هدف که زبان آن مورد مطالعه دانشجویان زبان است، فرصت مناسبی برای گسترش مهارت‌های زبانی و اجتماعی- فرهنگی برای زبان‌آموزان فراهم می‌آورد. در دهه‌های گذشته، معمولاً در برنامه‌های آموزشی اینگونه دوره‌های زبان در کنار نکات مربوط به‌دستور زبان، با پخش قطعه‌ای از یک فیلم در کلاس زبان، مدرس سعی بر انتقال مفاهیم فرهنگی و اجتماعی جامعۀ مقصد به‌زبان‌آموز داشت. حال آنکه چنین رویکردی به‌فرهنگ، در بطن آموزش زبان، چندان موفق نبود چرا که چنین رویکردی قادر به‌خلق ارتباط و پل بینافرهنگی با زبان‌آموز نبود. در این مقاله،  برنامۀ آموزشی که در سال‌های اخیر در یکی از این دوره‌های کوتاه مدت زبان و فرهنگ در یکی از دانشگاه‌های ایتالیایی ارائه شده، مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. با تحلیلی بر داده‌های گرداوری شده طی  مصاحبه با دو زبان‌آموز که دانشجوی مقطع کارشناسی در رشته زبان ایتالیایی در دانشگاه تهرانند، سعی بر این شده است تا با عنایت به‌مطالعات بین‌المللی انجام شده در حیطه توانش کنشگری بینافرهنگی و مسئله مهارت فرهنگی-اجتماعی زبان ببینیم چقدر این دوره‌های کوتاه مدت، با اتکا بر برنامه‌های آموزشی مناسب و هوشمند، در کسب مهارت‌های فرهنگی زبان به‌دانشجویان کمک می‌کنند.","source":"DOAJ","year":2021,"language":"","subjects":["Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar","Indo-Iranian languages and literature"],"doi":"10.22059/jflr.2021.318571.808","url":"https://jflr.ut.ac.ir/article_82569_363d8aaa9e7d5ede8ef9159ccff9b1c5.pdf","pdf_url":"https://jflr.ut.ac.ir/article_82569_363d8aaa9e7d5ede8ef9159ccff9b1c5.pdf","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":65},{"id":"doaj_10.30465/crtls.2021.6013","title":"A critical Study on the Book: \nThe Interpretation of the Civil Code Documents,\n Judgements and Legal Views","authors":[{"name":"Hossein Qashqaee"}],"abstract":"A critical study on works that have scientific content will lead to the growth and development in a field of knowledge. Having a right understanding of legal articles depends on referring to the original texts from those laws that have been enacted. One major shortcoming of this book is that only some minor religious sources were pointed out to interpret a legal article, while to review a legal article, it is essential to see all the documents and resources, or all legal reasons should be investigated. At least, well-known fatwas available at the time of the law must be examined because it can be considerably helpful. Foundations and presuppositions of any legal article are appropriate with a legal system, and for the interpretation of every legal article, the special legal system should be considered and examined.","source":"DOAJ","year":2021,"language":"","subjects":["Indo-Iranian languages and literature","General Works"],"doi":"10.30465/crtls.2021.6013","url":"https://criticalstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_6013_8af7f993c61a15b969c8c82c8fc8b8c8.pdf","pdf_url":"https://criticalstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_6013_8af7f993c61a15b969c8c82c8fc8b8c8.pdf","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":65},{"id":"doaj_10.30465/crtls.2021.33037.1983","title":"A Comparative Analysis of the Value System of the Discourse of Lorca’s The Moon Romance and\nIts Persian Translation by Shamloo","authors":[{"name":"Fatemeh Bayatfar"},{"name":"Najmeh Shobeiri"}],"abstract":"Quality assessment of literary texts translation has always been irregular since some theorists believe that faithful translation to the original text is impossible. Therefore, through time, various theories for literary texts assessment have been created. In this paper with the comparative study of the value system of Lorca's \"The moon\" romance discourse and its Persian translation by Shamloo, has been emphasized the importance of discourse and context in the analysis and translation of literary texts, via investigating the factors such as assumption, previous background, utterances, the principle of cooperation, connection and coherence and theme. Besides, it has been shown that to what extent the translator could remain faithful to the source text by observing the discourse and context of the target language; as in this way Shamloo in the translation of “The moon” romance, has preserved all the linguistic coherence and also established rhetorical coherences except in one case. Therefore, by assuming that we know the necessity of paying attention to the discourse and context of the source-language and target-language in translation, Shampoo’s translation of “The moon” romance could be considered a faithful translation to the original text.","source":"DOAJ","year":2021,"language":"","subjects":["Indo-Iranian languages and literature","General Works"],"doi":"10.30465/crtls.2021.33037.1983","url":"https://criticalstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_7250_834918474637a11086d37778ac860c08.pdf","pdf_url":"https://criticalstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_7250_834918474637a11086d37778ac860c08.pdf","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":65},{"id":"doaj_10.30465/crtls.2020.29472.1722","title":"A Critique on the Book “Poets and Poetry”","authors":[{"name":"Sayyed Reza Mirahmadi"}],"abstract":"The irreplaceable role of literary historians in proving literary events as well as highlighting the role of writers is undeniable. If it cannot be considered the best tool, it can be considered at least one of the bests in expressing and showing the unique role of literature in the construction and social context and cultural development of society.  One of the most prolific and insightful works of the talented and insightful writer, Mostafa Shaka'a, is the book “Poetry and Poets in the Abbasi Era” which seems to be very influential and practical due to the author’s critical style. Having skimmed the book, what seemed to be very interesting is that the book's possible shortcomings are outweighed by its strengths. One of the best results of this study is that Shaka'a has played an effective role, by mastering the poetry and poets of this very important period of literature and very deep critique, as well as charting the literary style of some poets who appeared in other similar books, who were showed either very dull no significant in other books. The chapters are also based on this approach of the author and his balances on this approach, also reflect his surrounding knowledge and insight. Perhaps most of his weaknesses have been in forms, and sometimes in concept, such as accusing Abu Nawas of nationalism, which, of course, does not detract from the book’s strengths.","source":"DOAJ","year":2021,"language":"","subjects":["Indo-Iranian languages and literature","General Works"],"doi":"10.30465/crtls.2020.29472.1722","url":"https://criticalstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_6025_83aa080737a579e1a87529bfc8ba8df3.pdf","pdf_url":"https://criticalstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_6025_83aa080737a579e1a87529bfc8ba8df3.pdf","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":65},{"id":"ss_13b52d7647d19bb9b848df094533e18babbbe8cd","title":"THE GREAT POET OF IRANIAN MODERNITY SIMIN BEHBAHANI AND SOME INTERPRETING PROBLEMS IN THE TRANSLATION OF PERSIAN GHAZAL INTO INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES","authors":[{"name":"Zoya Rozhchenko"},{"name":"Amirreza MOLLAAKHMADI-DEKHAHI"}],"abstract":"Simin Behbahani is the most outstanding contemporary Iranian poet famous for her participation in political actions for civil freedoms such as women’s rights, against cruel forms of punishment and against Iran-Iraq war. She participated in the movement of mothers of political prisoners as well. But she became more famous in Iran for her lyrical poetry written in a traditional form of ghazal and not for her political activities. The aim of the article is to make the analyses of Simin Behbahani’s poetry and to consider the problems of its translation into different European languages. Such problems can be explained by the different ways of poetry in the eastern and western cultures: 1) the problem of keeping the metrics of ghazal; 2) the problem of keeping the sense of ghazal. Ghazal as the form originated in the Arabic literature was spread through the Near and Middle East culture and it was not known in Europe until 19th century. From the very beginning ghazal was performed against the backdrop of playing stringed musical instruments. According to the last researchers, ghazal became a base for the development of European sonnet. The authors of this article make a short review of the rhythmical features of ghazal and define its main components, such as bayt, matlaa, radif and others, that should be present at the translated text. It is important to keep these components in verse while translating because rhythmical characteristics of the ghazal are primary relatively to its sense. Scientific novelty. Simin Behbahani is known as a pioneer, who combined in her poetry genres and style of qasida and ghazal. This article deals with the translation of the ghazals by Simin Behbahani into different European languages, such as English and Romanian. Various poems by Simin Behbahani were translated by several interpreters who based their work on different reproduction principles of the original text. Metric and rhythmic of Persian verses were not kept even by the best translators into English. Farzane Milani used in her adaptation the free verse (vers libre) which had become the national form in the English poetry of the 20th century. This choise is good for translator who was born in Iran and now works at the University of Virinia. She made Persian verse understandable for native English speaker and focused at the main substance of poetry. In conclusion, Romanian translator reproduced metric and rhythmic features of the English translation but not of the Persian original. That’s why Ukrainian translators must take in account such experience and use the original text for reading.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2021,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.17721/folia.philologica/2021/2/6","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/13b52d7647d19bb9b848df094533e18babbbe8cd","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.17721/folia.philologica/2021/2/6","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":65},{"id":"ss_db3841805fde4b3e9981c7a48233a8d10f02ab36","title":"Scientific Life of Hakim Mohammed Azam Khan Rampuri Chashti; Custodian of Indo-Iranian Medicine During the 19th Century Changes of Indian Subcontinent","authors":[{"name":"Hoorieh Afsharipur"},{"name":"Somayyeh Pakbaz"},{"name":"M. Shahriari"},{"name":"S. Golshani"},{"name":"A. Salehi"}],"abstract":"Indo-Iranian medicine dates back to a couple of centuries ago. The Gurkanies’ movement from Iran and Transoxiana to India introduced the Persian language to India, and the scientific language changed from Arabic and Sanskrit to this language. Iranian medicine has had a remarkable influence on the Indian Subcontinent, a sign of which is the elevated medical literature written in this language. Hakim Mohammad Azam Khan was born in 1813 AD.  His ancestors were great sages of Khorasan (in north east of Iran) and then migrated to Afghanistan and India. Since he lived in the late 19th AD century, he had access to many Iranian traditional books. He provided rich sources of traditional medicine for the next generation by publishing traditional medicine books and traditional pharmacology. He wrote great books such as the Exir Azam (a comprehensive medical encyclopedia), Romouz Azam (a general book on medicine), Qarabadin Azam (Pharmacopeia). With his profound 19th century orientalist approach that emphasized safeguarding the Persian language, he created numerous works in the field of medicine, making him the most serious custodian of Indo-Iranian medicine in India. The present study reviews the scientific life of a contemporary famous author of Indo-Iranian medical literature written in Persian Language.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2021,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.18502/tim.v6i3.7315","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/db3841805fde4b3e9981c7a48233a8d10f02ab36","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.18502/tim.v6i3.7315","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":65},{"id":"doaj_10.30465/crtls.2020.30119.1785","title":"A Critique of  Preindustrial Communities, or  An Anatomy of Pre-Modern World","authors":[{"name":"Abbas Khalaji"}],"abstract":"This article is an analytical-critical review of “Preindustrial Communities, or An Anatomy of Pre-Modern World” by Patricia Crone. This study is mainly concerned with the theoretical aspect and the content of the book. Hence, the scientific method, theoretical approach, and historical data, and the content analysis of the book are evaluated, and its strengths, and shortcomings are identified. Accordingly, the critical phase of this study is presented in three sections relating to form, methodology, and content. The strong points of the book relate to the fact that the author retains powerful imagination, precise visualization, interpretive analysis of the preindustrial situation, and the ability to illustrate the cultural, political, social, and economic situations of pre-modern era with an accurate explanation of the positions of politics, government, culture, society, individuals, and religion.","source":"DOAJ","year":2020,"language":"","subjects":["Indo-Iranian languages and literature","General Works"],"doi":"10.30465/crtls.2020.30119.1785","url":"https://criticalstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5810_6865a6f5be87fe7d52602b923810a7b3.pdf","pdf_url":"https://criticalstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5810_6865a6f5be87fe7d52602b923810a7b3.pdf","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":64}],"total":1610828,"page":1,"page_size":20,"sources":["DOAJ","arXiv","CrossRef","Semantic Scholar"],"query":"Indo-Iranian languages and literature"}