{"results":[{"id":"ss_58f32c5c0e2fc0f098558aa0c9dfe38ae030b529","title":"On the Road of the Winds: An Archaeological History of the Pacific Islands before European Contact","authors":[{"name":"P. Kirch"}],"abstract":"","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2017,"language":"en","subjects":["History","Geography"],"doi":"10.1525/9780520968899","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/58f32c5c0e2fc0f098558aa0c9dfe38ae030b529","is_open_access":true,"citations":608,"published_at":"","score":79.24},{"id":"doaj_10.3389/fneur.2025.1684974","title":"Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting tracheostomy risk in traumatic cervical spinal cord injury","authors":[{"name":"Weiting Chen"},{"name":"Weiting Chen"},{"name":"Xiaoshuang Jiang"},{"name":"Xiaoshuang Jiang"},{"name":"Xixi Guo"},{"name":"Xixi Guo"},{"name":"Jiuzhou Lin"},{"name":"Jiuzhou Lin"},{"name":"Min Tang"},{"name":"Min Tang"},{"name":"Nanlin Dou"}],"abstract":"BackgroundTracheostomy is common in traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (TCSCI) because of respiratory complications, yet objective tools to estimate individual risk remain limited.MethodsIn this single-center retrospective cohort at the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, we enrolled 308 consecutive ICU admissions with TCSCI (January 2018–March 2023) and randomly split the cohort 7:3 (outcome-stratified) into training (n = 215) and validation (n = 93) sets. Candidate admission predictors were screened with Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator and then entered into multivariable logistic regression to construct a nomogram. Model performance included discrimination (AUC with bootstrap 95% CIs, 2,000 resamples), calibration (intercept, slope, Brier), and decision curve analysis (DCA). A prespecified clinical threshold of 0.30 was used to summarize sensitivity and specificity.ResultsFive independent predictors were retained—smoking history, thoracic injury, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, cervical dislocation, and ASIA grade (A vs. B-D). The model showed strong discrimination (AUC 0.844, 95% CI 0.788–0.896 in training; 0.903, 95% CI 0.823–0.966 in validation) and good calibration. At the 0.30 threshold, performance was Sensitivity 0.781/Specificity 0.725 (training) and Sensitivity 0.812/Specificity 0.852 (validation); DCA demonstrated greater net benefit than “treat all/none” across threshold 0.10–0.70.ConclusionA parsimonious, five-factor nomogram based on routine admission data provides accurate, clinically interpretable stratification of tracheostomy risk in TCSCI. Clear reporting of ASIA coding and a prespecified decision threshold enhance bedside usability. Prospective, multi-center external validation is warranted.","source":"DOAJ","year":2026,"language":"","subjects":["Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system"],"doi":"10.3389/fneur.2025.1684974","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2025.1684974/full","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":70},{"id":"ss_0f80ed60df4ce11583f3f85a7b84be2c18c0b76d","title":"History of cannabis and the endocannabinoid system\u2029","authors":[{"name":"M. Crocq"}],"abstract":"This article retraces the story of cannabis from the earliest contacts of humans with the plant to its subsequent global expansion, its medicinal uses, and the discovery of the endocannabinoid system in the 20th century. Cannabis was attested to around 12 000 years ago near the Altai Mountains in Central Asia, and since then, cannabis seeds have accompanied the migration of nomadic peoples. Records of the medicinal use of cannabis appear before the Common Era in China, Egypt, and Greece (Herodotus), and later in the Roman empire (Pliny the Elder, Dioscorides, Galen). In the 19th century, orientalists like Silvestre de Sacy, and Western physicians coming into contact with Muslim and Indian cultures, like O’Shaughnessy and Moreau de Tours, introduced the medicinal use of cannabis into Europe. The structure of the main psychoactive phytocannabinoid, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), was determined in Israel by Mechoulam and Gaoni in 1964. This discovery opened the gate for many of the subsequent developments in the field of endocannabinoid system (ECS) research. The advances in the scientific knowledge of the ECS place the debate on cannabis liberalization in a new context.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2020,"language":"en","subjects":["Medicine","History"],"doi":"10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.3/mcrocq","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0f80ed60df4ce11583f3f85a7b84be2c18c0b76d","pdf_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7605027","is_open_access":true,"citations":193,"published_at":"","score":69.78999999999999},{"id":"ss_0e3c72c6f2ef82059c2beb100de1c1838091d75b","title":"Mantle structure and tectonic history of SE Asia","authors":[{"name":"R. Hall"},{"name":"W. Spakman"}],"abstract":"","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2015,"language":"en","subjects":["Geology"],"doi":"10.1016/J.TECTO.2015.07.003","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0e3c72c6f2ef82059c2beb100de1c1838091d75b","pdf_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/329910/1_s2.0_S0040195115003698_main.pdf?sequence=1\u0026isAllowed=y","is_open_access":true,"citations":339,"published_at":"","score":69.17},{"id":"ss_defb04e43bc7e2c158b565b8ab4ef90cb66eb974","title":"Subduction history of the Paleo-Pacific slab beneath Eurasian continent: Mesozoic-Paleogene magmatic records in Northeast Asia","authors":[{"name":"Jie Tang"},{"name":"Wenliang Xu"},{"name":"Feng Wang"},{"name":"W. Ge"}],"abstract":"","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2018,"language":"en","subjects":["Geology"],"doi":"10.1007/s11430-017-9174-1","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/defb04e43bc7e2c158b565b8ab4ef90cb66eb974","is_open_access":true,"citations":238,"published_at":"","score":69.14},{"id":"ss_ecfab534a00129f9d0537d99c66381ea109779a8","title":"The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene.","authors":[{"name":"Xiaowei Mao"},{"name":"Hucai Zhang"},{"name":"Shi-Lei Qiao"},{"name":"Yichen Liu"},{"name":"Fengqin Chang"},{"name":"Ping Xie"},{"name":"M. Zhang"},{"name":"Tianyi Wang"},{"name":"Mian Li"},{"name":"Peng Cao"},{"name":"Ruowei Yang"},{"name":"Feng Liu"},{"name":"Q. Dai"},{"name":"Xiaotian Feng"},{"name":"Wanjing Ping"},{"name":"C. Lei"},{"name":"J. Olsen"},{"name":"E. Bennett"},{"name":"Qiaomei Fu"}],"abstract":"Northern East Asia was inhabited by modern humans as early as 40 thousand years ago (ka), as demonstrated by the Tianyuan individual. Using genome-wide data obtained from 25 individuals dated to 33.6-3.4 ka from the Amur region, we show that Tianyuan-related ancestry was widespread in northern East Asia before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). At the close of the LGM stadial, the earliest northern East Asian appeared in the Amur region, and this population is basal to ancient northern East Asians. Human populations in the Amur region have maintained genetic continuity from 14 ka, and these early inhabitants represent the closest East Asian source known for Ancient Paleo-Siberians. We also observed that EDAR V370A was likely to have been elevated to high frequency after the LGM, suggesting the possible timing for its selection. This study provides a deep look into the population dynamics of northern East Asia.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2021,"language":"en","subjects":["Medicine"],"doi":"10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.040","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ecfab534a00129f9d0537d99c66381ea109779a8","pdf_url":"https://www.cell.com/article/S0092867421005754/pdf","is_open_access":true,"citations":137,"published_at":"","score":69.11},{"id":"ss_ce6ceb8c9502e4f1fb695978c41f6248f32f0695","title":"The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe","authors":[{"name":"Iosif Lazaridis"},{"name":"Songül Alpaslan-Roodenberg"},{"name":"Ayşe Acar"},{"name":"Ayşen Açıkkol"},{"name":"A. Agelarakis"},{"name":"Levon Aghikyan"},{"name":"Uğur Akyüz"},{"name":"Desislava Andreeva"},{"name":"Gojko Andrijašević"},{"name":"D. Antonović"},{"name":"I. Armit"},{"name":"Alper Atmaca"},{"name":"P. Avetisyan"},{"name":"A. Aytek"},{"name":"K. Bacvarov"},{"name":"R. Badalyan"},{"name":"S. Bakardzhiev"},{"name":"J. Balen"},{"name":"L. Bejko"},{"name":"Rebecca Bernardos"},{"name":"A. Bertsatos"},{"name":"H. Biber"},{"name":"Ahmet Bilir"},{"name":"Mario Bodružić"},{"name":"M. Bonogofsky"},{"name":"C. Bonsall"},{"name":"D. Borić"},{"name":"Nikola Borovinić"},{"name":"Guillermo Bravo Morante"},{"name":"Katharina Buttinger"},{"name":"Kimberly Callan"},{"name":"F. Candilio"},{"name":"M. Carić"},{"name":"O. Cheronet"},{"name":"Stefan Chohadzhiev"},{"name":"M. Chovalopoulou"},{"name":"Stella Chryssoulaki"},{"name":"Ion Ciobanu"},{"name":"Natalija Čondić"},{"name":"M. Constantinescu"},{"name":"E. Cristiani"},{"name":"B. Culleton"},{"name":"Elizabeth Curtis"},{"name":"Jack Davis"},{"name":"Tatiana I Demcenco"},{"name":"V. Dergachev"},{"name":"Zafer Derin"},{"name":"Sylvia Deskaj"},{"name":"Seda Devejyan"},{"name":"V. Djordjević"},{"name":"Kellie Sara Duffett Carlson"},{"name":"L. Eccles"},{"name":"Nedko Elenski"},{"name":"Atilla Engin"},{"name":"Nihat Erdoğan"},{"name":"Sabiha Erir-Pazarcı"},{"name":"D. Fernandes"},{"name":"M. Ferry"},{"name":"S. Freilich"},{"name":"A. Frînculeasa"},{"name":"M. Galaty"},{"name":"Beatriz Gamarra"},{"name":"B. Gasparyan"},{"name":"B. Gaydarska"},{"name":"Elif Genç"},{"name":"T. Gültekin"},{"name":"S. Gündüz"},{"name":"Tamás Hajdu"},{"name":"V. Heyd"},{"name":"S. Hobosyan"},{"name":"Nelli Hovhannisyan"},{"name":"I. Iliev"},{"name":"L. Iliev"},{"name":"S. Iliev"},{"name":"İlkay İvgin"},{"name":"Ivor Janković"},{"name":"Lence Jovanova"},{"name":"P. Karkanas"},{"name":"Berna Kavaz-Kındığılı"},{"name":"E. Kaya"},{"name":"D. Keating"},{"name":"D. Kennett"},{"name":"Seda Deniz Kesici"},{"name":"A. Khudaverdyan"},{"name":"K. Kiss"},{"name":"S. Kılıç"},{"name":"P. Klostermann"},{"name":"Sinem Kostak Boca Negra Valdes"},{"name":"Saša Kovačević"},{"name":"Marta Krenz‐Niedbała"},{"name":"Maja Krznarić Škrivanko"},{"name":"R. Kurti"},{"name":"Pasko Kuzman"},{"name":"A. M. Lawson"},{"name":"C. Lazăr"},{"name":"K. Leshtakov"},{"name":"T. Levy"},{"name":"I. Liritzis"},{"name":"K. Lorentz"},{"name":"Sylwia Łukasik"},{"name":"Matthew Mah"},{"name":"Swapan Mallick"},{"name":"Kirsten Mandl"},{"name":"Kristine Martirosyan-Olshansky"},{"name":"R. Matthews"},{"name":"W. Matthews"},{"name":"K. McSweeney"},{"name":"V. Melikyan"},{"name":"Adam Micco"},{"name":"Megan Michel"},{"name":"L. Milašinović"},{"name":"A. Mittnik"},{"name":"J. Monge"},{"name":"G. Nekhrizov"},{"name":"R. Nicholls"},{"name":"A. Nikitin"},{"name":"V. Nikolov"},{"name":"M. Novak"},{"name":"Íñigo Olalde"},{"name":"Jonas Oppenheimer"},{"name":"Anna J. Osterholtz"},{"name":"Celal Özdemir"},{"name":"K. T. Özdoğan"},{"name":"Nurettin Öztürk"},{"name":"Nikos Papadimitriou"},{"name":"Niki Papakonstantinou"},{"name":"A. Papathanasiou"},{"name":"Lujana Paraman"},{"name":"Evgeny G Paskary"},{"name":"N. Patterson"},{"name":"Ilian Petrakiev"},{"name":"L. Petrosyan"},{"name":"V. Petrova"},{"name":"Anna Philippa-Touchais"},{"name":"A. Piliposyan"},{"name":"Nada Pocuca Kuzman"},{"name":"H. Potrebica"},{"name":"Bianca Preda-Bălănică"},{"name":"Zrinka Premužić"},{"name":"T. Price"},{"name":"Lijun Qiu"},{"name":"S. Radović"},{"name":"Kamal Raeuf Aziz"},{"name":"P. Rajić Šikanjić"},{"name":"Kamal Rasheed Raheem"},{"name":"S. Razumov"},{"name":"A. Richardson"},{"name":"J. Roodenberg"},{"name":"R. Ruka"},{"name":"V. Russeva"},{"name":"M. Şahin"},{"name":"Ayşegül Şarbak"},{"name":"Emre Savaş"},{"name":"Constanze Schattke"},{"name":"L. Schepartz"},{"name":"Tayfun Selçuk"},{"name":"Ayla Sevim-Erol"},{"name":"Michel Shamoon-Pour"},{"name":"H. Shephard"},{"name":"Athanasios Sideris"},{"name":"Angela Simalcsik"},{"name":"Hakob Simonyan"},{"name":"V. Sinika"},{"name":"K. Sirak"},{"name":"G. Sîrbu"},{"name":"M. Šlaus"},{"name":"A. Soficaru"},{"name":"Bilal Söğüt"},{"name":"Arkadiusz Sołtysiak"},{"name":"Çilem Sönmez-Sözer"},{"name":"Maria Stathi"},{"name":"Martin Steskal"},{"name":"Kristin Stewardson"},{"name":"Sharon R. Stocker"},{"name":"Fadime Suata-Alpaslan"},{"name":"A. Suvorov"},{"name":"Anna Szécsényi-Nagy"},{"name":"Tamás Szeniczey"},{"name":"N. Telnov"},{"name":"Strahil Temov"},{"name":"N. Todorova"},{"name":"Ulsi Tota"},{"name":"G. Touchais"},{"name":"S. Triantaphyllou"},{"name":"A. Türker"},{"name":"Marina Ugarković"},{"name":"Todor Valchev"},{"name":"Fanica Veljanovska"},{"name":"Zlatko Videvski"},{"name":"Cristian Virag"},{"name":"Anna Wagner"},{"name":"S. Walsh"},{"name":"P. Włodarczak"},{"name":"J. Workman"},{"name":"A. Yardumian"},{"name":"Evgenii Yarovoy"},{"name":"A. Yavuz"},{"name":"H. Yılmaz"},{"name":"Fatma Zalzala"},{"name":"Anni Zettl"},{"name":"Zhao Zhang"},{"name":"Rafet Çavuşoğlu"},{"name":"N. Rohland"},{"name":"R. Pinhasi"},{"name":"D. Reich"}],"abstract":"","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2022,"language":"en","subjects":["Medicine"],"doi":"10.1126/science.abm4247","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ce6ceb8c9502e4f1fb695978c41f6248f32f0695","pdf_url":"https://genlinginterface.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/St-Clair-2021.pdf","is_open_access":true,"citations":101,"published_at":"","score":69.03},{"id":"ss_d09bbd89d124dd29f1a47e012f19280c7a635444","title":"Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in Asia: History, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention","authors":[{"name":"Ayushi Sehgal"},{"name":"Sanya Mehta"},{"name":"Kritika Sahay"},{"name":"E. Martynova"},{"name":"A. Rizvanov"},{"name":"M. Baranwal"},{"name":"S. Chandy"},{"name":"S. Khaiboullina"},{"name":"E. Kabwe"},{"name":"Y. Davidyuk"}],"abstract":"Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) is the most frequently diagnosed zoonosis in Asia. This zoonotic infection is the result of exposure to the virus-contaminated aerosols. Orthohantavirus infection may cause Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HRFS), a disease that is characterized by acute kidney injury and increased vascular permeability. Several species of orthohantaviruses were identified as causing infection, where Hantaan, Puumala, and Seoul viruses are most common. Orthohantaviruses are endemic to several Asian countries, such as China, South Korea, and Japan. Along with those countries, HFRS tops the list of zoonotic infections in the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia. Recently, orthohantavirus circulation was demonstrated in small mammals in Thailand and India, where orthohantavirus was not believed to be endemic. In this review, we summarized the current data on orthohantaviruses in Asia. We gave the synopsis of the history and diversity of orthohantaviruses in Asia. We also described the clinical presentation and current understanding of the pathogenesis of orthohantavirus infection. Additionally, conventional and novel approaches for preventing and treating orthohantavirus infection are discussed.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2023,"language":"en","subjects":["Medicine"],"doi":"10.3390/v15020561","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d09bbd89d124dd29f1a47e012f19280c7a635444","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/2/561/pdf?version=1677128081","is_open_access":true,"citations":67,"published_at":"","score":69.00999999999999},{"id":"doaj_10.3389/fphar.2025.1593780","title":"Ginsenoside in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and its complications: a promising traditional chinese medicine","authors":[{"name":"Yingying Liu"},{"name":"Yang Ju"},{"name":"Yanjun Wang"},{"name":"Xiaoyan Cui"},{"name":"Yunwei Sun"},{"name":"Ping Hu"},{"name":"Yan Chen"}],"abstract":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a chronic condition commonly observed in adults, particularly among the elderly, is characterized by a dysfunctional insulin response that impairs blood glucose regulation, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia. Ginseng, a medicinal plant with significant economic value and a longstanding history of therapeutic use in Asia, has shown efficacy against various diseases. Extensive clinical and experimental studies highlight ginsenosides, its primary bioactive compounds, for their multiple therapeutic effects across a range of conditions, including endocrine, cardiovascular, and central nervous system disorders. Various ginsenoside types have demonstrated potential in lowering blood glucose levels, reducing insulin resistance, and alleviating complications through the modulation of key protein targets and signaling pathways. This review consolidates the pharmacological actions and mechanisms of distinct ginsenosides in managing diabetes and its complications, offering a theoretical foundation for further pharmacological research and novel drug development for T2DM treatment, while also providing robust theoretical support for future clinical applications.","source":"DOAJ","year":2025,"language":"","subjects":["Therapeutics. Pharmacology"],"doi":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1593780","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2025.1593780/full","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":69},{"id":"doaj_Nancy+Rose+Hunt+and+Hubertus+B%C3%BCschel+%28eds%29.+2024.+Psychiatric+Contours%3A+New+African+Histories+of+Madness.+Durham%3A+Duke+University+Press.+345+pp.","title":"Nancy Rose Hunt and Hubertus Büschel (eds). 2024. Psychiatric Contours: New African Histories of Madness. Durham: Duke University Press. 345 pp.","authors":[{"name":"Adedamola Adetiba"}],"abstract":"","source":"DOAJ","year":2025,"language":"","subjects":["History of Africa","African languages and literature"],"url":"https://journals.flvc.org/ASQ/article/view/138860","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":69},{"id":"arxiv_2509.24288","title":"ASIA: Adaptive 3D Segmentation using Few Image Annotations","authors":[{"name":"Sai Raj Kishore Perla"},{"name":"Aditya Vora"},{"name":"Sauradip Nag"},{"name":"Ali Mahdavi-Amiri"},{"name":"Hao Zhang"}],"abstract":"We introduce ASIA (Adaptive 3D Segmentation using few Image Annotations), a novel framework that enables segmentation of possibly non-semantic and non-text-describable \"parts\" in 3D. Our segmentation is controllable through a few user-annotated in-the-wild images, which are easier to collect than multi-view images, less demanding to annotate than 3D models, and more precise than potentially ambiguous text descriptions. Our method leverages the rich priors of text-to-image diffusion models, such as Stable Diffusion (SD), to transfer segmentations from image space to 3D, even when the annotated and target objects differ significantly in geometry or structure. During training, we optimize a text token for each segment and fine-tune our model with a novel cross-view part correspondence loss. At inference, we segment multi-view renderings of the 3D mesh, fuse the labels in UV-space via voting, refine them with our novel Noise Optimization technique, and finally map the UV-labels back onto the mesh. ASIA provides a practical and generalizable solution for both semantic and non-semantic 3D segmentation tasks, outperforming existing methods by a noticeable margin in both quantitative and qualitative evaluations.","source":"arXiv","year":2025,"language":"en","subjects":["cs.CV"],"doi":"10.1145/3757377.3763821","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.24288","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.24288","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"2025-09-29T05:04:11Z","score":69},{"id":"arxiv_2503.04313","title":"Episodes from the history of infinitesimals","authors":[{"name":"Mikhail G. Katz"}],"abstract":"Infinitesimals have seen ups and downs in their tumultuous history. In the 18th century, d'Alembert set the tone by describing infinitesimals as chimeras. Some adversaries of infinitesimals, including Moigno and Connes, picked up on the term. We highlight the work of Cauchy, Noël, Poisson and Riemann. We also chronicle reactions by Moigno, Lamarle and Cantor, and signal the start of a revival with Peano.","source":"arXiv","year":2025,"language":"en","subjects":["math.HO"],"doi":"10.1080/26375451.2025.2474811","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.04313","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2503.04313","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"2025-03-06T10:58:17Z","score":69},{"id":"arxiv_2502.06764","title":"History-Guided Video Diffusion","authors":[{"name":"Kiwhan Song"},{"name":"Boyuan Chen"},{"name":"Max Simchowitz"},{"name":"Yilun Du"},{"name":"Russ Tedrake"},{"name":"Vincent Sitzmann"}],"abstract":"Classifier-free guidance (CFG) is a key technique for improving conditional generation in diffusion models, enabling more accurate control while enhancing sample quality. It is natural to extend this technique to video diffusion, which generates video conditioned on a variable number of context frames, collectively referred to as history. However, we find two key challenges to guiding with variable-length history: architectures that only support fixed-size conditioning, and the empirical observation that CFG-style history dropout performs poorly. To address this, we propose the Diffusion Forcing Transformer (DFoT), a video diffusion architecture and theoretically grounded training objective that jointly enable conditioning on a flexible number of history frames. We then introduce History Guidance, a family of guidance methods uniquely enabled by DFoT. We show that its simplest form, vanilla history guidance, already significantly improves video generation quality and temporal consistency. A more advanced method, history guidance across time and frequency further enhances motion dynamics, enables compositional generalization to out-of-distribution history, and can stably roll out extremely long videos. Project website: https://boyuan.space/history-guidance","source":"arXiv","year":2025,"language":"en","subjects":["cs.LG","cs.CV"],"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.06764","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.06764","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"2025-02-10T18:44:25Z","score":69},{"id":"ss_fdcc71b7b03a8a9e1333a4e64ac9e3c948a3a2f4","title":"The History of Enterovirus A71 Outbreaks and Molecular Epidemiology in the Asia-Pacific Region","authors":[{"name":"Jiratchaya Puenpa"},{"name":"N. Wanlapakorn"},{"name":"S. Vongpunsawad"},{"name":"Y. Poovorawan"}],"abstract":"Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the common causative pathogens for hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) affecting young children. HFMD outbreak can result in a substantial pediatric hospitalization and burden the healthcare services, especially in less-developed countries. Since the initial epidemic of predominantly EV-A71 in California in 1969, the high prevalence of HFMD in the Asia-pacific region and elsewhere around the world represents a significant morbidity in this age group. With the advent of rapid and accurate diagnostic tools, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of laboratory-confirmed EV-A71 infection over the past two decades. The population, cultural, and socioeconomic diversity among countries in the Asia-Pacific region all influence the transmission and morbidity associated with HFMD. This review summarizes the current state of epidemiology of EV-A71 in Asia-Pacific countries based on the most recent epidemiological data and available information on the prevalence and disease burden. This knowledge is important in guiding the prevention, control and future research on vaccine development of this highly contagious disease of significant socioeconomic implications in public health.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2019,"language":"en","subjects":["Medicine"],"doi":"10.1186/s12929-019-0573-2","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/fdcc71b7b03a8a9e1333a4e64ac9e3c948a3a2f4","pdf_url":"https://jbiomedsci.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12929-019-0573-2","is_open_access":true,"citations":186,"published_at":"","score":68.58},{"id":"doaj_10.53315/2782-3377-2024-4-2-82-93","title":"Situation of the Turkmens of the Stavropol province in the 19th century (historiographical review)","authors":[{"name":"R. S. Shurguchinov"}],"abstract":"The study of the nomads of the South of Russia still arouses continued interest among Russian and foreign scholars, who study nomad, local historians, whose works reflect the history of nomads in Central Asia. However, we think that there are not enough works covering this topic and chronological framework, studying the history of the Turkmen nomadic people living within modern borders in the administrative-territorial composition of the Stavropol Territory, is somewhat more modest. Historically, Turkmens roamed the steppes of the Eastern Caspian region. In the middle of the 17th century. Several groups of Turkmen moved to the northwestern Caspian region, where they were included in the uluses of the Kalmyk Khanate. According to archival material, the Turkmens were first mentioned in 1653, when more than 1.5 thousand Turkmen families, under the threat of invasion by the Khiva khans, named the peninsula Mangyshlak and arrived in the Lower Volga region, where they joined the Kalmyks. Also, Turkmens continued to arrive from Mangyshlak throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries.The relevance of the study is explained by modern trends in actively turning to the historical past of both individual and entire nations, returning to the traditions and customs of their ancestors, primarily in the education of the younger generation. Despite all the developments in the historiography of the Turkmen people, economic issues have not been sufficiently studied and require more detailed study. In the framework of this work, the author has attempted to expand the scope of the study of the problem.","source":"DOAJ","year":2024,"language":"","subjects":["History of Civilization"],"doi":"10.53315/2782-3377-2024-4-2-82-93","url":"https://www.nomadic-kalmsu.ru/jour/article/view/119","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":68},{"id":"doaj_10.3390/plants13192695","title":"Finally Freed—\u003ci\u003eCannabis\u003c/i\u003e in South Africa: A Review Contextualised within Global History, Diversity, and Chemical Profiles","authors":[{"name":"Valencia V. Ndlangamandla"},{"name":"Adeola Salawu-Rotimi"},{"name":"Vuyiswa S. Bushula-Njah"},{"name":"Nompilo L. Hlongwane"},{"name":"Gugu F. Sibandze"},{"name":"Fikisiwe C. Gebashe"},{"name":"Nokuthula P. Mchunu"}],"abstract":"\u003ci\u003eCannabis sativa\u003c/i\u003e L. is a monotypic genus belonging to the family Cannabaceae. It is one of the oldest species cultivated by humans, believed to have originated in Central Asia. In pivotal judgements in 2016 and 2018, the South African Constitutional Court legalised the use of \u003ci\u003eCannabis\u003c/i\u003e within the country for medicinal and recreational purposes, respectively. These decrees opened opportunities for in-depth research where previously there had been varying sentiments for research to be conducted on the plant. This review seeks to examine the history, genetic diversity, and chemical profile of \u003ci\u003eCannabis\u003c/i\u003e. The cultivation of \u003ci\u003eCannabis\u003c/i\u003e by indigenous people of southern Africa dates back to the eighteenth century. Indigenous rural communities have been supporting their livelihoods through \u003ci\u003eCannabis\u003c/i\u003e farming even before its legalisation. However, there are limited studies on the plant’s diversity, both morphologically and genetically, and its chemical composition. Also, there is a lack of proper documentation of \u003ci\u003eCannabis\u003c/i\u003e varieties in southern Africa. Currently, the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) has 15 genome assemblies of \u003ci\u003eCannabis\u003c/i\u003e obtained from hemp and drug cultivars; however, none of these are representatives of African samples. More studies are needed to explore the species’ knowledge gaps on genetic diversity and chemical profiles to develop the \u003ci\u003eCannabis\u003c/i\u003e sector in southern Africa.","source":"DOAJ","year":2024,"language":"","subjects":["Botany"],"doi":"10.3390/plants13192695","url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/19/2695","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":68},{"id":"arxiv_2410.15464","title":"A Novel Interpretability Metric for Explaining Bias in Language Models: Applications on Multilingual Models from Southeast Asia","authors":[{"name":"Lance Calvin Lim Gamboa"},{"name":"Mark Lee"}],"abstract":"Work on bias in pretrained language models (PLMs) focuses on bias evaluation and mitigation and fails to tackle the question of bias attribution and explainability. We propose a novel metric, the $\\textit{bias attribution score}$, which draws from information theory to measure token-level contributions to biased behavior in PLMs. We then demonstrate the utility of this metric by applying it on multilingual PLMs, including models from Southeast Asia which have not yet been thoroughly examined in bias evaluation literature. Our results confirm the presence of sexist and homophobic bias in Southeast Asian PLMs. Interpretability and semantic analyses also reveal that PLM bias is strongly induced by words relating to crime, intimate relationships, and helping among other discursive categories, suggesting that these are topics where PLMs strongly reproduce bias from pretraining data and where PLMs should be used with more caution.","source":"arXiv","year":2024,"language":"en","subjects":["cs.CL"],"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.15464","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.15464","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"2024-10-20T18:31:05Z","score":68},{"id":"arxiv_2403.06690","title":"From S-matrix theory to strings: Scattering data and the commitment to non-arbitrariness","authors":[{"name":"Robert van Leeuwen"}],"abstract":"The early history of string theory is marked by a shift from strong interaction physics to quantum gravity. The first string models and associated theoretical framework were formulated in the late 1960s and early 1970s in the context of the S-matrix program for the strong interactions. In the mid-1970s, the models were reinterpreted as a potential theory unifying the four fundamental forces. This paper provides a historical analysis of how string theory was developed out of S-matrix physics, aiming to clarify how modern string theory, as a theory detached from experimental data, grew out of an S-matrix program that was strongly dependent upon observable quantities. Surprisingly, the theoretical practice of physicists already turned away from experiment before string theory was recast as a potential unified quantum gravity theory. With the formulation of dual resonance models (the \"hadronic string theory\"), physicists were able to determine almost all of the models' parameters on the basis of theoretical reasoning. It was this commitment to \"non-arbitrariness\", i.e., a lack of free parameters in the theory, that initially drove string theorists away from experimental input, and not the practical inaccessibility of experimental data in the context of quantum gravity physics. This is an important observation when assessing the role of experimental data in string theory.","source":"arXiv","year":2024,"language":"en","subjects":["physics.hist-ph","gr-qc","hep-ph","hep-th"],"doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2023.12.011","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.06690","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.06690","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"2024-03-11T13:05:08Z","score":68},{"id":"ss_1e3362d24793bb6253aee736a102fe5cbc56fa04","title":"Out of southern East Asia: the natural history of domestic dogs across the world","authors":[{"name":"Guo-Dong Wang"},{"name":"W. Zhai"},{"name":"He-Chuan Yang"},{"name":"Lu Wang"},{"name":"Li Zhong"},{"name":"Yan-Hu Liu"},{"name":"Ruo-xi Fan"},{"name":"Ting-ting Yin"},{"name":"Chun-Ling Zhu"},{"name":"A. D. Poyarkov"},{"name":"D. Irwin"},{"name":"M. Hytönen"},{"name":"H. Lohi"},{"name":"Chung-I Wu"},{"name":"P. Savolainen"},{"name":"Ya-ping Zhang"}],"abstract":"The origin and evolution of the domestic dog remains a controversial question for the scientific community, with basic aspects such as the place and date of origin, and the number of times dogs were domesticated, open to dispute. Using whole genome sequences from a total of 58 canids (12 gray wolves, 27 primitive dogs from Asia and Africa, and a collection of 19 diverse breeds from across the world), we find that dogs from southern East Asia have significantly higher genetic diversity compared to other populations, and are the most basal group relating to gray wolves, indicating an ancient origin of domestic dogs in southern East Asia 33 000 years ago. Around 15 000 years ago, a subset of ancestral dogs started migrating to the Middle East, Africa and Europe, arriving in Europe at about 10 000 years ago. One of the out of Asia lineages also migrated back to the east, creating a series of admixed populations with the endemic Asian lineages in northern China before migrating to the New World. For the first time, our study unravels an extraordinary journey that the domestic dog has traveled on earth.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2015,"language":"en","subjects":["Medicine","Biology"],"doi":"10.1038/cr.2015.147","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/1e3362d24793bb6253aee736a102fe5cbc56fa04","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/cr2015147.pdf","is_open_access":true,"citations":295,"published_at":"","score":67.85},{"id":"ss_2caab8c6a9485ba904a466a5f92fb73f6b346e23","title":"The 3.6-Ma aridity and westerlies history over midlatitude Asia linked with global climatic cooling","authors":[{"name":"X. Fang"},{"name":"Z. An"},{"name":"S. Clemens"},{"name":"J. Zan"},{"name":"Zhengguo Shi"},{"name":"Shengli Yang"},{"name":"W. Han"}],"abstract":"Significance We recovered the world’s thickest continuous loess record from the southern margin of the Taklimakan desert, a global-scale dust source area. The continuous high-resolution grain size and flux records of dust emission, reflecting histories of aridity and westerlies climate, indicate an extant dry climate, desert area, and stable land surface supporting continuous loess deposition at least since ∼3.6 Ma, and that global cooling, rather than Tibet uplift, modulated the histories of aridity and westerlies climate changes in inland Asia since ∼3.6 Ma. Moreover, our study may suggest potential positive linkages and feedback among dust emission, marine biogeochemical activity, atmospheric CO2, and global cooling, which might provide insights into dynamics of Earth’s climate system and improve predictions for the future. Midlatitude Asia (MLA), strongly influenced by westerlies-controlled climate, is a key source of global atmospheric dust, and plays a significant role in Earth’s climate system . However, it remains unclear how the westerlies, MLA aridity, and dust flux from this region evolved over time. Here, we report a unique high-resolution eolian dust record covering the past 3.6 Ma, retrieved from the thickest loess borehole sequence (671 m) recovered to date, at the southern margin of the Taklimakan desert in the MLA interior. The results show that eolian dust accumulation, which is closely related to aridity and the westerlies, indicates existence of a dry climate, desert area, and stable land surface, promoting continuous loess deposition since at least ∼3.6 Ma. This region experienced long-term stepwise drying at ∼2.7, 1.1, and 0.5 Ma, coeval with a dominant periodicity shift from 41-ka cyclicity to 100-ka cyclicity between 1.1 Ma and 0.5 Ma. These features match well with global ice volume variability both in the time and frequency domains (including the Mid-Pleistocene Transition), highlighting global cooling-forced aridity and westerlies climate changes on these timescales. Numerical modeling demonstrates that global cooling can dry MLA and intensify the westerlies, which facilitates dust emission and transport, providing an interpretive framework. Increased dust may have promoted positive feedbacks (e.g., decreasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations and modulating radiation budgets), contributing to further cooling. Unraveling the long-term evolution of MLA aridity and westerlies climate is an indispensable component of the unfolding mystery of global climate change.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2020,"language":"en","subjects":["Medicine","Geology"],"doi":"10.1073/pnas.1922710117","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/2caab8c6a9485ba904a466a5f92fb73f6b346e23","pdf_url":"https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/117/40/24729.full.pdf","is_open_access":true,"citations":118,"published_at":"","score":67.53999999999999}],"total":2730020,"page":1,"page_size":20,"sources":["DOAJ","arXiv","CrossRef","Semantic Scholar"],"query":"History of Asia"}